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Fig. 8 in Arboreal gems: resurrection of Isometrus sankeriensis Tikader & Bastawade, 1983 and descriptions of two new species of Isometrus Ehrenberg, 1828 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) from the Western Ghats, India

Fig. 8. Isometrus nakshatra sp. nov., holotype, adult ♂ (BNHS SC 195). A. Dorsal view. B. Ventral view. C. Sternopectinal area. D. Chelicera, dorsal view.

Fig. 5 in Arboreal gems: resurrection of Isometrus sankeriensis Tikader & Bastawade, 1983 and descriptions of two new species of Isometrus Ehrenberg, 1828 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) from the Western Ghats, India

Fig. 5. Isometrus sankeriensis Tikader & Bastawade, 1983, neotype, adult ♂ (BNHS SC 194). A. Dorsal view, UV light. B. Ventral view, UV light. C. Carapace, white light.

Fig. 11 in Arboreal gems: resurrection of Isometrus sankeriensis Tikader & Bastawade, 1983 and descriptions of two new species of Isometrus Ehrenberg, 1828 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) from the Western Ghats, India

Fig. 11. Isometrus nakshatra sp. nov., paratype, adult ♀ (BNHS SC 196). A. Dorsal view. B. Ventral view. C. Carapace, dorsal view. D. Sternopectinal area. E. Telson, lateral view.

Fig. 1 in Arboreal gems: resurrection of Isometrus sankeriensis Tikader & Bastawade, 1983 and descriptions of two new species of Isometrus Ehrenberg, 1828 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) from the Western Ghats, India

Fig. 1. Ultrametric tree showing phylogenetic relationships. Values along the nodes indicate Bayesian posterior probabilities and divergence dates in MY (PP/DD). Bars at the nodes indicate 95% HPD. Vertical bars represent delimitation analysis results.

Fig. 7 in Arboreal gems: resurrection of Isometrus sankeriensis Tikader & Bastawade, 1983 and descriptions of two new species of Isometrus Ehrenberg, 1828 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) from the Western Ghats, India

Fig. 7. Type locality of Isometrus sankeriensis Tikader & Bastawade, 1983. A. View of Sunkeri Road. B. View of semi-evergreen disturbed forest at the type locality.

Fig. 9 in Arboreal gems: resurrection of Isometrus sankeriensis Tikader & Bastawade, 1983 and descriptions of two new species of Isometrus Ehrenberg, 1828 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) from the Western Ghats, India

Fig. 9. Isometrus nakshatra sp. nov., holotype, adult ♂ (BNHS SC 195). A. Dorsal view, UV light. B. Ventral view, UV light. C. Carapace, white light.

Fig. 6 in Arboreal gems: resurrection of Isometrus sankeriensis Tikader & Bastawade, 1983 and descriptions of two new species of Isometrus Ehrenberg, 1828 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) from the Western Ghats, India

Fig. 6. Isometrus sankeriensis Tikader & Bastawade, 1983, neotype, adult ♂ (BNHS SC 194). A–B. Pedipalp chela. A. Dorsal view. B. Ventral view. C–D. Patella. C. Dorsal view. D. External view. E–F. Femur. E. Dorsal view. F. Internal view. Trichobothrial pattern indicated by yellow dots.

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Nest choice in arboreal ants is an emergent consequence of network creation under spatial constraints

<p>Biological transportation networks must balance competing functional priorities. The self-organizing mechanisms used to generate such networks have inspired scalable algorithms to construct and maintain low-cost and efficient human-designed transport networks. The pheromone-based trail networks of ants have been especially valuable in this regard. Here, we use turtle ants as our focal system: In contrast to the ant species usually used as models for self-organized networks, these ants live in a spatially constrained arboreal environment where both nesting options and connecting pathways are limited. Thus, they must solve a distinct set of challenges which resemble those faced by human transport engineers constrained by existing infrastructure. Here, we ask how a turtle ant colony's choice of which nests to include in a network may be influenced by their potential to create connections to other nests. In laboratory experiments with Cephalotes varians and Cephalotes texanus, we show that nest choice is influenced by spatial constraints, but in unexpected ways. Under one spatial configuration, colonies preferentially occupied more connected nest sites; however, under another spatial configuration, this preference disappeared. Comparing the results of these experiments to an agent-based model, we demonstrate that this apparently idiosyncratic relationship between nest connectivity and nest choice can emerge without nest preferences via a combination of self-reinforcing random movement along constrained pathways and density-dependent aggregation at nests. While this mechanism does not consistently lead to the de-novo construction of low-cost, efficient transport networks, it may be an effective way to expand a network, when coupled with processes of pruning and restructuring.</p>

Figure 2 in Long time no see: New reports of Legua rosea Amédégnato and Poulain, 1986 (Orthoptera: Caelifera: Romaleidae: Romaleinae: Leguini), a rare arboreal grasshopper from Brazil

Figure 2. Legua rosea Amédégnato and Poulain, 1986 specimens. A) Male holotype, lateral view with lateral and dorsal head details (photos by Holger Braun from UMMZ). B) Male paratype, lateral view with labels (photo by Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris (France) MNHN-EO-CAELIF4529). C) Male, lateral view from INPA. Scale bar = 1 cm.

Figure 3 in Long time no see: New reports of Legua rosea Amédégnato and Poulain, 1986 (Orthoptera: Caelifera: Romaleidae: Romaleinae: Leguini), a rare arboreal grasshopper from Brazil

Figure 3. Distribution of Legua rosea Amédégnato and Poulain, 1986. A) Map of Brazil indicating the new specimen record (red circle), and iNaturalist and additional records (black circles), and a dorsal view of the Maranhão specimen. B) Area where the specimen from Goiás, Catalão municipality countryside was collected (photo by Guilherme Rabelo D'Angelis). C) Area where the specimen from Coxim, Mato Grosso do Sul was collected (photo by Urielton Martins Monteiro).

