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125 results for “Waterbirds”
Understanding arid‐region waterbird community dynamics during lake dry‐downs
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A re-evaluation of management units based on gene flow of a rare waterbird in the Americas
<p>The maintenance of gene flow in species that have experienced population contractions and are geographically fragmented is important to the maintenance of genetic variation and evolutionary potential; thus, gene flow is also important to conservation and management of these species. For example, the Reddish Egret (<i>Egretta rufescens</i>) has recovered after severe population reductions during the 19<sup>th</sup> and 20<sup>th</sup> centuries, but population numbers remain below historic levels. In this study, we characterized gene flow among management units of the Reddish Egret by using ten nuclear microsatellite markers and part of the mitochondrial (mtDNA) control region from 176 nestlings captured at eight localities in Mexico (Baja California, Chiapas, Tamaulipas, and Yucatan), the U.S.A. (Texas, Louisiana, and Florida), and the Bahamas. We found evidence of population structure and that males disperse more often and across longer distances compared to females, which is congruent with previous banding and telemetry data. The maternally inherited mtDNA and biparentally inherited microsatellite data supported slightly different MU models; however, when interpreted together, a four MU model that considered population structure and geographic proximity was most optimal. Namely, MU 1 (Baja California); MU 2 (Chiapas); MU 3 (Yucatan, Tamaulipas, Texas, and Louisiana); and MU 4 (Florida and the Bahamas). Regions outside our sampled localities (e.g., the Greater Antilles and South America) require additional sampling to fully understand gene flow and movement of individuals across the species' entire range. However, the four MUs we have defined group nesting localities into genetically similar subpopulations, which can guide future management plans.</p>
Seed mass, hardness and phylogeny determine the potential for endozoochory by granivorous waterbirds
Field studies have shown that waterbirds, especially members of the Anatidae family, are major vectors of dispersal for a broad range of plants whose propagules can survive gut passage. Widely adopted dispersal syndromes ignore this dispersal mechanism, and we currently have little understanding of what traits determine the potential of angiosperms for endozoochory by waterbirds. Results from previous experimental studies have been inconsistent as to how seed traits affect seed survival and retention time in the gut, and have failed to control for the influence of plant phylogeny. Using 13 angiosperm species from aquatic and terrestrial habitats representing nine families, we examined the effects of seed size, shape and hardness on the proportion of seeds surviving gut passage through mallards (Anas platyrhynchos), and their retention time within the gut. We compiled a molecular phylogeny for these species and controlled for the non-independence of taxa due to common descent in our analyses. Intact seeds from all 13 species were egested, but seed survival was strongly determined by partial effects of seed mass and hardness (wet load): species with seeds harder than expected from their size, and smaller than expected from their loading, had higher survival. Once phylogeny was controlled for, a positive partial effect of seed roundness on seed survival was also revealed. Species with seeds harder than expected from their size had a longer mean retention time, but no phylogenetic signal was found for retention time. Our study is the first to demonstrate that seed shape and phylogeny are important predictors of seed survival in the avian gut. Our results demonstrate the importance of controlling simultaneously for multiple traits, and that relating single traits (e.g. seed size) alone to seed survival or retention time is not a reliable way to detect important patterns, especially when phylogenetic effects are ignored.
