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Why bears hibernate? Redefining the scaling energetics of hibernation
<p><span>Hibernation is a natural state of suspended animation that many mammals experience and has been interpreted as an adaptive strategy for saving energy. However, the actual amount of savings that hibernation represents, and particularly its dependence on body mass (the "scaling") has not been calculated properly. Here we estimated the scaling of daily energy expenditure of hibernation (DEE<sub>H</sub>), covering a range of five orders of magnitude in mass. We found that DEE<sub>H</sub> scales isometrically with mass, which means that a gram of hibernating bat has a similar metabolism to that of a gram of bear, 20,000 times larger. Given that the metabolic rate of active animals scales allometrically, the point where these scaling curves intersect with DEE<sub>H</sub> represents the mass where energy savings by hibernation are zero. For BMR, these zero savings are attained for a relatively small bear (~100 kg). Calculated on a per-cell basis, the cellular metabolic power of hibernation was estimated to be 1.3x10<sup>-12</sup> ± 2.6x10<sup>-13</sup> W/cell, which is lower than the minimum metabolism of isolated mammalian cells. This supports the idea of the existence of a minimum metabolism that permits cells to survive under a combination of cold and hypoxia.</span></p>
Recordings from: Evaluation of a coastal acoustic buoy for cetacean detections, bearing accuracy, and exclusion zone monitoring
<p>1.<span> </span>There is strong socio-political support for offshore wind development in US territorial waters, and construction is planned off several east coast states. Some of the planned development sites coincide with important habitat for critically endangered North Atlantic right whales. Both exclusion zones and passive acoustic monitoring are important tools for managing interactions between marine mammals and human activities. Understanding where animals are with respect to exclusion zones is important to avoid costly construction delays while minimizing the potential for negative impacts. Impact piling from construction of hundreds of offshore wind turbines likely requires exclusion zones as large as 10 km.</p> <p>2.<span> </span>We have developed a three-hydrophone passive acoustic monitoring system that provides bearing information along with marine mammal detections to allow for informed management decisions in real-time. Multiple units form a monitoring system designed to determine whether marine mammal calls originate from inside or outside of an exclusion zone. In October 2021 we undertook a full system validation, with a focus on evaluating the detection range and bearing accuracy of the system with respect to right whale upcalls. Five units were deployed in Mid-Atlantic waters and we played more than >3,500 simulated right whale upcalls at known locations to characterize the detection function and bearing accuracy of each unit. The modeled results of the detection function error were then used to compare the effectiveness of a bearing-based system to a single sensor that can only detect a signal but not ascertain directivity.</p> <p>3.<span> </span>Field trials indicated maximum detection ranges from 4–7.3 km depending on source and ambient noise levels. Simulations showed that incorporating bearing detections provides a substantial improvement in false alarm rates (6 to 12 times depending on number of units, placement, and signal to noise conditions) for a small increase in the risk of missed detections inside of an exclusion zone (1–3%). </p> <p>4.<span> </span>We show that the system can be used for monitoring exclusion zones and clearly highlight the value of including bearing estimation into exclusion zone monitoring plans while noting that placement and configuration of units should reflect anticipated ambient noise conditions.</p>
Figure 3 in Tydeid species from domatia bearing plants from South Africa with the description of two new species of the genusAfridiolorryia (Acari: Tydeidae)
Figure 3 Afridiolorryia kwelerhaensis sp. n. Female. A – Dorsal view, B – Seta c1 and detail of the prodorsal reticulation.
Figure 2 in Tydeid species from domatia bearing plants from South Africa with the description of two new species of the genusAfridiolorryia (Acari: Tydeidae)
Figure 2 Afridiolorryia psychotriae sp.n. Female. A – Palp, B – Movable digit, C – Leg I, D – Leg II.
Figure 1 in Tydeid species from domatia bearing plants from South Africa with the description of two new species of the genusAfridiolorryia (Acari: Tydeidae)
Figure 1 Afridiolorryia psychotriae sp.n. Female. A – Dorsal view, B – Seta c2 and detail of the prodorsal reticulation.
