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174 results for “bee diversity”
Data from: Landscape diversity moderates the effects of bee visitation frequency to flowers on crop production.
1.Reductions in natural habitat are implicated in declining honey bee Apis mellifera L. and wild bee populations, thereby threatening crop production. This concern has stimulated interest in identifying landscape-level impacts on bee-mediated pollination services, but previous studies have only inferred connections between landscape, bees and yield through generalized linear regressions. 2. We examined landscape impacts on bee-mediated crop yield using both a traditional linear regression approach and conditional process modelling, which combined landscape features, bee visits to crop flowers, interactions between landscape and bee visits to flowers into a single model predicting crop yield. We used the pumpkin Cucurbita pepo L. system in New York State and recorded bees visiting pumpkin flowers in 2011 and 2012. Landscape diversity and percentage of semi-natural grassland around each pumpkin field were calculated. 3. Results from the traditional approach indicated that landscape diversity, percentage of grassland in the landscape, bumble bee Bombus impatiens Cresson, and honey bee visitation frequency each positively predicted yield. A common conclusion from these results is that pumpkins grown in highly diverse or high grassland coverage landscapes would have greater yields via bumble bee and honey bee visits to flowers. However, this inference does not preclude the possibility that landscape features may be associated with crop yield, independent of bee visits to flowers. 4. Results from conditional process modelling indicated that only pumpkins grown in highly diverse landscapes were predicted to have greater yields as a consequence of more bumble bee visits to pumpkin flowers. None of the landscape features predicted greater fruit yields as a consequence of more honey bee visits to pumpkin flowers. This novel analysis indicated that traditional approaches may be misinterpreting the relationships among these variables. 5. Synthesis and applications. Bumble bees benefited from a diverse landscape and their visits to flowers positively impacted pumpkin production. Conservation of a diverse landscape should be promoted to support improved pumpkin production. Growers can use this information to decide where to plant pumpkins to improve the potential for high yields, to identify scenarios where landscape diversity could be increased, and where supplementation with bees might be beneficial.
Data from: The challenge of accurately documenting bee species richness in agroecosystems: bee diversity in eastern apple orchards
Bees are important pollinators of agricultural crops, and bee diversity has been shown to be closely associated with pollination, a valuable ecosystem service. Higher functional diversity and species richness of bees have been shown to lead to higher crop yield. Bees simultaneously represent a mega-diverse taxon that is extremely challenging to sample thoroughly and an important group to understand because of pollination services. We sampled bees visiting apple blossoms in 28 orchards over 6 years. We used species rarefaction analyses to test for the completeness of sampling and the relationship between species richness and sampling effort, orchard size, and percent agriculture in the surrounding landscape. We performed more than 190 h of sampling, collecting 11,219 specimens representing 104 species. Despite the sampling intensity, we captured <75% of expected species richness at more than half of the sites. For most of these, the variation in bee community composition between years was greater than among sites. Species richness was influenced by percent agriculture, orchard size, and sampling effort, but we found no factors explaining the difference between observed and expected species richness. Competition between honeybees and wild bees did not appear to be a factor, as we found no correlation between honeybee and wild bee abundance. Our study shows that the pollinator fauna of agroecosystems can be diverse and challenging to thoroughly sample. We demonstrate that there is high temporal variation in community composition and that sites vary widely in the sampling effort required to fully describe their diversity. In order to maximize pollination services provided by wild bee species, we must first accurately estimate species richness. For researchers interested in providing this estimate, we recommend multiyear studies and rarefaction analyses to quantify the gap between observed and expected species richness.
FIGURE 5 in Stingless bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Meliponini) of the Indian subcontinent: Diversity, taxonomy and current status of knowledge
FIGURE 5. Tetragonula praeterita (Walker): lectotype of Trigona praeterita. 5A. Habitus, dorsal view. 5B. Upper frontal view of head, notice from previous photo that the specimen is glued directly to the pin mount. 5C. Habitus, left lateral view. 5D. Genal area and lower face, including mandibles. 5E. Habitus, right lateral view. 5F. View towards propodeum. 5G. Outer view of left hind leg. 5H. Inner view of left hind leg. 5I. Labels ("prateria W" is written on front and "d) Specimen" is written on rear of same label).
FIGURE 2 in Stingless bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Meliponini) of the Indian subcontinent: Diversity, taxonomy and current status of knowledge
FIGURE 2. Lepidotrigona arcifera (Cockerell): holotype of Trigona arcifera. 2A. Labels. 2B. Dorsal view of head and mesosoma (metasoma glued separately to the point mount). 2C. Frontal view of head. 2D. Antenna glued to point mount. 2E. View of propodeum. 2F. Inner (posterior) view of left hind leg, glued to point mount. 2G. Outer (anterior) view of left hind leg. 2H. Left lateral view of head and mesosoma. 2I. Dorsal view of metasoma, notice adherent; hiding part of the basal tergum. 2J. Ventral view of metasoma. 2K. Right ventral view of head and mesosoma. 2L. Right forewing.
