Find research datasets worth reusing

Fig. 5 in Family Tylenchidae (Nematoda): an overview and perspectives

Fig. 5 LM pictures from different genera in family Tylenchidae. a Cephalenchus hexalineatus. b Cephalenchus leptus Siddiqi, 1963. c Malenchus acarayensis. d Malenchus pachycephalus. e Miculenchus salvus. f Irantylenchu vicinus. g Tylenchus davainei. h Basiria aberrans (Thorne, 1949) Siddiqi, 1963. i Basiria graminophila Siddiqi, 1959. j Boleodorus thylactus. k Neopsilenchus magnidens. l Psilenchus aestuarius Andrássy, 1962. m Lelenchus leptosome. n Lelenchus schmitti Bernard, 2005. o Coslenchus lateralis Andrássy, 1982. p

Fig. 8 in Family Tylenchidae (Nematoda): an overview and perspectives

Fig. 8 Male tail region showing the variation of bursa in different genera of Tylenchidae. a The short adanal bursa, present in most genera of Tylenchidae. b Large and long bursa, reaching almost to midway on tail, e.g., Silenchus. c Male without bursa, e.g., Miculenchus,

Fig. 3 in Family Tylenchidae (Nematoda): an overview and perspectives

Fig. 3 Illustration of cross section in different Tylenchidae genera. a Aglenchus sp. b Atylenchus sp. c, d Coslenchus spp. e Pleurotylenchus sp. f Campbellenchus sp. g Tanzanius sp. h Lelenchus sp. i Ridgellus sp. j Basiria sp. k Cephalenchus sp. l Malenchus sp. m–o Filenchus spp.

Fig. 10 in Family Tylenchidae (Nematoda): an overview and perspectives

Fig. 10 Phylogenetic analysis of the family Tylenchidae inferred from concatenated sequences of the D2–D3 domains of the 28S and 18S rRNA gene. For separated 28S and 18S phylogenies, see Qing et al. (2017). Both Bayesian inference (BI) and maximum likelihood (ML) methods were used for tree reconstruction, but only ML topology is shown. Branch support values are providing as BI/ML. The sequences used for this phylogeny are listed in Electronic supplementary material. Asterisk (*) denotes significance level of the support values: *, 50–80; **, 80–100 for ML bootstrap; *, 50–90, **, 90–100 for BI posterior probability; −, not supported. The most important morphological supports for each clade are illustrated on right side of the tree. 1 Labial plate deeply and broadly indented dorsally and ventrally. 2 Labial region offset from body by distinct constriction, four lobed, and each lobe with a seta. 3, didelphic reproductive system. 4 Four incisures in lateral region. 5 Stylet with pronounced knob. 6 Amphidial apertures bound on peri-oral disc, cuticle coarsely annulated with longitudinal ridges. 7 Amphidial apertures bound on peri-oral disc, cuticle without longitudinal ridges. 8 Vagina with swollen wall in distal part. 9 Amphidial apertures are broad oblique slits, starting posterior to the level of four cephalic papillae and continuing to sides of head. 10 Tail short and conical. 11 Stylet with flange-like knobs. 12 Lateral field with offset ridge, comprising small sub-ridges. 13 Vagina with swollen wall in proximal or middle part. 14 Head can be dorso-ventrally compressed or more rounded, with pouch-like amphidial fovea. 15 Bursa lobed, rectangular. 16 Cephalic region strongly flattened dorso-ventrally, lacking labial disc, long amphidial aperture, large pouch-like amphidial fovea. 17 Lateral region with one offset ridge forming two incisures. 18 Cephalic region continuous, very less framework, stylet knob minute and separate. 19 Long slit-like amphidial aperture, large pouch-like amphidial fovea. 20 Labial plate that has four narrow lobes with tips detached from the adjacent cuticle. 21 Amphidial aperture elongated, slender, dorso-ventrally oriented entirely on labial plate, cuticle with zigzag pattern. 22 Male without bursa.