Figure 4 in Tydeid species from domatia bearing plants from South Africa with the description of two new species of the genusAfridiolorryia (Acari: Tydeidae)
Figure 4 Afridiolorryia kwelerhaensis sp. n. Female. A – Anogenital area, B – Palp, C – Movable digit.
Text-fig. 1. Location of the study site. a: the location of Lühe Town, Yunnan, SW China; b: fossil bearing section, white arrow indicates the fossil collection stratum; c: geological map of fossil site. in Fraxinus L. (Oleaceae) Fruits From The Early Oligocene Of Southwest China And Their Biogeographic Implications
Text-fig. 1. Location of the study site. a: the location of Lühe Town, Yunnan, SW China; b: fossil bearing section, white arrow indicates the fossil collection stratum; c: geological map of fossil site.
Text-fig. 12. Paramblypterus cf. rohani. Arrows indicate directio cranialis. a, b: photograph and drawing of four ridge scales in front of the dorsal fin base, locality Otovice "Chmelnice", P 80178, scale bars 5 mm; c: scale rows from the area between the pectoral and pelvic fins, outer surfaces of the scales bear fine ridges terminating as denticles on the posterior edge of the scales, locality Otovice "Chmelnice", NM-M 4916, scale bar 5 mm; d: isolated scale, from anterior area of the lateral side of the body, with denticulated posterior edge, locality Otovice "Chmelnice", P 30945, scale bar 2 mm; e: isolated scale from the pelvic area of the body, locality Otovice "Chmelnice", P 30945, scale bar 2 mm; f, g: drawing and photograph of the postcleithrum and the scales behind the pectoral girdle (the scales bear conspicuous ridges on their outer surface; well preserved large postcleithrum is without ridges.), locality Otovice "Chmelnice", NM-M 4915, scale bars 5 mm. Abbreviations: Cl – cleithrum, Pcl – postcleithrum, Scl – supracleithrum. in Actinopterygians Of The Broumov Formation (Permian) In The Czech Part Of The Intra-Sudetic Basin (The Czech Republic)
Text-fig. 12. Paramblypterus cf. rohani. Arrows indicate directio cranialis. a, b: photograph and drawing of four ridge scales in front of the dorsal fin base, locality Otovice "Chmelnice", P 80178, scale bars 5 mm; c: scale rows from the area between the pectoral and pelvic fins, outer surfaces of the scales bear fine ridges terminating as denticles on the posterior edge of the scales, locality Otovice "Chmelnice", NM-M 4916, scale bar 5 mm; d: isolated scale, from anterior area of the lateral side of the body, with denticulated posterior edge, locality Otovice "Chmelnice", P 30945, scale bar 2 mm; e: isolated scale from the pelvic area of the body, locality Otovice "Chmelnice", P 30945, scale bar 2 mm; f, g: drawing and photograph of the postcleithrum and the scales behind the pectoral girdle (the scales bear conspicuous ridges on their outer surface; well preserved large postcleithrum is without ridges.), locality Otovice "Chmelnice", NM-M 4915, scale bars 5 mm. Abbreviations: Cl – cleithrum, Pcl – postcleithrum, Scl – supracleithrum.
