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Fig. 5 in Evidence of external gametophores in puzzling Late Triassic-Early Jurassic dasycladalean green algae

Fig. 5. Scheme of mineralization in dasycladalean alga Chinianella ellenbergeri (Lebouché and Lemoine in Granier and Deloffre, 1994) Granier, Masse and Berthou, 1994, emend. nov. A. Axial section, lowest whorl is weakly calcified. Trace of transverse sections is indicated with dashed lines. B. Transverse section at whorl level. C. Transverse section through the interverticillar space. The interverticillar empty spaces merge laterally (annular channel) and are connected between whorls (vertical channels). A central pore sometimes leaves in contact the interverticillar void and the central cavity, either shifted downwards (white arrow) or upward (black arrow).

Fig. 2 in Evidence of external gametophores in puzzling Late Triassic-Early Jurassic dasycladalean green algae

Fig. 2. Structure of dasycladalean alga Chinianella ellenbergeri (Lebouché and Lemoine in Granier and Deloffre, 1994) according Lebouché and Lemoine (1963).

Fig. 6 in Evidence of external gametophores in puzzling Late Triassic-Early Jurassic dasycladalean green algae

Fig. 6. Dasycladalean alga Chinianella ellenbergeri (Lebouché and Lemoine in Granier and Deloffre, 1994) Granier, Masse and Berthou, 1994, emend. nov., upper Sinemurian (Lotharingian), Canders, 2.4 km E of Fontcaude, (S France). A. LM-DiSTAR/BA.577.16, n. 065, oblique section of a weakly mineralized specimen showing intusannulation. B. LM-DiSTAR/BA.577.21, n. 114, axial section, notice the irregular inner contour. C. LM-DiSTAR/ BA.577.24, n. 117, axial section of a weakly mineralized specimen showing intusannulation. D. LM-DiSTAR/BA.577.28, n. 126, oblique section of a weakly mineralized specimen with intusannulation. E. LM-DiSTAR/BA.577.4, n. 003, oblique section of a strongly mineralized specimen, note the regular contour of the inner cavity, interverticillar cavities sometimes communicate with the central cavity by mean of a small pore (see arrow). F. LMDiSTAR/BA.577.9, n. 018, oblique section showing the annular and vertical channels. G. LM-DiSTAR/BA.577.10, n. 024, transverse-oblique section, a possible gametophore looks attached to primary lateral (see arrow). H. LM-DiSTAR/BA.577.8, n. 014, transverse-oblique section showing the annular and vertical channels. I. LM-DiSTAR/BA.577.15, n. 054, transverse-oblique section, note the annular channel with scalloped surfaces in the proximal sleeve and the calcareous shield, respectively.

Fig. 3 in Evidence of external gametophores in puzzling Late Triassic-Early Jurassic dasycladalean green algae

Fig. 3. Possible structural models in dasycladalean alga Chinianella ellenbergeri (Lebouché and Lemoine in Granier and Deloffre, 1994). A. Alternated whorls of weak/sterile and strong/fertile laterals; sterile and fertile laterals ramified (A1); only sterile laterals ramified (A2). B. Spaced whorls of weak/sterile laterals bearing a laterally attached gametophore (goniospory); large gametophore attached proximally (B1); subterminal gametophore (B2). C. Spaced whorls of weak/sterile laterals with simple interverticillar voids.

Fig. 1 in Evidence of external gametophores in puzzling Late Triassic-Early Jurassic dasycladalean green algae

Fig. 1. Map with type localities of the species discussed in the text indicated. A. Chinianella ellembergeri (Lebouché and Lemoine in Granier and Deloffre, 1994) Granier, Masse and Berthou, 1994, emend. nov., upper Sinemurian (Jurassic) of Canders (Languedoc, France). B. Distefanopolia micropora (Di Stefano and Senowbari-Daryan, 1985) and Distefanopolia macropora (Di Stefano, 1981 ex Di Stefano and Senowbari-Daryan, 1985) nov. comb., Norian (Upper Triassic), Cozzo di Lupo (Sicily, Italy). C. Distefanopolia zanklii (Ott, 1967) nov. comb., Norian–Rhaetian (Upper Triassic) of Dürreckberg (Upper Bavaria, Germany). D. Distefanopolia crosii (Ott, 1968) nov. comb., Upper Triassic of Kohlalpen Valley (Kaiser Mountains, Austria). E. Distefanopolia carpatica (Bystrický, 1967) nov. comb., Norian Upper Triassic) of Muráň Plateau (Slovakia).

