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FIGURES 25–32. Chaetacis bandeirante new species. 25–30 in Two new species and taxonomic notes on the Neotropical spiny orb-weaving spiders Micrathena and Chaetacis (Araneae: Araneidae), with remarks on the development of Micrathena excavata

FIGURES 25–32. Chaetacis bandeirante new species. 25–30, female paratype (IBSP 160897). 25–26, habitus: 25, dorsal view; 26, lateral view; 27–30, epigynum: 27, ventral view; 28, lateral view; 29, posterior view; 30, dorsal view, cleared. 31–32, female paratype (IBSP 29905). 31–32, epigynum: 31, posterior view; 32, dorsal view, cleared. Abbreviations: FD= fertilization ducts, LK= epigynum lateral keels, MP= posterior median plate, PB= spermathecae posterior bend, S= spermathecae. Scale bars: 24–26, 1mm; 27–32, 0.1mm.

FIGURES 20–24. Chaetacis bandeirante new species. 20–23, male holotype. 20–21 in Two new species and taxonomic notes on the Neotropical spiny orb-weaving spiders Micrathena and Chaetacis (Araneae: Araneidae), with remarks on the development of Micrathena excavata

FIGURES 20–24. Chaetacis bandeirante new species. 20–23, male holotype. 20–21, habitus: 20, lateral view; 21, dorsal view. 22–23, left palp: 22, mesal view; 23, retrolateral view. 24, male holotype and female paratype (IBSP 160897) drawn to scale to show sexual dimorphism. Abbreviations: BP=basal projection of the median apophysis, C=conductor, CL=conductor lobe, CM= conductor basal membrane, Cy= cymbium, DL= dorsal lobe of the paracymbium, E= embolus, M= median apophysis, R= radix, RL= retrolateral lobe of the paracymbium, Te= tegular projection, Ti= tibia. Scale bars: 20–21, 1mm; 22–23, 0.1mm.

FIGURES 14–16. Micrathena gaujoni Simon, 1897 in Two new species and taxonomic notes on the Neotropical spiny orb-weaving spiders Micrathena and Chaetacis (Araneae: Araneidae), with remarks on the development of Micrathena excavata

FIGURES 14–16. Micrathena gaujoni Simon, 1897, male (UFMG 3355). 14–15, habitus: 14, lateral view; 15, dorsal view. 16, left palp, mesal view. Abbreviations: BH= basal hematodocha, BP=basal projection of the median apophysis, C= conductor, Cy= cymbium, E=embolus, M= median apophysis, PM= paramedian apophysis, R= radix, TA= terminal apophysis, TP= terminal apophysis projection. Scale bars: 14–15, 1mm; 16, 0.1mm.

FIGURES 9–13. Micrathena yanomami new species, female holotype. 9–10 in Two new species and taxonomic notes on the Neotropical spiny orb-weaving spiders Micrathena and Chaetacis (Araneae: Araneidae), with remarks on the development of Micrathena excavata

FIGURES 9–13. Micrathena yanomami new species, female holotype. 9–10, habitus: 9, lateral view; 10, dorsal view. 11–13, epigynum: 11, lateral view; 12, ventral view; 13, posterior view. Abbreviations: L=lobe, MP=posterior median plate. Scale bars: 9–10, 1mm; 11–13, 0.1mm.

FIGURE 8 in Two new species and taxonomic notes on the Neotropical spiny orb-weaving spiders Micrathena and Chaetacis (Araneae: Araneidae), with remarks on the development of Micrathena excavata

FIGURE 8. First two components of a PCA of the measurements taken from Micrathena excavata individuals in different developmental stages. Males are represented by open squares and females by closed circles. The number close to each symbol indicates the instar. 1=postjuveniles, 2=subadults, 3=adults (males), subadults II (females), 4=adults (females).

FIGURES 1–7 in Two new species and taxonomic notes on the Neotropical spiny orb-weaving spiders Micrathena and Chaetacis (Araneae: Araneidae), with remarks on the development of Micrathena excavata

FIGURES 1–7. Micrathena excavata (C.L. Koch, 1836), ontogenetic series. 1–3, male: 1, postjuvenile; 2, subadult; 3, adult; 4–7, female: 4, postjuvenile; 5, subadult I; 6, subadult II; 7, adult. All figures drawn to scale. Scale bar: 1mm.