Foraging niche shift maintains breeding parameters of a colonial waterbird during range expansion
<p>Relating the effects of foraging niche variation to reproductive dynamics is critical to understand species response to environmental change. We examined foraging niche variations of the slender-billed gull (Chroicocephalus genei), a nomadic colonial waterbird species during its range expansion along the French Mediterranean coast over a 16 year period (1998-2013). We investigated whether range expansion was associated to a change in chick diet, breeding success and chicks body condition. We also examined whether breeding success and chicks body condition were explained by diet and colonial characteristics (number of pairs, laying phenology, habitat, and locality). Diet was characterized using dual-stable isotopic proxies (δ13C and δ15N) of feather keratin from 331 individuals subsampled from a total of 4154 chicks ringed and measured at 18 different colonies. δ13C decreased and δ15N increased significantly during range expansion suggesting that chicks were fed from preys of increasing trophic level found in the less salty habitat colonised by the end of the study period. Niche shift occurred without significant change of niche width which did not vary among periods, habitats or localities either. Breeding success and chick body condition showed no consistent trends over years. Breeding success tended to increase with decreasing δ13C at the colony level while there was no relationship between stable isotope signatures and chick body condition. Overall our results suggest that even if range expansion is associated with foraging niche shift towards the colonization of less salty and more brackish habitats, the shift had marginal effect on the breeding parameters of the Slender-billed gull. Niche width appears as an asset of this species, which likely explains its ability to rapidly colonize new locations.</p>
Data from: Integrated modeling predicts shifts in waterbird population dynamics under climate change
Climate change has been identified as one of the most important drivers of wildlife population dynamics. The in-depth knowledge of the complex relationships between climate and population sizes through density dependent demographic processes is important for understanding and predicting population shifts under climate change, which requires integrated population models (IPMs) that unify the analyses of demography and abundance data. In this study we developed an IPM based on Gaussian approximation to dynamic N-mixture models for large scale population data. We then analyzed four decades (1972-2013) of Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) breeding population survey, band-recovery, and climate data covering a large spatial extent from North American prairies through boreal habitat to Alaska. We aimed to test the hypothesis that climate change will cause shifts in population dynamics if climatic effects on demographic parameters that have substantial contribution to population growth vary spatially. More specifically, we examined the spatial variation of climatic effects on density dependent population demography, identified the key demographic parameters that are influential to population growth, and forecasted population responses to climate change. Our results revealed that recruitment, which explained more variance of population growth than survival, was sensitive to the temporal variation of precipitation in the southern portion of the study area but not in the north. Survival, by contrast, was insensitive to climatic variation. We then forecasted a decrease in Mallard breeding population density in the south and an increase in the northwestern portion of the study area, indicating potential shifts in population dynamics under future climate change. Our results implied that different strategies need to be considered across regions to conserve waterfowl populations in the face of climate change. Our modelling approach can be adapted for other species and thus has wide application to understanding and predicting population dynamics in the presence of global change.
Data from: A generalizable energetics-based model of avian migration to facilitate continental-scale waterbird conservation
Conserving migratory birds is made especially difficult because of movement among spatially disparate locations across the annual cycle. In light of challenges presented by the scale and ecology of migratory birds, successful conservation requires integrating objectives, management, and monitoring across scales, from local management units to ecoregional and flyway administrative boundaries. We present an integrated approach using a spatially explicit energetic-based mechanistic bird migration model useful to conservation decision-making across disparate scales and locations. This model moves a Mallard-like bird (Anas platyrhynchos), through spring and fall migration as a function of caloric gains and losses across a continental-scale energy landscape. We predicted with this model that fall migration, where birds moved from breeding to wintering habitat, took a mean of 27.5 d of flight with a mean seasonal survivorship of 90.5% (95% CI = 89.2%, 91.9%), whereas spring migration took a mean of 23.5 d of flight with mean seasonal survivorship of 93.6% (95% CI = 92.5%, 94.7%). Sensitivity analyses suggested that survival during migration was sensitive to flight speed, flight cost, the amount of energy the animal could carry, and the spatial pattern of energy availability, but generally insensitive to total energy availability per se. Nevertheless, continental patterns in the bird-use days occurred principally in relation to wetland cover and agricultural habitat in the fall. Bird-use days were highest in both spring and fall in the Mississippi Alluvial Valley and along the coast and near-shore environments of South Carolina. Spatial sensitivity analyses suggested that locations nearer to migratory endpoints were less important to survivorship; for instance, removing energy from a 1036 km2 stopover site at a time from the Atlantic Flyway suggested coastal areas between New Jersey and North Carolina, including the Chesapeake Bay and the North Carolina piedmont, are essential locations for efficient migration and increasing survivorship during spring migration but not locations in Ontario and Massachusetts. This sort of spatially explicit information may allow decision-makers to prioritize their conservation actions toward locations most influential to migratory success. Thus, this mechanistic model of avian migration provides a decision-analytic medium integrating the potential consequences of local actions to flyway-scale phenomena.
