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255 results for “body shape”

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dryad36/100

Data from: Age dominates flight distance and duration, while body size shapes flight speed in Bombus terrestris L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

Flight plays crucial role in the fitness of insect pollinators, such as bumble bees. Despite their relatively large body size compared to their wings, bumble bees can fly under difficult ambient conditions, such as cooler temperatures. While their body size is often positively linked to their foraging range and flight ability, the influence of age remains less explored. Here, we studied the flight performance (distance, duration, and speed) of aging bumble bee workers using tethered flight mills. Additionally, we measured their intertegular distance (ITD) and dry mass as proxies for their body size. We found that flight distance and duration was predominantly influenced by age, challenging assumptions that age does not play a key role in foraging and task allocation. From the age of 7 to 14 days, flight distance and duration increased six-fold and five-fold, respectively. Conversely, body size primarily impacted the maximum and average flight speed of workers. Our findings indicate that age substantially influences flight distance and duration in bumble bee workers, affecting foraging performance and potentially altering task allocation strategies. This underscores the importance of considering individual age and physiological changes alongside body size/mass in experiments involving bumble bee workers.

opencc-zeroJun 2024View details →

zenodo36/100

Body shapes collection

This dataset is a subset of a collection of statistically derived body shapes developed by the Institute of Biomechanics (<a href="http://www.ibv.org">www.ibv .org</a>) for the InKreate project (<a href="https://www.inkreate.eu/">https://www.inkreate.eu/</a>). The purpose of the collection is to offer a set of ready-to-use realistic body shapes that could be used for design development. Given the purpose of the collection, statistically available body shapes had to be grouped into a finite number of categories using parameters familiar to designers. The original collection of body models consists of 32 female bodies and 24 male bodies. Combined with four poses, the final collection consists of 224 realistic avatars. The released subset includes 8 females and 6 males. This subset can serve to show design students how the shape of the body varies realistically according to its size and shape.

opencc-by-nc-4.0Jul 2018View details →

zenodo36/100

Small brains: Body shape constrains tissue allocation to the central nervous system in ant-mimicking spiders

In Batesian mimicry, mimetic traits are not always as convincing as predicted by theory – in fact, inaccurate mimicry with only a superficial model resemblance is common and taxonomically widespread. The ‘selection trade-offs hypothesis’ proposes a life-history trade-off between accurate mimetic traits and one or more vital biological functions. Here, using an accurate myrmecomorphic (ant-mimicking) jumping spider species, Myrmarachne smaragdina, we investigate how myrmecomorphic modifications to the body shape impact the internal anatomy in a way that could be functionally limiting. Specifically, via X-ray micro-computed tomography (microCT), we quantify how the spider’s constricted prosoma, which emulates the head and thorax of ants, impacts the size of the central nervous system (CNS) and the venom glands. We found that, relative to their whole-body mass, the CNS of the ant-mimicking jumping spider was smaller when compared with a relatively closely related non-mimic jumping spider, indicating that some trade-off between mimic accuracy and size of neural anatomy, as articulated by the ‘selection trade-offs hypothesis’, is a possibility. Our explorative evidence enables and encourages broader investigation of how variable mimic accuracy impacts the neuroanatomy in ant mimics as a direct test of the ‘selection trade-offs hypothesis’.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2023View details →

dryad36/100

Simultaneous integration and modularity underlie the exceptional body shape diversification of characiform fishes

Evolutionary biology has long striven to understand why some lineages diversify exceptionally while others do not. Most studies have focused on how extrinsic factors can promote differences in diversification dynamics, but a clade's intrinsic modularity and integration can also catalyze or restrict its evolution. Here, we integrate geometric morphometrics, phylogenetic comparative methods and visualizations of covariance to infer the presence of distinct modules in the body plan of Characiformes, an ecomorphologically diverse fish radiation. Strong covariances reveal a cranial module, and more subtle patterns support a statistically significant subdivision of the postcranium into anterior (precaudal) and posterior (caudal) modules. We uncover substantial covariation among cranial and postcranial landmarks, indicating body-wide evolutionary integration as lineages transition between compressiform and fusiform body shapes. A novel method of matrix subdivision reveals that within- and among-module covariation contributes substantially to the overall eigenstructure of characiform morphospace, and that both phenomena led to biologically important divergence among characiform lineages. Functional integration between the cranium and post-cranial skeleton appears to have allowed lineages to optimize the aspect ratio of their bodies for locomotion, while the capacity for independent change in the head, body and tail likely eased adaptation to diverse dietary and hydrological regimes. These results reinforce a growing consensus that modularity and integration synergize to promote diversification.

opencc-zeroDec 2022View details →

dryad36/100

Astyanax cavefish body shape coordinates from: Phylogeographic relationships and morphological evolution between cave and surface Astyanax mexicanus populations (De Fillipi 1853) (Actinopterygii, Characidae)

The Astyanax mexicanus complex includes two different morphs, a surface and a cave-adapted ecotype, found at three mountain ranges in Northeastern Mexico: Sierra de El Abra, Sierra de Guatemala, and Sierra de la Colmena (Micos). Since their discovery, multiple studies have attempted to characterize the timing and the number of events that gave rise to the evolution of these cave-adapted ecotypes. Here, using RAD-seq and genome-wide sequencing, we assessed the phylogenetic relationships, genetic structure, and gene flow events between the cave and surface Astyanax mexicanus populations, to estimate the time and mode of evolution of the cave-adapted ecotypes. We also evaluated the body shape evolution across different cave lineages using geometric morphometrics to examine the role of phylogenetic signal vs. environmental pressures. We found strong evidence of parallel evolution of cave-adapted ecotypes derived from two separate lineages of surface fish and hypothesize that there may be up to four independent invasions of caves from surface fish. Moreover, a strong congruence between the genetic structure and geographic distribution was observed across the cave populations, with the Sierra de Guatemala the region exhibiting most genetic drift among the cave populations analyzed. Interestingly, we found no evidence of phylogenetic signal in body shape evolution, but we found support for parallel evolution in body shape across independent cave lineages, with cavefish from the Sierra de El Abra reflecting the most divergent morphology relative to surface and other cavefish populations.

opencc-zeroJun 2023View details →

dryad36/100

Birds are better at regulating heat loss through their legs than their bills: Implications for body shape evolution in response to climate

Endotherms use their appendages – such as legs, tails, ears and bills – for thermoregulation by controlling blood flow to near-surface blood vessels, conserving heat when it is cold, and dissipating heat in hot conditions. Larger appendages allow greater heat dissipation, and appendage sizes vary latitudinally according to Allen's Rule. However, little is known about the relative importance of different appendages for thermoregulation. We investigate physiological control of heat loss via bird bills and legs using infra-red thermography of wild birds. Our results demonstrate that birds are less able to regulate heat loss via their bills than their legs. In cold conditions, birds lower their leg surface temperature to below that of their plumage surface, retaining heat at their core. In warm conditions, birds increase their leg surface temperature to above that of their plumage surface, expelling heat. In contrast, bill surface temperature remains ~2˚C warmer than the plumage surface, indicating consistent heat loss under almost all conditions. Poorer physiological control of heat loss via bird bills likely entails stronger selection for shorter bills in cold climates. This could explain why bird bills show stronger latitudinal size clines than bird legs, with implications for predicting shape-shifting responses to climate change.

opencc-zeroOct 2023View details →

dryad36/100