FIGURES 39–40 in Two new species and taxonomic notes on the Neotropical spiny orb-weaving spiders Micrathena and Chaetacis (Araneae: Araneidae), with remarks on the development of Micrathena excavata

FIGURES 39–40. Chaetacis bandeirante new species, male paratype (UFMG 4889). 39, male left palp, mesal view; 40, paracymbium, retrolateral view. Abbreviations: BP=basal projection of the median apophysis, C= conductor, CL= conductor lobe, CM= conductor basal membrane, DL= dorsal lobe of the paracymbium, E= embolus, M= median apophysis, R= radix, RL= retrolateral lobe of the paracymbium, Te= tegular projection. Scale bars: 39, 0.2mm; 40, 0.1mm.

FIGURES 17–19 in Two new species and taxonomic notes on the Neotropical spiny orb-weaving spiders Micrathena and Chaetacis (Araneae: Araneidae), with remarks on the development of Micrathena excavata

FIGURES 17–19. Micrathena ruschii (Mello-Leitão, 1945), male (UFMG 4987). 17–18, habitus: 17, lateral view; 18, dorsal view. 19, mirror image of right palp, mesal view. Abbreviations: BP= basal projection of the median apophysis, C= conductor, CL= conductor lobe, Cy= cymbium, E=embolus, M=median apophysis, PM= paramedian apophysis, R= radix, TA= terminal apophysis, Ti= tibia. Scale bars: 17–18, 1mm; 19, 0.1mm.

FIGURES 33–38. Chaetacis bandeirante new species. 33–37 in Two new species and taxonomic notes on the Neotropical spiny orb-weaving spiders Micrathena and Chaetacis (Araneae: Araneidae), with remarks on the development of Micrathena excavata

FIGURES 33–38. Chaetacis bandeirante new species. 33–37, female paratype (UFMG 4889). 33, female carapace, dorsolateral view; 34, cephalic tubercle, dorsolateral view; 35, abdominal setal bases, ventral view; 36–37, epigynum: 36, ventral view; 37, posterior view; 38, female (IBSP 48980), spermathecae, dorsal view. Abbreviations: B=epigynal bulge, CT=cephalic tubercle, Di= dimple, FD= fertilization ducts, Fo= thoracic fovea, LK= epigynum lateral keels, MP= posterior median plate, PB= spermathecae posterior bend, S=spermathecae, SF= stridulating files of the booklung cover. Scale bars: 33, 1mm; 34, 35, 38, 0.1mm; 36, 37, 0.2mm.

FIGURE 41 in Two new species and taxonomic notes on the Neotropical spiny orb-weaving spiders Micrathena and Chaetacis (Araneae: Araneidae), with remarks on the development of Micrathena excavata

FIGURE 41. Geographic distribution records for Micrathena yanomami new species and Chaetacis bandeirante new species, and new records for M. gaujoni, M. ruschii and C. necopinata.

FIGURES 7–12. Aculepeira morenoae n in A new orb-weaving spider from the Argentinean flooding pampas grasses: Aculepeira morenoae new species (Araneae, Araneidae)

FIGURES 7–12. Aculepeira morenoae n. sp., female genitalia. 7–9, epigynum (7, ventral; 8, lateral; 9, digested ventral). 10–12, digested vulva (10, posterior; 11, anterior; 12, dorsal).

FIGURES 24–30. Aculepeira morenoae n in A new orb-weaving spider from the Argentinean flooding pampas grasses: Aculepeira morenoae new species (Araneae, Araneidae)

FIGURES 24–30. Aculepeira morenoae n. sp., left palp SEM. 24, retrolateral-ventral; 25, retrolateral; 26, dorsal; 27, apical; 28–30, close up views (28, median apophysis; 29–30, dentate end of median apophysis. (c = conductor; cy = cymbium; e = embolus; ma = median apophysis; pc = paracymbium; sa = subterminal apophysis; ta = terminal apophysis; * = flagellae of ma; + = dentate end of ma). Scale bars: 0.5 mm

FIGURES 31–32 in A new orb-weaving spider from the Argentinean flooding pampas grasses: Aculepeira morenoae new species (Araneae, Araneidae)

FIGURES 31–32. Flooding pampas grasses in Campos del Tuyú National Park, Buenos Aires, habitat of Aculepeira morenoae n. sp. 31, panoramic view looking northeast; 32, grasses where spiders inhabit.