Data from: Seasonal dynamics of waterbird assembly mechanisms revealed by phylogenetic and functional diversity in a subtropical wetland
Despite growing interest in phylogenetic and functional methods in ecological assembly, less attention has been paid to seasonal variation patterns of migrant species. Migrants can rapidly mediate influences of species interactions and environmental factors through seasonal movement, suggesting dynamical relative importance of different assembly mechanisms among seasons. Here we describe seasonal dynamics in phylogenetic and functional diversity of waterbirds in Mai Po Wetland, in a subtropical region with significant predictable temporal variation. Phylogenetic and functional structure of α diversity varied seasonally. Specifically, phylogenetic structures clustered in summer, while being over-dispersed in winter. However, phylogenetic structure in spring and autumn was intermediate with a transition to random. Functional structure was clustered in spring but showed over-dispersion in the other three seasons. For β diversity, summer and winter assemblages had two distinct groups, while spring and autumn assemblages were mixed. Thus, waterbird assemblages were primarily shaped by interspecific competition in winter. Random processes tended to shape assemblage in spring. Environmental factors played a more important role in summer . In addition, phylogenetic distance of probability of co-occurrence of species pairs was significantly larger in winter than in summer. These results suggest that the relative importance of assemblage mechanisms can vary seasonally in response to changing environmental conditions, suggesting that studies attempting to infer a single dominant assembly mechanism may ignore important assembly processes. Temporal shifts in assembly mechanisms may play an important role in maintaining diversity of subtropical and temperate wetlands and perhaps other dynamic systems.
Data from: Tracking ice phenology by migratory waterbirds: settling phenology and breeding success of species with divergent population trends
<p>Dependence on climate-driven environmental cues in the initiation of life cycle stages is a critical attribute when assessing vulnerability of species to climate change impacts. This study focused on spring ice phenology as a cue to the settling of migratory waterbirds, asking whether there is an asynchrony between ice phenology and setting phenology that could affect breeding success of six species with divergent population trends. In the 37 study lakes in southeastern Finland, the ice-out date not only varied considerably between years, but became progressively earlier during the study period, 1991–2018. Settling phenology of all species tracked inter-annual variation in ice phenology. However, the degree of asynchrony between ice phenology and settling phenology varied between species, allowing discrimination between early and late settlers. Considerable inter-annual variation also occurred within species, but in only one species did the degree of asynchrony correlate with the ice-out date: for the horned grebe Podiceps auritus an earlier ice-out date meant greater asynchrony between settling phenology and ice phenology. The degree of asynchrony between settling phenology and ice phenology did not affect breeding success in any species. However, ice phenology per se affected breeding success of horned grebes: earlier ice-out was associated with lower annual breeding success. Breeding numbers of horned grebe showed a long-term decline. Results suggest that short-distance migratory birds are able to respond to climate change-driven phenological changes in their breeding environments, and that this ability may not depend on the relative timing of breeding.</p>
Data from: Fine scale waterbody data improve prediction of waterbird occurrence despite coarse species data
While modelling habitat suitability and species distribution, ecologists must deal with issues related to the spatial resolution of species occurrence and environmental data. Indeed, given that the spatial resolution of species and environmental datasets range from centimeters to hundreds of kilometers, it underlines the importance of choosing the optimal combination of resolutions to achieve the highest possible modelling prediction accuracy. We evaluated how the spatial resolution of land cover/waterbody datasets (meters to 1 km) affect waterbird habitat suitability models based on atlas data (grid cell of 12×11 km). We hypothesized that the area, perimeter and number of waterbodies computed from high resolution datasets would explain distributions of waterbirds better because coarse resolution datasets omit small waterbodies affecting species occurrence. Specifically, we investigated which spatial resolution of waterbodies better explain the distribution of seven waterbirds nesting on ponds/lakes with areas ranging from 0.1 ha to hundreds of hectares. Our results show that the area and perimeter of waterbodies derived from high resolution datasets (raster data with 30 m resolution, vector data corresponding with map scale 1:10,000) explain the distribution of the waterbirds better than those calculated using less accurate datasets despite the coarse grain of the species data. Taking into account the spatial extent (global vs regional) of the datasets, we found the Global Inland Waterbody Dataset to be the most suitable for modelling distribution of waterbirds. In general, we recommend using land cover data of a resolution sufficient to capture the smallest patches of the habitat suitable for a given species' presence for both fine and coarse grain habitat suitability and distribution modelling.