Fig. 11 in Evidence of external gametophores in puzzling Late Triassic-Early Jurassic dasycladalean green algae

Fig. 11. The structure of the Late Triassic species of dasycladalean algae Distefanopolia gen. nov. A. Distefanopolia micropora (Di Stefano, 1981 ex Di Stefano and Senowbari-Daryan, 1985) nov. comb., MGG-PA/Si24ax, Norian, Cozzo di Lupo (Palermo, Sicily), oblique section; note the first fertile whorl (bottom) showing two tufts of about eight pores, the third pore aside displays the usual inflated shape. B. Distefanopolia carpatica Bystrický, 1967) nov. comb., Norian, Muráň-PIateau (Gemer, Slovakia), oblique section, holotype, corresponding to Bistricky (1967: pl. 15: 3, thin section Nr. 2237), note the large, rounded gametophore encircled by several secondary laterals (below). Scale bars 1 mm.

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Figure 2 in Polychaete assemblages associated with the invasive green alga Avrainvillea amadelpha and surrounding bare sediment patches in Hawaii

Figure 2. nMDS ordinations of polychaete assemblages: A, using data of all taxa; B, bubbles indicating abundance in number of individuals; C, bubbles indicating values of Shannon–Wiener diversity; D, bubbles indicating values of Pielou's Evenness.

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Figure 1 in Polychaete assemblages associated with the invasive green alga Avrainvillea amadelpha and surrounding bare sediment patches in Hawaii

Figure 1. Map of the study area showing the algae ('A' stations; circles) and sediment stations ('S' stations; squares).

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FIG. 3 in The canopy-forming alga Ericaria brachycarpa (J.Agardh) Molinari-Novoa & Guiry (Fucales, Phaeophyceae) shows seasonal and depth adaptation to the incoming light levels

FIG. 3. — Lineal fitting of the photosynthesis/PFD data at the lineal part of the P/PFD curve for the algal specimens collected at different depths.

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FIG. 4 in The canopy-forming alga Ericaria brachycarpa (J.Agardh) Molinari-Novoa & Guiry (Fucales, Phaeophyceae) shows seasonal and depth adaptation to the incoming light levels

FIG. 4. — Photosynthesis at saturation (Psat), photosynthesis at low light levels (Pb) and dark respiration (Rd) for specimens thriving at 3 and 20 m (not transplanted: nt3 and nt20) and for those transplanted at the same depth (3to3 and 20to20) and at different depths (3to20 and 20to3) after 11 and 90 days after transplantation.

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FIG. 1 in The canopy-forming alga Ericaria brachycarpa (J.Agardh) Molinari-Novoa & Guiry (Fucales, Phaeophyceae) shows seasonal and depth adaptation to the incoming light levels

FIG. 1. — Percentage abundance of Ericaria brachycarpa (J. Agardh) MolinariNovoa & Guiry at the sampling station estimated from 50 reticulated quadrats of 625 cm2 per depth.

FIG. 4. — A, B in New data on the morphology, reproduction and distribution of a freshwater brown alga Porterinema fluviatile (Porter) Waern (Phaeophyceae)

FIG. 4. — A, B, Protoplast division into several parts in apical filament cells resulting in the formation of aplanospores; C, nonmotile aplanospores; D, new thalli developing from aplanospores. Scale bars: 10 µm.

FIG. 2. — A in New data on the morphology, reproduction and distribution of a freshwater brown alga Porterinema fluviatile (Porter) Waern (Phaeophyceae)

FIG. 2. — A, Young filaments composed from elongated vegetative cells with an anastomosis (+) between their filaments. Filament with elongated vegetative cells in the transformation process (+); B, young filaments composed from elongated vegetative cells with plastids; C, D, first phase of the transformation of elongated vegetative cells to inflated vegetative cells. Scale bars: 10 µm.

FIG. 1 in New data on the morphology, reproduction and distribution of a freshwater brown alga Porterinema fluviatile (Porter) Waern (Phaeophyceae)

FIG. 1. — Study area map. Location of the karst limnocrene Mlava Spring and cross section through the siphonal channel.