Text-fig. 7. SEM (a) and SRXTM (b–e) images of Miranthus kvacekii sp. nov.; Mira locality, Portugal. a: Lateral view of flower bud showing corolla lobes extending beyond calyx; note surface of pedicel, calyx and corolla with small equiaxial epidermal cells and indumentum of densely spaced, short stiff trichomes. b, c: Longitudinal sections through floral bud in two directions perpendicular to each other (a, orthoslice yz1024; b, orthoslice xz0950) showing corolla (co), calyx (ca), stamens (st) and semi-inferior ovary with thin ovary wall (ow) and central mushroom-shaped globose placenta (pl) bearing numerous ovules (ov). d, e: Transverse sections through floral bud above placenta (d, orthoslice xy0915; e, orthoslice xy1095) showing calyx (ca), corolla (co), ovary wall (ow) and ovules (ov); yellow outlines indicate the positions of anthers (d) and filaments (e); orange outlines indicate the position of three of the possible staminodes. Specimen, Mira 100-S170157 (a–e, holotype). Scale bars = 600 µm (a–c), 300 µm (d, e). in Early Flowers Of Primuloid Ericales From The Late Cretaceous Of Portugal And Their Ecological And Phytogeographic Implications
Text-fig. 7. SEM (a) and SRXTM (b–e) images of Miranthus kvacekii sp. nov.; Mira locality, Portugal. a: Lateral view of flower bud showing corolla lobes extending beyond calyx; note surface of pedicel, calyx and corolla with small equiaxial epidermal cells and indumentum of densely spaced, short stiff trichomes. b, c: Longitudinal sections through floral bud in two directions perpendicular to each other (a, orthoslice yz1024; b, orthoslice xz0950) showing corolla (co), calyx (ca), stamens (st) and semi-inferior ovary with thin ovary wall (ow) and central mushroom-shaped globose placenta (pl) bearing numerous ovules (ov). d, e: Transverse sections through floral bud above placenta (d, orthoslice xy0915; e, orthoslice xy1095) showing calyx (ca), corolla (co), ovary wall (ow) and ovules (ov); yellow outlines indicate the positions of anthers (d) and filaments (e); orange outlines indicate the position of three of the possible staminodes. Specimen, Mira 100-S170157 (a–e, holotype). Scale bars = 600 µm (a–c), 300 µm (d, e).
Text-fig. 6. Ternstroemites klettwitzensis sp. nov. a: Holotype, Inv.-No. 19076-2, scale bar 10 mm; b: Holotype, Inv.-No. 19076-2, detail, scale bar 1 mm; c: Inv.-No. 18091-1, scale bar 5 mm; d: Inv.-No. 18091-1, detail, scale bar 1 mm; e: Ternstroemites klettwitzensis sp. nov., Inv.-No. 18092-1, scale bar 10 mm; f: Inv.-No. 11024-1, scale bar 5 mm; g: Inv.-No. 18093, scale bar 10 mm; h: Inv.-No. 18093, detail, scale bar 1 mm. in New Leaf Species From The Upper Miocene Flora Of The Leaf-Bearing Wischgrund Clay (Lower Lusatia, Brandenburg, Germany)
Text-fig. 6. Ternstroemites klettwitzensis sp. nov. a: Holotype, Inv.-No. 19076-2, scale bar 10 mm; b: Holotype, Inv.-No. 19076-2, detail, scale bar 1 mm; c: Inv.-No. 18091-1, scale bar 5 mm; d: Inv.-No. 18091-1, detail, scale bar 1 mm; e: Ternstroemites klettwitzensis sp. nov., Inv.-No. 18092-1, scale bar 10 mm; f: Inv.-No. 11024-1, scale bar 5 mm; g: Inv.-No. 18093, scale bar 10 mm; h: Inv.-No. 18093, detail, scale bar 1 mm.
Text-fig. 7. Ternstroemites klettwitzensis sp. nov. a: Inv.-No. 18051-1, scale bar 10 mm; b: Inv.-No. 3367-1, scale bar 10 mm; c: Inv.-No. 18014, scale bar 10 mm; d: Inv.-No. 18044-1, scale bar 1 mm; e: Inv.-No. 18047-1, scale bar 2 mm; f: Inv.-No. 18070-1, scale bar 2 mm. in New Leaf Species From The Upper Miocene Flora Of The Leaf-Bearing Wischgrund Clay (Lower Lusatia, Brandenburg, Germany)
Text-fig. 7. Ternstroemites klettwitzensis sp. nov. a: Inv.-No. 18051-1, scale bar 10 mm; b: Inv.-No. 3367-1, scale bar 10 mm; c: Inv.-No. 18014, scale bar 10 mm; d: Inv.-No. 18044-1, scale bar 1 mm; e: Inv.-No. 18047-1, scale bar 2 mm; f: Inv.-No. 18070-1, scale bar 2 mm.
