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Fig. 4 in An investigation of the prevalence of Giardia agilis in anuran amphibians from fourteen areas in China

Fig. 4. Phylogenetic tree of beta-giardin Phylogenetic tree of beta-giardin, A. G. agilis is distinct from all Giardia species; B. all G. agilis we tested were from the same species.

Fig. 3 in An investigation of the prevalence of Giardia agilis in anuran amphibians from fourteen areas in China

Fig. 3. Phylogenetic tree of SSU rRNA Phylogenetic tree of SSU rRNA, A. G. agilis is distinct from all Giardia species; B. all G. agilis we tested were from the same species.

Fig. 2 in An investigation of the prevalence of Giardia agilis in anuran amphibians from fourteen areas in China

Fig. 2. Distribution of sampling positions All samples were collected from these 14 places of 5 provinces in China. The sizes of circles represent the sample sizes.

Fig. 1 in Apparent lack of spill-over of parasites from an invasive anuran: PCR detects Entamoeba in cane toads (Rhinella marina) but not in sympatric Australian native frogs

Fig. 1. Study site location in Australia's Northern Territory (left). Map showing the Research Station where the initial amoebiasis outbreak was observed (Shilton et al., 2018); and sample collection sites Leaning Tree Lagoon and Caravan Park (right). In 2018, cane toads and native frogs were collected at Leaning Tree Lagoon. In 2020, cane toads were collected at the Caravan Park and road-killed native frogs were collected from the highway between the Research Station and Leaning Tree Lagoon. Left-hand panel image from GoogleMaps.

Fig. 2 in Apparent lack of spill-over of parasites from an invasive anuran: PCR detects Entamoeba in cane toads (Rhinella marina) but not in sympatric Australian native frogs

Fig. 2. Six of the amphibian species surveyed for Entamoeba in this study. a) Cyclorana australis, b) Litoria bicolor, c) Litoria dahlii, d) Litoria nasuta, e) Litoria rothii and f) Rhinella marina.

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Fig. 3 in Native anuran species as prey of invasive American Bullfrog, Lithobates catesbeianus, in Brazil: a review with new predation records

Fig. 3. Spatial distribution of Lithobates catesbeianus invasive populations and predation reports of native anurans in Brazil. White circles: American Bullfrog populations in Brazil (Both et al. 2011; Instituto Horus 2016); yellow stars: predation reports of adult Boana raniceps and adult Phyllomedusa distincta in southern and southeastern Brazil; light green circles: locations of 41 published predation records.

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Fig. 2 in Native anuran species as prey of invasive American Bullfrog, Lithobates catesbeianus, in Brazil: a review with new predation records

Fig. 2. (A) Predation of an adult Phyllomedusa distincta by Lithobates catesbeianus, (B) Adult P. distincta partially digested, removed from the oral cavity of L. catesbeianus.

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Fig. 1 in Native anuran species as prey of invasive American Bullfrog, Lithobates catesbeianus, in Brazil: a review with new predation records

Fig. 1. Adult Lithobates catesbeianus swallowing an adult Boana raniceps in an artificial permanent pond within pasture area in southern Brazil.

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Fig. 2 in An Examination Of Call And Genetic Variation In Three Wide-Ranging Southeast Asian Anuran Species

Fig. 2. Spectrograms of Polypedates leucomystax calls from Singapore (top) and Thailand (bottom). Calls are from a single individual in each population. For the Thai individual, call elements did not occur consecutively, but were cut and pasted from a 5 minute recording.

Fig. 7. Stained microfilariae from amphibian blood. A – Neofoleyellides steyni n in Two new species of Neofoleyellides (Nematoda: Onchocercidae) parasitising anuran amphibians in South Africa

Fig. 7. Stained microfilariae from amphibian blood. A – Neofoleyellides steyni n. sp. from Amietia delalandii (Dum´eril et Bibron, 1841); B – Neofoleyellides martini n. sp. from Leptopelis natalensis (Smith, 1849).

Fig. 4. Neofoleyellides martini n in Two new species of Neofoleyellides (Nematoda: Onchocercidae) parasitising anuran amphibians in South Africa

Fig. 4. Neofoleyellides martini n. sp. from Leptopelis natalensis (Smith, 1849), line drawings. A – fragment of body at anterior end, female, lateral view; B – fragment of body at anterior end, male, lateral view; C – anterior extremity, female, lateral view; D–F – anterior extremity, female, apical view, optical sections at different depth of focus; G – posterior end of body, male, ventral view; H – microfilaria; I – posterior end of body, female, lateral view; J – spicules, lateral view.