Data from: Geographical and habitat factors affecting migratory waterbirds along rivers in the Palearctic
<p>Rivers are important habitats for many waterbird species, offering crucial resources such as feeding and resting areas during migration. The migratory patterns of this group of birds are influenced by a variety of factors, including geographical location, habitat availability, and environmental conditions. Despite the huge ecological importance of rivers, there are few studies on how riverine environments support migratory bird populations across a broad geographical scale. This study shows waterbird populations during migration along 14 big and unregulated rivers spanning Europe and Asia, documenting a total of 63,383 birds across 112 species. Analysis revealed significant associations between species richness and bird abundance and geographical proximity, with neighboring rivers displaying greater similarity in species composition and density. The presence of sand banks and islands emerged as critical factors influencing species richness and bird abundance, while forested river segments negatively impacted species richness compared to open landscapes like fields. Unexpectedly, river width showed no significant effect on avian assemblages.</p> <p>The study was conducted during the autumn migration of birds. Through a combination of ecological assessments and statistical analyses, we identified the primary drivers influencing migratory bird distribution, species richness, and abundance.</p>
Aerial photos and colony counts of nesting colonial waterbirds in the Columbia River Basin, 2023
<p>In many situations, colonial waterbird colony size is best evaluated from aerial photographs taken during the breeding season. This is typically the case where colonies are not accessible or when it is not feasible to count all birds or nests from ground locations or by boat. This dataset presents high resolution aerial imagery and corresponding nest counts of Caspian terns (<em>Hydroprogne caspia</em>), double-crested cormorants (<em>Nannopterum auritum</em>), Brandt's cormorants (<em>Urile penicillatus</em>), California gulls (<em>Larus californicus</em>), ring-billed gulls (<em>Larus delawarensis</em>), and American white pelicans (<em>Pelecanus erythrorhynchos</em>) nesting in the Columbia River Basin, during the 2023 breeding season. Photos were taken from a fixed-wing aircraft during peak nesting, and colony size was estimated by digitizing photos and enumerating visible birds using ArcGIS and DotDotGoose. Colony size was reported as the number of birds on colony, and, in the case of terns and cormorants, the number of active breeding pairs. These data are part of a wider project to evaluate the efficacy of management actions to reduce the impacts of predation by piscivorous colonial waterbirds on Endangered Species Act (ESA)- listed juvenile salmonids (smolts; <em>Oncorhynchus spp.</em>) in the Columbia River Basin.</p>
Constructing a social-behavioral association network to study management impact on waterbird community ecology using digital video recording cameras
<p>Studying social behavior and species associations in ecological communities is challenging because it is difficult to observe the interactions in the field. Animal behavior is especially difficult to observe when selection of habitat and activities are linked to energy costs of long-distance movement. Migrating communities tend to be resource specific and prefer environments that offer more suitability for coexisting in a shared space and time. Given the recent advances in digital technologies, digital video recording systems are gaining popularity in wildlife research and management. We used digital video recording cameras to study social interactions and species-habitat linkages for wintering waterbird communities in shared habitats. Examining over 8,640 hours of video footages, we built tetrapartite social behavioral association network of wintering waterbirds over habitat (n=5) selection events in sites with distinct management regimes. We analyzed these networks to identify hub species and species role in activity persistence, and to explore the effects of hydrological regime on these network characteristics. Although the differences in network attributes were not significant at treatment level (<i>p</i> = 0.297) in terms of network composition and keystone species composition, our results indicated that network attributes were significantly different (<i>p </i>= 0.000, <i>r<sup>2</sup></i><sup> </sup>= 0.278) at habitat level. There were evidences suggesting that the habitat quality was better at the managed sites, where the formed networks had more species, more network nodes and edges, higher edge density, and stronger intra- and inter-species interactions. In addition, we also calculated the species interaction preference scores (SIPS) and behavioral interaction preference scores (BIPS) of each network. The results showed that species synchronize activities in shared space for temporal niche partitioning in order to avoid or minimize any potential competition for shared space. Our social network analysis (SNA) approach is likely to provide a practical use for ecosystem management and biodiversity conservation.</p>
Data from: Predation probabilities and functional responses: How piscivorous waterbirds respond to pulses in fish abundance