FIG. 3. — A, B in New data on the morphology, reproduction and distribution of a freshwater brown alga Porterinema fluviatile (Porter) Waern (Phaeophyceae)

FIG. 3. — A, B, Newly formed inflated vegetative cells (ic) with thick walls and a large number of lipid droplets (ld), formation of the approximately oval dark cells (dc) with thick walls, elongated axial cells (eac) of filaments, gradually narrowing to the top; C, D, developing intercalary plurilocular sporangia; E, intercalary plurilocular sporangia on the pedicels. Scale bars: 10 µm.

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Fig. 4 Calcareous algae. a-e in Upper Jurassic To Lowermost Cretaceous Microfossils From The Hăghimaş Mountains (Eastern Carpathians, Romania)

Fig. 4 Calcareous algae. a-e Actinoporella/Clypeina sp. Different sections through laterals; a, d – thin section FO7-A; b, c – thin section FO7-C; e – thin section FO1-H. f-h Salpingoporella pygmaea (Gümbel). Oblique (f, g) and transverse (H) sections; f, g – thin section FO1-H(2); g – thin section FO1-H. i Charophyte gyrogonite; j, k Terquemella sp.; thin section FO8. l Rajkaella bartheli Bernier. Section of the distal part of the primary lateral and the secondary laterals; thin section FO4.

FIGURE 1 in Putative Ordovician green alga Krejciella reinterpreted as enteropneust hemichordate tube (Czech Republic)

FIGURE 1. Location map of the study area, showing the location of each of the studied localities within the Ordovician of the Prague Basin. A. Map of the Czech Republic and the Bohemian Massif showing the distribution of Ordovician rocks in the Prague Basin. B. Ordovician of the Prague Basin with the location of five outcrops that yielded the studied specimens.

FIGURE 2 in Putative Ordovician green alga Krejciella reinterpreted as enteropneust hemichordate tube (Czech Republic)

FIGURE 2. Type material of Krejciella putzkeri Obrhel 1968. Three-dimensionally preserved fragments of tubeshaped fossils. All specimens are in lateral view and are housed in the National Museum Prague. A. Holotype, NML D497a. B. Counterpart of the holotype, NML 497b. C. Paratype, NML 498.

FIGURE 5 in Putative Ordovician green alga Krejciella reinterpreted as enteropneust hemichordate tube (Czech Republic)

FIGURE 5. Distribution of tubiculous fossils classified as Margaretia in the middle Cambrian and specimens of Krejciella in the Middle Ordovician. A. Stratigraphic ranges of tubiculous fossils in Cambrian and Ordovician. B. Palaeogeographical reconstruction of the middle Cambrian. C. Palaeogeographical reconstruction of the Middle Ordovician. Palaeogeography modified after Cocks and Torsvik (2002, 2011), Fatka and Mergl (2009) and Torsvik and Cocks (2013). B - Burgess Lagerstäte. D - Dobrotivá Lagerstäte. G - Guanshan Lagerstäte. K - Kinzers Lagerstäte. L - Latham Lagerstäte. M - Marjum Lagerstäte. RS - Rockslide Formation Lagerstäte. S - Sinsk Lagerstäte. R - Rennie Lagerstäte. W - Wheeler Lagerstäte.

FIGURE 4 in Putative Ordovician green alga Krejciella reinterpreted as enteropneust hemichordate tube (Czech Republic)

FIGURE 4. Sketch showing the distribution of major biofacies associated with the late Darriwilian-early Sandbian Dobrotivá Formation. The shallowest part of the basin was inhabited by a sparse orthid brachiopod association. In the offshore direction it was replaced by the Placoparia Association, which is characterized by a rich skeletal fauna with trilobites and brachiopods. In the offshore slope settings, it grades into a low-diversity atheloptic trilobite association that also includes 'gardens' of benthic dendroids. The water column was inhabited by planktonic graptolites and taxa of the poorly diverse Cyclopygid Biofacies, particularly by Degamella princeps. Poorly oxygenated black shales in the central part of the basin were dominated by the Paterula Association, at some sites associated with the trilobite Zeliszkella oriens. Modified after Fatka and Mergl (2009, figure 11d) and Peršín and Budil (2009).