Fig. 8 in Two new species of Neofoleyellides (Nematoda: Onchocercidae) parasitising anuran amphibians in South Africa

Fig. 8. Phylogeny of selected amphibian and reptilian filarial nematodes from the family Onchocercidae. Phylogram based on partitioned and concatenated datasets of 18S rDNA, and COI mtDNA sequences using Maximum Likelihood. Filaria latala (GenBank Accession numbers – 18S: KP760135 and COI: KP760186] was chosen as the outgroup. The total length of datasets is 1293 nucleotides, containing 11 taxa. The scale bar represents 0.09 nucleotide substitutions per site.

Fig. 6. Neofoleyellides martini n in Two new species of Neofoleyellides (Nematoda: Onchocercidae) parasitising anuran amphibians in South Africa

Fig. 6. Neofoleyellides martini n. sp. from Leptopelis natalensis (Smith, 1849), photomicrographs. A – transverse section at posterior end of body, male, a – ala; B – area rugosa.

Fig. 1. Neofoleyellides steyni n in Two new species of Neofoleyellides (Nematoda: Onchocercidae) parasitising anuran amphibians in South Africa

Fig. 1. Neofoleyellides steyni n. sp. from Amietia delalandii (Dum´eril et Bibron, 1841), line drawings. A – fragment of body at anterior end, female, lateral view; B – fragment of body at anterior end, male, lateral view; C – anterior extremity, female, lateral view; D–G – anterior extremity, female, apical view, optical sections at different depth of focus; H – microfilaria; I – posterior end of body, female, lateral view.

Fig. 5. Neofoleyellides martini n in Two new species of Neofoleyellides (Nematoda: Onchocercidae) parasitising anuran amphibians in South Africa

Fig. 5. Neofoleyellides martini n. sp. from Leptopelis natalensis (Smith, 1849), line drawings. A–D – posterior end of body, male, ventral view, variations of the arrangements of caudal papillae.

Fig. 3. Neofoleyellides steyni n in Two new species of Neofoleyellides (Nematoda: Onchocercidae) parasitising anuran amphibians in South Africa

Fig. 3. Neofoleyellides steyni n. sp. from Amietia delalandii (Dumeril´et Bibron, 1841), photomicrographs. A–C – lateral alae, male: A – anterior end, B – midbody level, C – transverse section at level of posterior end, la – left ala, ra – right ala; D – area rugosa.

Fig. 2. Neofoleyellides steyni n in Two new species of Neofoleyellides (Nematoda: Onchocercidae) parasitising anuran amphibians in South Africa

Fig. 2. Neofoleyellides steyni n. sp. from Amietia delalandii (Dum´eril et Bibron, 1841), line drawings. A – posterior end of body, male, lateral view; B – right spicule, lateral view; C – distal end of the left spicule, lateral view; D–I – posterior end of body, male, ventral view, variations of the arrangements of caudal papillae.

Fig. 2 in First line of defence: Skin microbiota may protect anurans from infective larval lungworms

Fig. 2. The consequences of inoculation of cane toads with larval lungworms, as a function of whether the toads had an undisturbed skin microbiota (group 1) or a disturbed (partially. removed) skin microbiota (group 2). Establishment success of the lungworms was measured by the mean percentage ± SE of the larva that established themselves as adults in the lungs after 18 days.

Fig. 3 in First line of defence: Skin microbiota may protect anurans from infective larval lungworms

Fig. 3. Histological photomicrographs of toad skin. Skin sections from the lateral body of toad A are depicted in images 1 (sham wiping with a gloved hand) and 2 (microbiota removal technique using sterile cotton gauze). Skin sections from the dorsal body of toad B are depicted in images 3 (sham) and 4 (microbiota removal technique). Notations identifying major skin structures are shown in image 1: E, epidermis, D, dermis, G, large granular gland and stratum corneum (arrowhead). Haematoxylin and eosin stain. Bar = 100 μm in all images.

Fig. 1 in First line of defence: Skin microbiota may protect anurans from infective larval lungworms

Fig. 1. The steps involved in the two experimental treatments. The undisturbed skin of group 1 toads was swabbed for microbes 48 h after being exposed to lungworm larvae so that the swabbing process did not disturb the microbiota before exposure. The skin of group 2 toads was swabbed before and after being wiped with sterile gauze so that the efficacy of this disturbance or "cleaning" action could be evaluated. Group 2 toads were exposed to lungworm larvae after the second swab.