<p>How predators respond to changes in prey abundance (i.e. functional responses) is foundational to consumer-resource interactions, predator-prey dynamics, and the stability of predator-prey systems. Predation by piscivorous waterbirds on out-migrating juvenile steelhead trout (<em>Oncorhynchus mykiss</em>) is considered a factor affecting the recovery of multiple Endangered Species Act-listed steelhead populations in the Columbia River basin. Waterbird functional responses, however, may vary by predator species and location, with important implications to predator management strategies. We used a 13-year dataset on waterbird abundance across seven breeding colonies (three Caspian tern [<em>Hydroprogne caspia</em>], two double-crested cormorant [<em>Nannopterum auritum</em>], and two California and ring-billed gull [<em>Larus californicus</em> and <em>L. delawarensis</em>] colonies) and steelhead tag-recovery data (>645,000 tagged and >32,000 recovered steelhead) to quantify weekly predation probabilities and functional responses across waterbird species, colonies, and years. Weekly predation probabilities were highly variable, ranging from 0.01–0.30 at tern colonies, 0.01–0.20 at cormorant colonies, and 0.03–0.13 at gull colonies. Per capita predation probabilities were an order of magnitude higher at inland tern and cormorant colonies relative to estuary colonies of the same species. Terns displayed Type II functional responses across colonies and years, where predation probabilities peaked at low steelhead abundances and declined as steelhead abundance increased (i.e., predator swamping). Cormorants nesting at the large estuary colony (several thousand birds) displayed a Type III functional response, but cormorants nesting at the smaller inland colony (several hundred birds) displayed a Type II response. Consumption probabilities of steelhead by gulls remained consistent across a large range of steelhead availability, suggesting a Type I or a Type III functional response, but a lack of colony abundance data prevented quantifying functional responses. The level of tern predation combined with Type II functional responses indicate possible population-level impacts that could destabilize small or declining prey populations. Conversely, the apparent Type III functional responses of gulls and estuary nesting cormorants are indicative of prey switching behaviors targeted at periods of high steelhead abundance. Our results illustrate the complexity of predator-prey interactions and the importance of quantifying predator- and location-specific functional responses when predicting the efficacy of management strategies to enhance prey populations.</p>
Hierarchy of the factors influencing the broad-scale waterbirds functional diversity gradients in temperate China
<p>Geographical gradients in species diversity have long fascinated biogeographers and ecologists. However, the extent and generality of the positive/negative effects of the important factors governing functional diversity (FD) patterns are still debated, especially for the freshwater domain. We examined lake productivity and functional richness (FRic) of waterbirds sampled from 35 lakes and reservoirs in northern China with a geographic coverage of over 5 million km2. We used structural equation modelling (SEM) to explore the causal relationships between geographic position, climate, lake productivity and waterbirds FRic. We found unambiguous altitudinal and longitudinal gradients in lake productivity and waterbirds FD, which were strongly mediated by local environmental factors. Specifically, we found 1) lake productivity increased northeast but decreased with altitude, and the observed gradients were driven by climate and nutrient availability, with 93% of variation explained in the individual SEM; 2) waterbirds FD showed similar geographic and elevational gradients.; the environmental factors which had direct and/or indirect effects on these geographic and elevational gradients included climate, lake productivity and morphology, which collectively explained more than 56% of the variation in waterbirds FD; and 3) a significant (P = 0.029) causality between lake productivity and waterbirds FD was confirmed. Nevertheless, the causality link was relatively weak in comparison with climate and lake area (standardized path coefficient was 0.65, 0.21, and 0.17 for climate, area, and productivity, respectively). Through articulating the dominant causality paths, our results could contribute to the mechanistic explanations underlying the observed broad–scale biodiversity gradients.</p>
FIGURE 3 in Five well-supported fossil calibrations within the "Waterbird" assemblage (Tetrapoda, Aves)
FIGURE 3. Alternative phylogenetic tree based on the osteological analysis of Smith (2010) showing the family-level relationships (with silhouettes of representatives within each family) within the waterbird assemblage, with five fossil calibrations (Table 1) included. Groups color-coded by membership in traditional avian orders: Pelecaniformes (green), Ciconiiformes (orange), Procellariiformes (blue), Sphenisciformes (brown), Podicipediformes (gold), Gaviiformes (purple). Stratigraphy and associated ages from Cohen et al. (2013; see also Walker et al., 2013). Branches (internodes) outside of fossil calibrations are set to a unit length to make topological relationships clear, and are not intended to represent actual divergence times. Nodes that are numbered correspond to fossil calibrations described in the text. Asterisk next to Waimanu manneringi references a vetted calibration from Ksepka and Clarke (2015). Abbreviations: E, Early. M, Middle. L, Late.