FIGURE 1. 1A in Stingless bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Meliponini) of the Indian subcontinent: Diversity, taxonomy and current status of knowledge
FIGURE 1. 1A. Scanning electron microscope image demonstrating the inner surface of hind tibia and basitarsus, the latter with the differentiated basal sericeous area of short, dense, hairs characteristic of the genus Tetragonula of the Indian subcontinent (specimen is Heterotrigona itama Cockerell from Malaysia). 1B. Close-up of the hind basitarsus with sericeous area of short, dense, hairs. 1C. Lepidotrigona with diagnostic dense tessellation on head and thorax and densely plumose hairs on the margin of mesoscutum (Lepidotrigona cf. arcifera from India, Nagaland, collection 21). 1D. The "iridipennis" species group is characterized by distinct bands of pubescence separated by broad glabrous interspaces on the mesoscutum (specimen from India, Tamil Nadu, collection 17). Notice that the latter two specimens are laterally glued directly to the entomological pin, thus, avoiding to pin through the mesoscutum and obscure characters from this area.
FIGURE 4 in Stingless bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Meliponini) of the Indian subcontinent: Diversity, taxonomy and current status of knowledge
FIGURE 4. Tetragonula iridipennis (Smith): lectotype of Trigona iridipennis. 4A. Habitus, dorsal view. 4B. Frontal view of head. 4C. View towards propodeum and metasoma. 4D. Lower frontal view of head, including partially hidden mandibles. 4E. Mesepisternum 4F. Lateral view of head, including genal area. 4G. Outer view of right hind tibia. 4H. Inner view of right hind tibia. 4I. Left fore- and hindwing. 4J. Labels.
FIGURE 7 in Stingless bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Meliponini) of the Indian subcontinent: Diversity, taxonomy and current status of knowledge
FIGURE 7. Tetragonula bengalensis (Cameron): lectotype of Trigona bengalensis. 7A. Habitus, dorsal view. 7B. Frontal view of head. 7C. Habitus, right lateral view. 7D. Lower frontal view of head, including partially hidden mandibles. 7E. Habitus, left lateral view. 7F. Labels. 7G. View towards propodeum. 7H. Mesepisternum. 7I. Outer view of right hind leg.
FIGURE 6 in Stingless bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Meliponini) of the Indian subcontinent: Diversity, taxonomy and current status of knowledge
FIGURE 6. Tetragonula ruficornis (Smith): lectotype of Trigona ruficornis. 6A. Habitus, dorsal view. 6B. Frontal view of head. 6C. Habitus, right lateral view. 6D. Lower frontal view of head, including mandibles. 6E. Outer view of left hind leg. 6F. Inner view of left hind leg. 6G. Right forewing. 6H. View towards propodeum. 6I. Labels.
FIGURE 3 in Stingless bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Meliponini) of the Indian subcontinent: Diversity, taxonomy and current status of knowledge
FIGURE 3. Lisotrigona cacciae (Nurse): lectotype of Melipona cacciae. 3A. Habitus, dorsal view. 3B. Frontal view of head. 3C. Habitus, left lateral view. 3D. Lower frontal view of head, including partially hidden mandibles. 3E. Labels. 3F. Habitus, right lateral view. 3G. Lateral view of head including genal area. 3H. Right forewing. 3I. View towards propodeum.
Geographic drivers more important than landscape composition in predicting bee beta diversity and community structure
<p>The importance of microhabitat traits such as floral availability is well known; however, forest bee spatial dynamics have been variably studied across local to broad geographic scales. Past literature suggests that landscape factors from proximate to distal are important in determining forest bee community metrics, including richness, abundance, and taxonomic composition. Leveraging the interest and assistance of citizen science volunteers, we employed standard bee bowl trap transects across Maryland, Delaware, northern Virginia, and the District of Columbia and identified correlations between bee community composition, local and regional landcover, and broader geospatial patterns. We also identified the partial contributions of both specific species and sampling sites to total beta diversity. Various landcover metrics were significantly related to bee community structure, with bee abundance positively and negatively correlated with forest and wetland cover, respectively. In general, land cover metrics within a 1,000-m buffer exhibited stronger correlations with bee communities; however, broader geographic variation, using Cartesian coordinates north and east as indices, was most significantly correlated with the bee community. Specifically, bee communities were less rich to the east and south of the study area. We also identified similar correlations with the bee community as categorized both by trophic and nesting behaviors, with both geographic northing and easting proving to be most strongly correlated with the forest bee community. Results of beta diversity and cluster analyses showed that the most species-depauperate sites exhibited the highest contributions to beta diversity and that species-poor sites consisted of a reduced subset of the greater community. Our results show that successful bee conservation must consider, beyond local-scale resource availability, broad geospatial considerations and forest habitat connectivity across political and administrative boundaries.</p>
Drivers of diversity and community structure of bees in an agroecological region of Zimbabwe