Fig. 4 in Family Tylenchidae (Nematoda): an overview and perspectives

Fig. 4 Illustration of stylet in different Tylenchidae genera. a Filenchus discrepans (Andrássy, 1954) Andrássy, 1972. b Ultratenella vitrea Siddiqi, 1994. c Tenunemellus graminis (Husain & Khan, 1968) Siddiqi 1986. d Filenchus macramphis (Siddiqi & Lal, 1992) Brzeski, 1997. e Chilenchus elegans (Raski & Geraert, 1985) Siddiqi 2000. f Lelenchus leptosome. g Atetylenchus abulbosus (Thorne, 1949) Khan, 1973. h Tanzanius coffeae Siddiqi, 1991. i Malenchus exiguus (Massey, 1969) Andrássy, 1980. j Malenchus andrassyi Merny, 1970. k Filenchus thornei (Andrássy, 1954) Andrássy, 1963. l Neopsilenchus magnidens (Thorne, 1949) Thorne & Malek, 1968. m Cephalenchus hexalineatus.

Fig. 7 in Family Tylenchidae (Nematoda): an overview and perspectives

Fig. 7 Vulval regions in different genera of Tylenchidae. Illustration partly modified from Qing and Bert (2017). a–c Vulva with wide flap, vagina with swollen muscle in distal part, e.g., Aglenchus and Coslenchus. d, e Vulva with small or without flap, vagina with swollen muscle in more proximal or middle part, e.g., Malenchus. f Vulva elevated, with flap, e.g., Eutylenchus. g Epiptygmata large, forming a

Fig. 9 in Family Tylenchidae (Nematoda): an overview and perspectives

Fig. 9 The tail in different genera of Tylenchidae. a, b Filenchus flagellicaudatus Bernard, 2005. c Tenunemellus sheri. d, e Epicharinema keralense. f, g Malenchus exiguus. h, i Boleodorus clavicaudatus Thorne, 1941. j Psilenchus hilarus Siddiqi, 1963. k, l Basiria tumida (Colbran, 1960) Geraert, 1968. m, n Filenchus misellus. o, p Lelenchus elegans Raski & Geraert, 1985. q, r Ecphyadophoroides annulatus Corbett, 1964. s, t Filenchus terrestris Raski & Geraert, 1986. u, v Aglenchus Agricola. w, x Tylenchus davainei. Scale bar = 50 μm

Fig. 2 in Family Tylenchidae (Nematoda): an overview and perspectives

Fig. 2 Photomicrographs of cuticle and lateral patterns in the family Tylenchidae. a Coslenchus costatus. b Ridgellus elenae (Geraert & Raski, 1986) Siddiqi 2000. c Malenchus pachycephalus. d Miculenchus salvus Andrássy, 1959. e Filenchus vulgaris. f Cephalenchus

Fig. 1 in Family Tylenchidae (Nematoda): an overview and perspectives

Fig. 1 The illustration of cuticle annulation patterns in Tylenchidae. a Cuticle only marked with transverse annuli: this is the most common pattern in Tylenchidae. b The zigzag transverse annuli: only found in Miculenchus. c Cuticle with longitudinal ridges or grooves that divide the surface into minute squares or rectangular blocks: this pattern is presented in Atylenchus, Coslenchus, Ecphyadophoroidea, Eutylenchus, Neothada, Pleurotylenchus, and Tanzanius. d Cuticle appears smooth in LM, but with shallow annulation: this pattern is found in Allotylenchus, Polenchus, and Lelenchus. e The distinct transverse annuli only in lip region, other part of body marked by longitudinal ridges: this pattern is only known for Campbellenchus. f Cuticle marked with transverse annuli but surface has shallow longitudinal striae: this is represented in some of Malenchus species, e.g., M. nanellus Siddiqi, 1979

Figure 10 in The morphology and biology of the entomophilic Thripinema fuscum (Tylenchida: Allantonematidae), and the histopathological effects of parasitism on the host Frankliniella fusca (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

