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235 results for “age-dependence”
Data from: Age-dependent and lineage-dependent speciation and extinction in the imbalance of phylogenetic trees
It is known that phylogenetic trees are more imbalanced than expected from a birth–death model with constant rates of speciation and extinction, and also that imbalance can be better fit by allowing the rate of speciation to decrease as the age of the parent species increases. If imbalance is measured in more detail, at nodes within trees as a function of the number of species descended from the nodes, age-dependent models predict levels of imbalance comparable to real trees for small numbers of descendent species, but predicted imbalance approaches an asymptote not found in real trees as the number of descendent species becomes large. Age-dependence must therefore be complemented by another process such as inheritance of different rates along different lineages, which is known to predict insufficient imbalance at nodes with few descendent species, but can predict increasing imbalance with increasing numbers of descendent species.
Data from: Age-dependent trait variation: the relative contribution of within-individual change, selective appearance and disappearance in a long-lived seabird
1. Within populations, the expression of phenotypic traits typically varies with age. Such age-dependent trait variation can be caused by within-individual change (improvement, senescence, terminal effects) and/or selective (dis)appearance of certain phenotypes among older age classes. 2. In this study we applied two methods (decomposition and mixed-modelling) to attribute age-dependent variation in seven phenological and reproductive traits to within-individual change and selective (dis)appearance, in a long-lived seabird, the common tern (Sterna hirundo). 3. At the population level, all traits, except the probability to breed, improved with age (i.e., phenology advanced and reproductive output increased). Both methods identified within-individual change as the main responsible process, and within individuals, performance improved until age 6-13, before levelling off. In contrast, within individuals, breeding probability decreased to age 10, then levelled off. 4. Effects of selective appearance and disappearance were small, but showed that longer-lived individuals had a higher breeding probability and bred earlier, and that younger recruits performed better throughout life than older recruits in terms of both phenology and reproductive performance. In the year prior to death, individuals advanced reproduction, suggesting terminal investment. 5. The decomposition method attributed more age-dependent trait variation to selective disappearance than the mixed-modelling method: 14-36% versus 0-8%, respectively, which we identify to be due to covariance between rates of within-individual change and selective (dis)appearance leading to biased results from the decomposition method. 6. We conclude that the decomposition method is ideal for visualising processes underlying population change in performance from one age class to the next, but that a mixed-modelling method is required to investigate the significance and relative contribution of age-effects. 7. Considerable variation in the contribution of the different age-processes between the seven phenotypic traits studied, as well as notable differences between species in patterns of age-dependent trait expression, calls for better predictions regarding optimal allocation strategies with age.
Data from: Age-dependent modulation of songbird summer feather molt by temporal and functional constraints
Time constraints influence various ecological, life-history, and demographic properties of individuals and populations of many species throughout the annual cycle. Feather molt is a timely undertaking that is considered among the three most energy-demanding processes in the life cycle of birds. To deal with time pressure, passerines may shorten their molt duration, using three non–mutually exclusive mechanisms: (1) replacing only part of the plumage, (2) increasing the speed of molt, and (3) postponing the renewal of some or all the plumage to a later season (i.e., from the summer to the overwintering period). We used a comparative approach by measuring 12,349 individuals from 134 passerine species to explore how feather molt of juvenile and adult passerines is evolutionarily modulated under time constraints. The results indicate that breeding at northern latitudes and long-distance migration limit the time available for molt and that the consequences of time constraints were age dependent. While the duration of adult summer molt decreased, the extent, rather than the duration, of juvenile molt declined under time constraints. This study highlights the importance of considering time constraints in order to enhance the understanding of selective forces that shape life-history processes and their consequences throughout the annual routine.
Pathogenic LRRK2 causes age-dependent and region-specific deficits in ciliation, innervation and viability of cholinergic neurons_2
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Figure 2 in Age-dependent variations in the venom proteins of Vipera kaznakovi Nikolsky, 1909 and Vipera ammodytes (Linnaeus, 1758) (Ophidia: Viperidae)
Figure 2. Gel photograph showing the electrophoretic separation of the venom protein sample obtained from the 16.5-cm-long Vipera kaznakovi specimen, together with its densitometric tracing curve (O.D.: Optical density, S: Start, junction between the stacking and separation gels).
Figure 7 in Age-dependent variations in the venom proteins of Vipera kaznakovi Nikolsky, 1909 and Vipera ammodytes (Linnaeus, 1758) (Ophidia: Viperidae)
Figure 7. Gel photograph showing the electrophoretic separation of the venom protein sample obtained from the 36.7-cm-long Vipera ammodytes specimen, together with its densitometric tracing curve. For further explanation, see caption to Figure 2.
Figure 6 in Age-dependent variations in the venom proteins of Vipera kaznakovi Nikolsky, 1909 and Vipera ammodytes (Linnaeus, 1758) (Ophidia: Viperidae)
Figure 6. Gel photograph showing the electrophoretic separation of the venom protein sample obtained from the 28.5-cm-long Vipera ammodytes specimen, together with its densitometric tracing curve. For further explanation, see caption to Figure 2.
Supplementary Tables for the manuscript be Kuligina et al. "Germline variants in the immune response-related genes: possible modifying effect on age-dependent BRCA1 penetrance in breast cancer patients"
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Data from: The evolution of age-dependent plasticity
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Data from: Age-dependent effects of predation risk on reproductive success in a freshwater snail
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Data from: Simultaneous age-dependent and age-independent sexual selection in the lekking black grouse (Lyrurus tetrix)
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Data from: Age-dependent and lineage-dependent speciation and extinction in the imbalance of phylogenetic trees
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Data from: Age-dependent speciation can explain the shape of empirical phylogenies
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Data from: Age-dependent social learning in a lizard
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Data from: Age-dependent female responses to a male ejaculate signal alter demographic opportunities for selection
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Data from: Quantifying age-dependent extinction from species phylogenies
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Data from: Age-dependent trait variation: the relative contribution of within-individual change, selective appearance and disappearance in a long-lived seabird
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Data from: Sex differences in the effects of juvenile and adult diet on age-dependent reproductive effort
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Age-dependent phenological plasticity in a wild bird
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Data from: Pheromone diversification and age-dependent behavioural plasticity decrease interspecific mating costs in Nasonia
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