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115 results for “aposematism”
Figure 3 in Sexually dimorphic characters and shared aposematic patterns mislead the morphology-based classification of the Lycini (Coleoptera: Lycidae)
Figure 3. Phylogenetic hypothesis of the Lycini relationships resulting from the maximum likelihood analysis of the mitoribosomal dataset. Upper numbers represent ultrafast bootstrap, lower numbers posterior probabilities obtained by the Bayesian analysis of the pruned dataset. The support values for terminal branches are omitted.
Figure 10. General appearance. A in Sexually dimorphic characters and shared aposematic patterns mislead the morphology-based classification of the Lycini (Coleoptera: Lycidae)
Figure 10. General appearance. A, Lycus sp. 39. B, Lycus sp. 42. C, Lycus sp. 40. D–G, Lycus sp. 43. H, I, Lycus sp. 47. J, Lycus sp. 49. K–Q, Lycus sp. 51;. R, Lycus sp. (absent in the analysis). S, Lycus sp. 47, lateral view. T–AA, male genitalia. T, U, Lycus sp. 47. V, W, Lycus sp. 23. X, Y, Lycus sp. 40. Z, AA, Lycus sp. 51. Scale bars: 3 mm (A–S); 1 mm (T–AA).
Figure 9. General appearance. A, B in Sexually dimorphic characters and shared aposematic patterns mislead the morphology-based classification of the Lycini (Coleoptera: Lycidae)
Figure 9. General appearance. A, B, Lycus sp. 32. C, D, Lycus sp. 36. E, Lycus sp. 6. F, Lycus sp. 8. G, H, Lycus sp. 10. I, Lycus sp. 15 J, Lycus sp. 6. K, L, Lycus sp. 22. M–O, Lycus sp. 68. P–AM, male genitalia. P, Q, Lycus sp. 33. R, S, Lycus sp. 34. T, Lycus sp. 36. U, V, Lycus sp. 29. W, X, Lycus sp. 32. Y, Lycus sp. 5. Z, Lycus sp. 20. AA, Lycus sp. 21. AB, AC, Lycus sp. 15. AD, Lycus sp. 6. AE, Lycus sp. 22. AF, Lycus sp. 6. AG, Lycus sp. 9. AH, Lycus sp. 6. AI, AJ, Lycus sp. 49. AK, AL, Lycus sp. 68. AM, Lycus sp. 59. Scale bars: 3 mm (A–O); 1 mm (P–AM).
Figure 6 in Sexually dimorphic characters and shared aposematic patterns mislead the morphology-based classification of the Lycini (Coleoptera: Lycidae)
Figure 6. Lycus pallidus (F.), male unless stated otherwise. A, general appearance, ventral view. B, apical part of the rostrum, ventral view. C, antenna. D, head, dorsal view. E, prothorax and head, ventral view. F, pronotum, dorsal view. G, meso- and metasternum, ventral view; mesosternum. H, ventral view. I, mesothoracic spiracle with attached trachea. J, abdomen. K, abdomen of Neolycus fernandezi (Dugès), male. L, female terminal ventrite. M, female terminal tergite. N, terminal abdominal segments. O, male genitalia. P, ovipositor. Q, female internal genital duct. R, metatarsus. S, N.
Figure 1 in Sexually dimorphic characters and shared aposematic patterns mislead the morphology-based classification of the Lycini (Coleoptera: Lycidae)
Figure 1. The Lycini in nature. A, Lycus trabeatus from South Africa (photograph B. Dupont, CC BY-SA 2.0). B, Lycus sp. (photograph T. Rulkens, CC BY-SA 2.0). C, Lycus melanurus from Mozambique, (photograph T. Rulkens, CC BY-SA 2.0). D, Lycus sp., larva (photograph © Joyce Gross). E, Neolycus sp. (photograph CC BY-NC 4.0 California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco). F, Lycus sp. (photograph P. Erb, CC BY-NC 4.0).
The influence of ultraviolet reflectance differs between conspicuous aposematic signals in neotropical butterflies and poison frogs
<p>Warning signals are often characterized by highly contrasting, distinctive and memorable colors. Both chromatic (hue) and achromatic (brightness) contrast contribute to signal efficacy, making longwave colored signals (red and yellow) that generate both chromatic and achromatic contrast common. Shortwave colors (blue and ultraviolet) do not contribute to luminance perception, yet are also common in warning signals. The presence of UV aposematic signals is paradoxical as UV perception is not universal, and evidence for its utility is at best mixed. We used visual modeling to quantify how UV affects signal contrast in aposematic butterflies and frogs. We found that UV only appreciably affected visual contrast in the butterflies. As the butterflies, but not the frogs, have UV-sensitive vision these results support the notion that UV reflectance is associated with intraspecific communication, but appears to be non-functional in frogs. Consequently, we should be careful when assigning a selection-based benefit from UV reflectance.</p>
Data for: Size-dependent colouration balances conspicuous aposematism and camouflage
<p>Colour is an important component of many different defensive strategies, but signal efficacy and detectability will also depend on the size of the coloured structures, and how pattern size interacts with the background. Consequently, size-dependent changes in colouration are common among many different species as juveniles and adults frequently use colour for different purposes in different environmental contexts. A widespread strategy in many species is switching from crypsis to conspicuous aposematic signalling as increasing body size can reduce the efficacy of camouflage, while other antipredator defences may strengthen. Curiously, despite being chemically defended, the gold-striped frog (<i>Lithodytes lineatus</i>, Leptodactylidae) appears to do the opposite, with bright yellow stripes found in smaller individuals whereas larger frogs exhibit dull brown stripes. Here, we investigated whether size-dependent differences in colour support distinct defensive strategies. We first used visual modelling of potential predators to assess how colour contrast varied among frogs of different sizes. We found that contrast peaked in mid-sized individuals while the largest individuals had the least contrasting patterns. We then used two detection experiments with human participants to evaluate how colour and body size affected overall detectability. These experiments revealed that larger body sizes were easier to detect, but that the colours of smaller frogs were more detectable than those of larger frogs. Taken together our data support the hypothesis that the primary defensive strategy changes from conspicuous aposematism to camouflage with increasing size, implying size-dependent differences in the efficacy of defensive colouration. We discuss our data in relation to theories of size-dependent aposematism and evaluate the evidence for and against a possible size-dependent mimicry complex with sympatric poison frogs (Dendrobatidae). </p>
Red coloration and the evolution of aposematism in arboreal sciurids
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Data from: Not everything is black and white: color and behavioral variation reveal a continuum between cryptic and aposematic strategies in a polymorphic poison frog
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The influence of ultraviolet reflectance differs between conspicuous aposematic signals in neotropical butterflies and poison frogs
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Data for: Size-dependent colouration balances conspicuous aposematism and camouflage
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Data from: Multi-trait aposematic signal in Batesian mimicry
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Data from: Habitat disturbance alters color contrast and the detectability of cryptic and aposematic frogs
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Data from: Too hard to swallow: a secret secondary defence of an aposematic insect
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Data from: Wright's shifting balance theory and the diversification of aposematic signals
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Data from: Batesian mimics influence the evolution of conspicuousness in an aposematic salamander
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Appearance before performance? Nutritional constraints on life‐history traits, but not warning signal expression in aposematic moths
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Data from: How to fight multiple enemies: target-specific chemical defences in an aposematic moth
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Data from: De novo synthesis of chemical defences in an aposematic moth
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Data from: No evidence of quantitative signal honesty across species of aposematic burnet moths (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae)
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