FIGURE 2 in Five well-supported fossil calibrations within the "Waterbird" assemblage (Tetrapoda, Aves)
FIGURE 2. Preferred phylogenetic tree based on the phylogenomic analysis of Hackett et al. (2008) showing the family-level relationships (with silhouettes of representatives within each family) within the waterbird assemblage, with five fossil calibrations (Table 1) included. Groups color-coded by membership in traditional avian orders: Pelecaniformes (green), Ciconiiformes (orange), Procellariiformes (blue), Sphenisciformes (brown), Podicipediformes (gold), Gaviiformes (purple). Stratigraphy and associated ages from Cohen et al. (2013; see also Walker et al., 2013). Branches (internodes) outside of fossil calibrations are set to a unit length to make topological relationships clear, and are not intended to represent actual divergence times. Double hash marks indicate that the clade containing Phaethon, Podiceps, and Phoenicopterus is actually recovered as distantly related to the waterbird clade (i.e., it is not its sister-taxon). Nodes that are numbered correspond to fossil calibrations described in the text. Asterisk next to Waimanu manneringi references a vetted calibration from Ksepka and Clarke (2015). Abbreviations: E, Early. M, Middle. L, Late.
FIGURE 1 in Five well-supported fossil calibrations within the "Waterbird" assemblage (Tetrapoda, Aves)
FIGURE 1. Specimens representative of two taxa that provide fossil calibrations within the waterbird assemblage. 1, Limnofregata azygosternon (USNM 22753) from the early Eocene Green River Formation represents the sister taxon (with its congener Limnofregata hasegawai) to Fregata, and calibrates the node Fregatidae + Suloidea. 2, Rhynchaeites messelensis (SMF 218) from the middle Eocene of Messel. Together with other Messel Rhynchaeites messelensis specimens and Rhynchaeites sp. (MGUH 20288) from the early Eocene Fur Formation, these represent the sister taxon to Threskiornithidae, and MGUH 20288 calibrates the node uniting Threskiornithidae and its extant sister taxon. Scale bars equal 50 mm.
Figure 4 in Fledgling on board: a review of over-water offspring ferrying behaviour in waterbirds and its potential ecological correlates
Figure 4. Box plot comparing the clutch sizes of ferrying (black) and non-ferrying (light grey) waterbirds, with mean marker (X) and median line.
Figure 5 in Fledgling on board: a review of over-water offspring ferrying behaviour in waterbirds and its potential ecological correlates
Figure 5. Ancestral state reconstruction of ferrying among 169 waterbird species, illustrating the independent origins of ferrying and the likelihood of ferrying among common ancestors within Anseriformes. Circles at tree branch tips and nodes represent posterior estimates from the threshold model. Illustrations of waterbirds (clockwise from top left: Mergus octosetaceus, Cygnus melancoryphus, Biziura lobata and Salvadorina waigiuensis) by Àngels Jutglar (top left and bottom right) and Francesc Jutglar (top right and bottom left), © Lynx Edicions and Cornell Lab of Ornithology.
Figure 3 in Fledgling on board: a review of over-water offspring ferrying behaviour in waterbirds and its potential ecological correlates
Figure 3. Bar graph comparing the percentage of ferrying (black) and non-ferrying (light grey) waterbirds which exhibit diving, coloniality, territoriality, and biparental care behaviours.
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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