Figure 10. Transmission electron micrographs comparing energy and waste reserves in nonparasitized and Thripinema fuscum-parasitized Frankliniella fusca females including electrondense vesicles within the (A) fat body underlying the host cuticle and (B) midgut cells of a parasitized F. fusca; (C) an obvious depletion of glycogen (arrow) in the fat body and (D) a juvenile nematode with an accumulation of glycogen and lipid deposits probably sequestered from the host; (E) cross-section of healthy F. fusca muscle tissue and (F) of muscle tissue from a female parasitized by T. fuscum with the presence of numerous glycogen granules (arrowheads); (G) glycogen granules embedded between the muscle fibres and mitochondria in a parasitized female; (H) uric acid crystals formed from nitrogenous waste within the cytoplasm of a Malpighian tubule of a healthy female; (I) the accumulation of secretory vesicles and uric acid crystals in the cytoplasm of the Malpighian tubule of a parasitized host. Abbreviations: gly, glycogen; lp, lipid; mf, muscle fibres; mt, mitochondria; sv, secretory vesicle; tr, trachea; ua, uric acid crystals; ves, electron-dense vesicles. Scale bars: A, B, E, F, 2 µm; D, G, H 1 µm; C, I, 5 µm.

Figure 9. A in The morphology and biology of the entomophilic Thripinema fuscum (Tylenchida: Allantonematidae), and the histopathological effects of parasitism on the host Frankliniella fusca (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

Figure 9. A healthy Frankliniella fusca female with (A) a robust reproductive system with developing eggs in the ovary; transmission electron micrographs showing (B) an ovariole in a healthy female with distinct follicle cells surrounding the developing oocyte and (C) the tight ladderlike extensions between the oocyte and follicle cell, the abundance of organelles in the oocyte, and the well-defined nucleus in the follicle cell; (D) a F. fusca female parasitized by Thripinema fuscum with a reduced reproductive system with atrophied ovary; transmission electron micrographs showing (E) the displacement of host ovarioles as a result of the numerous juvenile nematodes in abdominal haemocoele and (F) the tears in the ladder-like connections between the oocyte and follicle cell, the depletion of organelles in the oocyte, and the poorly defined nucleus. Abbreviations: n, nucleus; nem, nematode; org, organelles, ov, ovariole. Scale bars: A, D, 0.5 mm; B, E, 10 µm; C, F, 2 µm.

Figure 8 in The morphology and biology of the entomophilic Thripinema fuscum (Tylenchida: Allantonematidae), and the histopathological effects of parasitism on the host Frankliniella fusca (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

Figure 8. Scanning electron micrographs that show (A) numerous juvenile Thripinema fuscum juveniles aggregated longitudinally in the female Frankliniella fusca haemocoele and (B) the resulting compressed host midgut (arrow) with depressions. Scale bars: A, 75 µm; B, 30 µm.

Figure 7 in The morphology and biology of the entomophilic Thripinema fuscum (Tylenchida: Allantonematidae), and the histopathological effects of parasitism on the host Frankliniella fusca (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

Figure 7. Scanning electron micrographs of the free-living Thripinema fuscum female with (A) annulated cuticle with transverse striations and fully-developed mouth, (B) excretory pore on the anterior ventral surface, and (C) two lateral lines extending the length of the body. Scanning electron micrographs showing (D) the T. fuscum male with (E) copulatory structures including caudal alae, paired spicules and a gubernaculum. Abbreviations: ep, excretory pore; ll, lateral lines. Scale bars: A, 2.73 µm; B, 5 µm; C, 8.57 µm; D, 60 µm; E, 6 µm.

Figure 6 in The morphology and biology of the entomophilic Thripinema fuscum (Tylenchida: Allantonematidae), and the histopathological effects of parasitism on the host Frankliniella fusca (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

Figure 6. (A) Thick section of a Frankliniella fusca female 9 days after parasitization with an aggregation of late-staged Thripinema fuscum juveniles in the hindgut; scanning electron micrographs of a fractured F. fusca revealing (B, C) T. fuscum aggregation in hindgut with (D) a male (arrow) coiled around the females; (E) gross dissection of the F. fusca female host showing a nematode mass in the hindgut. Abbreviations: mt, Malpighian tubules; nem, nematodes. Scale bars: A, 100 µm; B, 231 µm; C, 50 µm; D, 30 µm; E, 250 µm.