<p>Worldwide bees provide an important ecosystem service of plant pollination. Climate change and land-use changes are among drivers threatening bee survival with mounting evidence of species decline and extinction. In developing countries, rural areas constitute a significant proportion of the country's land but information is lacking on how different habitat types and weather patterns in these areas influence bee populations.</p> <p>This study investigated how weather variables and habitat-related factors influence the abundance, diversity, and distribution of bees across seasons in a farming rural area of Zimbabwe. Bees were systematically sampled in five habitat types (natural woodlots, pastures, homesteads, fields, and gardens) recording ground cover, grass height, flower abundance, and types, tree abundance and recorded elevation, temperature, light intensity, wind speed, wind direction, and humidity. Zero-inflated models, censored regression models, and PCAs were used to understand the influence of explanatory variables on bee community composition, abundance, and diversity.</p> <p>Bee abundance was positively influenced by the number of plant species in flower (P < 0.0001). Bee abundance increased with increasing temperatures up to 28.50C but beyond this, the temperature was negatively associated with bee abundance. Increasing wind speeds marginally decreased the probability of finding bees.</p> <p>Bee diversity was highest in fields, homesteads, and natural woodlots compared to other habitats, and the contributions of the genus Apis were disproportionately high across all habitats. The genus Megachile was mostly associated with homesteads while Nomia was associated with grasslands.</p> <p>Synthesis and applications. Our study suggests that some bee species could become more proliferous in certain habitats thus compromising diversity and consequently ecosystem services. These results highlight the importance of setting aside bee-friendly habitats that can be refuge sites for species susceptible to land-use changes.</p>
Supplementary material 1 from: Praz C, Genoud D, Vaucher K, Bénon D, Monks J, Wood TJ (2022) Unexpected levels of cryptic diversity in European bees of the genus Andrena subgenus Taeniandrena (Hymenoptera, Andrenidae): implications for conservation. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 91: 375-428. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.91.82761
Table S1. Specimens used in genetic analyses. The unique identifiers are identical to the Sample-ID on BOLD
Fig. 11 in So different but nonetheless the same species: multiple geographic clines explain the diverse forms of the anthidiine bee Rhodanthidium caturigense s.l. (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini)
Fig. 11 Evolutionary history of Rhodanthidium caturigense from various parts of the distribution area as inferred by using the maximum likelihood method and Kimura 2-parameter model. Numbers shown
Fig. 9 in So different but nonetheless the same species: multiple geographic clines explain the diverse forms of the anthidiine bee Rhodanthidium caturigense s.l. (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini)
Fig. 9 Relationship between the scutum width of Rhodanthidium caturigense and the geographic latitude. The scutum width highly correlates with other morphometric parameters and is a good indicator of body size
Fig. 10 in So different but nonetheless the same species: multiple geographic clines explain the diverse forms of the anthidiine bee Rhodanthidium caturigense s.l. (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini)
Fig. 10 Mean scutum width in the seven operational units (OUs) of Rhodanthidium caturigense. While scutum width is similar in the southern populations, there is significant sexual dimorphism some northern populations
Fig. 6 in So different but nonetheless the same species: multiple geographic clines explain the diverse forms of the anthidiine bee Rhodanthidium caturigense s.l. (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini)
Fig. 6 Shape and coloration of the clypeus A, B in the male and coloration of abdominal terga C, D in the female of Rhodanthidium caturigense. In southern populations, the male clypeus is yellow or almost yellow, with a straight or only shallowly emarginate apical margin A. In northern populations, particularly in the Alps, the male
Fig. 5 in So different but nonetheless the same species: multiple geographic clines explain the diverse forms of the anthidiine bee Rhodanthidium caturigense s.l. (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini)
Fig. 5 Male of Rhodanthidium caturigense (s.l.) from various regions. The coloration changes from bright yellow in the south to dull yellow in the north, and the melanic coloration increases towards
Fig. 3 in So different but nonetheless the same species: multiple geographic clines explain the diverse forms of the anthidiine bee Rhodanthidium caturigense s.l. (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini)
Fig. 3 Templates used for describing the extent of yellow colour on clypeus, scutum, scutellum, axilla and pronotal lobe in Rhodanthidium caturigense. The numbers below the figures give the numerical values used for assessing the overall colour scores
Fig. 4 in So different but nonetheless the same species: multiple geographic clines explain the diverse forms of the anthidiine bee Rhodanthidium caturigense s.l. (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini)
Fig. 4 Template used for describing the pattern of yellow colour on gena and vertex in Rhodanthidium caturigense. The numerical values are given below the drawings
FIGURE 1 in Orchid Bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) In The Coastal Forests Of Southern Brazil: Diversity, Efficiency Of Sampling Methods And Comparison With Other Atlantic Forest Surveys
FIGURE 1: DCA analysis of the orchid bee assemblages along the Brazilian Atlantic forest (see text for site codes; the two sites from the current study, PR3 and SP3, are shown in gray).
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Allen Brain Atlas
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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OpenNeuro
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