FIGURES 16–23. Aculepeira morenoae n in A new orb-weaving spider from the Argentinean flooding pampas grasses: Aculepeira morenoae new species (Araneae, Araneidae)

FIGURES 16–23. Aculepeira morenoae n. sp., expanded left palp. 16–18, ventral from different angle; 19, prolateral; 20, retrolateral; 21, retrolateral-basal; 22, prolateral-apical; 23, apical. (bh = basal hematodocha; c = conductor; cy = cymbium; dh = distal hematodocha; e = embolus; f = fundus; ma = median apophysis; pc = paracymbium; r = radix; sa = subterminal apophysis; sd = sperm duct; t = tegulum; ta = terminal apophysis; * = flagellae of ma; + = dentate end of ma).

FIGURES 13–15. Aculepeira morenoae n in A new orb-weaving spider from the Argentinean flooding pampas grasses: Aculepeira morenoae new species (Araneae, Araneidae)

FIGURES 13–15. Aculepeira morenoae n. sp., left palp. 13, prolateral; 14, ventral; 15, retrolateral. (c = conductor; cy = cymbium; e = embolus; ma = median apophysis; pc = paracymbium; sa = subterminal apophysis; ta = terminal apophysis; * = flagellae of ma; + = dentate end of ma). Scale bars: 0.2 mm.

FIGURES 1–4. Aculepeira morenoae n in A new orb-weaving spider from the Argentinean flooding pampas grasses: Aculepeira morenoae new species (Araneae, Araneidae)

FIGURES 1–4. Aculepeira morenoae n. sp., habitus. 1–2, female holotype (1, dorsal; 2, ventral). 3–4, male paratype (3, dorsal; 4, ventral).

FIGURE 6 A–F. Philoponella fluviidulcifis n in Three new species and new records of the orb-weaving spider genus Philoponella (Araneae, Uloboridae) from Brazil and Ecuador

FIGURE 6 A–F. Philoponella fluviidulcifis n. sp. A–B, male, left palp. A, retrolateral. B, detail of embolus and conductor. C– F, Philoponella duopunctata n. sp. C–D male holotype, left palp. C, retrolateral. D, detail of median apophysis spur. E–F, female paratype, pancreatin-digested epigynum. F, dorsal. F, right spermatheca. Abbreviations: CBL, conductor basal lobe; CS, conductor spike; MAB, median apophysis bulb; MAS, median apophysis spur; MH, median hematodocha; MHP, median hematodocha process; S, spermatheca; ST, subtegulum; T, tegulum. Arrow: tip of embolus.

FIGURE 5 A–F. Philoponella opelli n in Three new species and new records of the orb-weaving spider genus Philoponella (Araneae, Uloboridae) from Brazil and Ecuador

FIGURE 5 A–F. Philoponella opelli n. sp. A–D, male holotype, left palp. A, retrolateral. B, median apophysis and conductor. C, conductor basal lobe. D, leg I setae. E–F, female paratype, pancreatin-digested epigynum. E, dorsal. F, left spermathecae and copulatory duct. Abbreviations: CBL, conductor basal lobe; CD, copulatory duct; CO, copulatory opening; CS, conductor spike; E, embolus; MAB, median apophysis bulb; MAS, median apophysis spur; MH, median hematodocha; PS, plumose setae; S, spermatheca; SM, squamous macrosetae; ST, subtegulum; T, tegulum. Arrow: tip of embolus.

FIGURE 7 A–C in Three new species and new records of the orb-weaving spider genus Philoponella (Araneae, Uloboridae) from Brazil and Ecuador

FIGURE 7 A–C. Geographic distribution records of Philoponella species. A, Philoponella duopunctata n. sp., P. fluviidulcifis n. sp. and P. opelli n. sp. B, Philoponella republicana (Simon, 1891) and P. vitatta (Keyserling, 1881). C, Philoponella divisa Opell, 1979 and P. fasciata (Mello-Leitão, 1917).

FIGURE 4A–G. Philoponella duopunctata n in Three new species and new records of the orb-weaving spider genus Philoponella (Araneae, Uloboridae) from Brazil and Ecuador

FIGURE 4A–G. Philoponella duopunctata n. sp. A–B, male holotype, left palp. A, retrolateral. B, apical. C–E, female paratype, epigynum. C, ventral. D, posterior; E, cleared, dorsal. F–G, male holotype, left palpal femur. F, ventral. G, retrolateral. Abbreviations: CBL, conductor basal lobe; CD, copulatory duct; CS, conductor spike; E, embolus; MAB, median apophysis bulb; MAS, median apophysis spur; MH, median hematodocha; MHP, median hematodocha process; PP, posterior plate; S, spermatheca; SB, spermatheca base; ST, subtegulum; T, tegulum. Scale bars: A–E, 0.1mm; F–G, 0.04mm.