Figure 1 in Long time no see: New reports of Legua rosea Amédégnato and Poulain, 1986 (Orthoptera: Caelifera: Romaleidae: Romaleinae: Leguini), a rare arboreal grasshopper from Brazil

Figure 1. Legua crenulata (Stoll, 1813) specimens. A) Male, lateral view with labels from ANSP. B) Female, lateral view with labels from ANSP. C) Male dissected, lateral view with labels from ANSP. D) Female, lateral view with labels from MNHN. Scale bar = 1 cm.

Figure 4 in Long time no see: New reports of Legua rosea Amédégnato and Poulain, 1986 (Orthoptera: Caelifera: Romaleidae: Romaleinae: Leguini), a rare arboreal grasshopper from Brazil

Figure 4. Legua rosea Amédégnato and Poulain, 1986 A–C) Newly reported male specimen from Goiás state. A) Lateral view. B) Hair tufts on the final abdominal sternites. C) Slight concavity of the sternum. D–E) Male specimen from Mato Grosso do Sul state. D) Lateral view. E) Dorsal view.

Fig 9 in Bridging the gap: A new species of arboreal Abronia (Squamata: Anguidae) from the Northern Highlands of Chiapas, Mexico

Fig 9. Habitat of Abronia cunemica sp. nov. near Coapilla, Chiapas, Mexico. (A) Live and dead Pinus chiapensis trees in a cattle pasture, (B) intact Pinus- Quercus forest, (C) microhabitat of Quercus spp. trees laden with epiphytes. Photographs taken by Adam G. Clause on 19 February 2022 (A) and 14 August 2021 (B–C). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0295230.g009

Fig 8 in Bridging the gap: A new species of arboreal Abronia (Squamata: Anguidae) from the Northern Highlands of Chiapas, Mexico

Fig 8. Geographic distribution of Abronia cunemica sp. nov. and nearby arboreal congeners in Chiapas and Oaxaca, Mexico. Inset photographs show characteristic differences in adult dorsal head color between A. cunemica sp. nov. (pale yellow, with dark markings distinct) and the closely related A. morenica (pale gray/tan, with dark markings absent or faint). The holotypes (adult males) of both species are shown; photograph of A. cunemica sp. nov. intentionally mirrored horizontally. Photographs by Adam G. Clause. Map layers courtesy of Natural Earth (public domain). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0295230.g008

Fig 1 in Bridging the gap: A new species of arboreal Abronia (Squamata: Anguidae) from the Northern Highlands of Chiapas, Mexico

Fig 1. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic hypothesis for the genus Abronia based on 3425 RADseq loci. Numbers on branches are bootstrap values. B. = Barisia; E. = Elgaria; G. = Gerrhonotus. Species group names (I–VIII) follow the most recent molecular phylogenetic hypothesis of Abronia [38]. Color boxes indicate morphology-based taxonomic assignments [39]: subgenus Abronia (turquoise), subgenus Scopaeabronia (violet), subgenus Auriculabronia (blue), subgenera Abaculabronia plus Lissabronia (pale green), and former genus Mesaspis (pale orange). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0295230.g001

Fig 2 in Bridging the gap: A new species of arboreal Abronia (Squamata: Anguidae) from the Northern Highlands of Chiapas, Mexico

Fig 2. Cross-validation results of conStruct analysis comparing the spatial and nonspatial conStruct models (in blue and green, respectively) run with K 1 through 4. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0295230.g002

Fig 5 in Bridging the gap: A new species of arboreal Abronia (Squamata: Anguidae) from the Northern Highlands of Chiapas, Mexico

Fig 5. Holotype of Abronia cunemica sp. nov. from Coapilla, Chiapas, Mexico (MZFC-HE 36544, 29 mm head length). Dorsal view (top), left lateral view (middle), and ventral view (bottom) of head in preservative. All scale bars = 10 mm. Photographs by Israel Solano-Zavaleta. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0295230.g005

Fig 4 in Bridging the gap: A new species of arboreal Abronia (Squamata: Anguidae) from the Northern Highlands of Chiapas, Mexico

Fig 4. Results of species delimitation in the (A. ornelasi (A. morenica, presumed new species)) clade applying the heuristic index gdi to parameter estimates from BPP. The dotted lines correspond to gdi = 0.2 and 0.7. Horizontal lines represent means and boxes 95% confidence intervals around means. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0295230.g004

Fig 3 in Bridging the gap: A new species of arboreal Abronia (Squamata: Anguidae) from the Northern Highlands of Chiapas, Mexico

Fig 3. Results of conStruct analysis using K = 3 for the spatial model showing layer contributions. Samples from left to right: presumed new species (first two samples), A. morenica (next three samples), and A. ornelasi.

Fig 6 in Bridging the gap: A new species of arboreal Abronia (Squamata: Anguidae) from the Northern Highlands of Chiapas, Mexico

Fig 6. Color variation in life of type series of Abronia cunemica sp. nov. from Coapilla, Chiapas, Mexico. (A) Adult male holotype, MZFC-HE 36544, 127 mm snout-to-vent length (SVL); (B) adult female paratype, MZFC-HE 36545, 113 mm SVL; (C) adult female paratype, MZFZ 4514 (AGC 1492), 110 mm SVL; (D) adult female paratype, MZFZ 4513 (AGC 1491), 107 mm SVL; (E) juvenile male paratype, MZFZ 4512 (AGC 1484), 91 mm SVL. Photographs by Emmanuel Javier-Vázquez. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0295230.g006