Text-fig. 4. Pyracantha pseudococcinea sp. nov. a: Holotype, Inv.-No. 3470-3, scale bar 5 mm; b: Inv.-No. 11034, scale bar 5 mm; c: Inv.-No. 18279, scale bar 5 mm; d: Inv.-No. 18372, scale bar 5 mm. in New Leaf Species From The Upper Miocene Flora Of The Leaf-Bearing Wischgrund Clay (Lower Lusatia, Brandenburg, Germany)
Text-fig. 4. Pyracantha pseudococcinea sp. nov. a: Holotype, Inv.-No. 3470-3, scale bar 5 mm; b: Inv.-No. 11034, scale bar 5 mm; c: Inv.-No. 18279, scale bar 5 mm; d: Inv.-No. 18372, scale bar 5 mm.
Text-fig. 2. Stratigraphic position of the Wischgrund leaf-bearing clay (arrow) on the Klettwitz Tertiary plateau. in New Leaf Species From The Upper Miocene Flora Of The Leaf-Bearing Wischgrund Clay (Lower Lusatia, Brandenburg, Germany)
Text-fig. 2. Stratigraphic position of the Wischgrund leaf-bearing clay (arrow) on the Klettwitz Tertiary plateau.
Text-fig. 6. a: Reconstruction of the fertile shoot Archaeopteris from the Late Devonian; b: Reconstruction of tree that bore Archaeopteris shoots; c: Juvenile form ("sapling") of Archaeopteris-bearing tree. Redrawn from Cleal and Thomas (2019). in Naming Of Parts: The Use Of Fossil-Taxa In Palaeobotany
Text-fig. 6. a: Reconstruction of the fertile shoot Archaeopteris from the Late Devonian; b: Reconstruction of tree that bore Archaeopteris shoots; c: Juvenile form ("sapling") of Archaeopteris-bearing tree. Redrawn from Cleal and Thomas (2019).
Text-fig. 5. Fossil remains of a leafy Lepidodendron ophiurus BRONGN. shoot bearing a Flemingites strobilus produced by a tree similar to that shown in Text-fig. 2a; Middle Coal Measures Formation (Duckmantian – upper Bashkirian), Brymbo, near Wrexham, UK (see Thomas et al. 2020: fig. 16b); National Museum Wales specimen 2013.43G.120. in Naming Of Parts: The Use Of Fossil-Taxa In Palaeobotany
Text-fig. 5. Fossil remains of a leafy Lepidodendron ophiurus BRONGN. shoot bearing a Flemingites strobilus produced by a tree similar to that shown in Text-fig. 2a; Middle Coal Measures Formation (Duckmantian – upper Bashkirian), Brymbo, near Wrexham, UK (see Thomas et al. 2020: fig. 16b); National Museum Wales specimen 2013.43G.120.
Text-fig. 3. a: Panoramic reconstruction of the portion of the Govone outcrop from intervals GLA10 to GLA20 in condition of low river level. b: Transported leaf assemblage in the bottom part of bed GLA20. c: Detail of the outcrop of the leaf-bearing bed GLA20 and the underlying wood-rich layer GLA19. in Remains Of A Subtropical Humid Forest In A Messinian Evaporitebearing Succession At Govone, Northwestern Italy - Preliminary Results
Text-fig. 3. a: Panoramic reconstruction of the portion of the Govone outcrop from intervals GLA10 to GLA20 in condition of low river level. b: Transported leaf assemblage in the bottom part of bed GLA20. c: Detail of the outcrop of the leaf-bearing bed GLA20 and the underlying wood-rich layer GLA19.
Text-fig. 2. Kaolin clay pit at hill Hasenberg in Wiesa, Saxony, Germany; view of southern high wall, showing deeply weathered late Early Miocene lignite seam by dark brown color in center (photographed 2015). Fossil-bearing strata were reported (e.g., Mai 1964) as below lignite seam, but this horizon does actually not crop out (also evidenced by new drillings, communicated by Dr. Jochen Rascher, GEOMONTAN GmbH company, Freiberg/Sa., Germany). in Assessment Of Phytogeographic Reference Regions For Cenozoic Vegetation: A Case Study On The Miocene Flora Of Wiesa (Germany)
Text-fig. 2. Kaolin clay pit at hill Hasenberg in Wiesa, Saxony, Germany; view of southern high wall, showing deeply weathered late Early Miocene lignite seam by dark brown color in center (photographed 2015). Fossil-bearing strata were reported (e.g., Mai 1964) as below lignite seam, but this horizon does actually not crop out (also evidenced by new drillings, communicated by Dr. Jochen Rascher, GEOMONTAN GmbH company, Freiberg/Sa., Germany).