Figure 2 in The morphology and biology of the entomophilic Thripinema fuscum (Tylenchida: Allantonematidae), and the histopathological effects of parasitism on the host Frankliniella fusca (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

Figure 2. The life cycle of Thripinema fuscum in (A) an adult female Frankliniella fusca host: (B) the progressive enlargement of the parasitic female (right to left); (C) eggs (=J1) produced by the parasitic female; (D–F) J2-stage through J3-stage juveniles; (G) infectious free-living females; (H) free-living male; (G) ingress of a free-living female regenerates the cycle. Scale bar: 200 µm.

Figure 4 in The morphology and biology of the entomophilic Thripinema fuscum (Tylenchida: Allantonematidae), and the histopathological effects of parasitism on the host Frankliniella fusca (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

Figure 4. Thripinema fuscum eggs: (A) thick section of a host Frankliniella fusca female 6 days after parasitization with abdominal cavity full of nematode eggs; (B) scanning electron micrographs of T. fuscum eggs including J1 embryos visible through egg chorion; (C) transmission electron micrograph of a T. fuscum embryo curled inside chorion in the host abdomen; scanning electron micrographs of (D) protuberances on the egg's surface and (E) aeropylar process on egg (arrow), (F) eggs cushioned within host fat body, and (G) host immune factors on the egg surface. Abbreviations: nem eggs, nematode eggs. Scale bars: A, 100 µm; B, 10 µm; C, 30 µm; D, G, 2 µm; E, 1.2 µm; F, 30 µm.

Figure 5 in The morphology and biology of the entomophilic Thripinema fuscum (Tylenchida: Allantonematidae), and the histopathological effects of parasitism on the host Frankliniella fusca (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

Figure 5. Thripinema fuscum juveniles: (A) transmission electron micrograph documenting various cuticular structures; (B) scanning electron micrographs showing the host factors adhered to the cuticle surface, (C) shedding of the cuticle, (D) transmission electron micrograph of a juvenile completing ecdysis as evidenced by the shed outer cuticle (arrow) and the assembly of a new cuticle peripheral to the hypodermis, and (E) scanning electron micrograph of the developing mouthparts with visible stylet. Scale bars: A, 0.5 µm; B, E, 2 µm; C, 4.3 µm; D, 3.75 µm.

Figure 1 in The morphology and biology of the entomophilic Thripinema fuscum (Tylenchida: Allantonematidae), and the histopathological effects of parasitism on the host Frankliniella fusca (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

Figure 1. (A) Dorsal view of a non-parasitized (right) and parasitized (left) Frankliniella fusca female; (B) a non-parasitized female with eggs and (C) a parasitized female with three parasitic Thripinema fuscum females and progeny; thick sections of (D) a non-parasitized F. fusca female and (E) a parasitized F. fusca female. Abbreviations: mg, midgut; fb, fat body; nem, nematode; ov, ovary; ves, electron-dense vesicle. Scale bars: A–C, 0.5 mm; D, E, 100 µm.

Figure 3 in The morphology and biology of the entomophilic Thripinema fuscum (Tylenchida: Allantonematidae), and the histopathological effects of parasitism on the host Frankliniella fusca (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

Figure 3. Thripinema fuscum parasitic female: (A) differential interference contrast microscope image of the dorsal view of a fecund female; scanning electron micrographs of the external surface with (B) pit-like structures and (C) knob-like projections; transmission electron micrographs of the external cuticle with (D) microvilli and (E) knob-like projection; transmission electron micrographs of (F) the parasitic female in direct apposition to host midgut with (G) microvilliated cuticular surface of the parasitic female touching the basement membrane of the host midgut; (H) thick section of a Frankliniella fusca female 3 days after parasitization with a parasitic T. fuscum female with eggs (arrowheads) constricting the host midgut lumen. Abbreviations: mg, midgut; pf, parasitic female. Scale bars: A, 50 µm; B, 667 nm; C, 300 nm; D, E, G, 1 µm; F, 10 µm; H, 100 µm.