FIGURE 19. Mendoncia vinciflora. A. Fertile node with one dichasium bearing a in Systematics of Mendoncia (Acanthaceae: Thunbergioideae) in the Paleotropics
FIGURE 19. Mendoncia vinciflora. A. Fertile node with one dichasium bearing a flower (Humbert 25016). B. Corolla tube split open to show androecium (Humbert 25016). C. Apex of peduncle and flower following dehiscence of corolla, showing (from bottom) flared apex of peduncle, short pedicel, calyx, nectar disc, and gynoecium (Humbert 7039). D. Drupe (Randrianarivelo et al. 330). Drawn by Sarah Adler.
Рис. 3. Остров ЗавьяΛова, виΑ от п-ова Старицкого Fig. 3. Zavyalov island, a view from Staritsky Peninsula in Brown bear (Ursus arctos) of Zavyalov Island (Sea of Okhotsk): Abundance and possible migration routes
Рис. 3. Остров ЗавьяΛова, виΑ от п-ова Старицкого Fig. 3. Zavyalov island, a view from Staritsky Peninsula
Рис. 1. Αиния маршрута; цифры — места, гΑе быΛи отмечены особи бурого меΑвеΑя во время учетов с вертоΛета 22.05.2018. РезуΛьтаты учетов бурого меΑвеΑя на о. ЗавьяΛова с вертоΛета «Еврокоптер 120». 11:55 выΛет с нефтепирса г. МагаΑана, 12:14 поΑΛет к острову, 12:20 (1) отмечен первый моΛоΑой меΑвеΑь на террасе, 12:52 (2) отмечен оΑин взросΛый меΑвеΑь, 13:06 (3, 4) отмечены Αва взросΛых меΑвеΑя, 13:08 (5, 6, 7) отмечены три взросΛых меΑвеΑя, 13:18 (8) отмечен оΑин взросΛый меΑвеΑь. 13:56 переΛет в гороΑ МагаΑан Fig. 1. Route line; the figures indicate areas where brown bears were seen during the helicopter surveys on 22 May 2018. The results of the brown bear surveys on Zavyalov island from the Eurocopter 120 helicopter. 11:55 departure from the oil pier of Magadan, 12:14 hovering near the island, 12:20 (1) the first young bear identified on the terrace, 12:52 (2) one adult bear identified, 13:06 (3, 4) two adult bears identified, 13:08 (5, 6, 7) three adult bears identified, 13:18 (8) one adult bear identified, 13:56 Flight to Magadan in Brown bear (Ursus arctos) of Zavyalov Island (Sea of Okhotsk): Abundance and possible migration routes
Рис. 1. Αиния маршрута; цифры — места, гΑе быΛи отмечены особи бурого меΑвеΑя во время учетов с вертоΛета 22.05.2018. РезуΛьтаты учетов бурого меΑвеΑя на о. ЗавьяΛова с вертоΛета «Еврокоптер 120». 11:55 выΛет с нефтепирса г. МагаΑана, 12:14 поΑΛет к острову, 12:20 (1) отмечен первый моΛоΑой меΑвеΑь на террасе, 12:52 (2) отмечен оΑин взросΛый меΑвеΑь, 13:06 (3, 4) отмечены Αва взросΛых меΑвеΑя, 13:08 (5, 6, 7) отмечены три взросΛых меΑвеΑя, 13:18 (8) отмечен оΑин взросΛый меΑвеΑь. 13:56 переΛет в гороΑ МагаΑан Fig. 1. Route line; the figures indicate areas where brown bears were seen during the helicopter surveys on 22 May 2018. The results of the brown bear surveys on Zavyalov island from the Eurocopter 120 helicopter. 11:55 departure from the oil pier of Magadan, 12:14 hovering near the island, 12:20 (1) the first young bear identified on the terrace, 12:52 (2) one adult bear identified, 13:06 (3, 4) two adult bears identified, 13:08 (5, 6, 7) three adult bears identified, 13:18 (8) one adult bear identified, 13:56 Flight to Magadan
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.