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Fig. 13 in Morphology and relationships of the enigmatic stenothecoid pan-brachiopod Stenothecoides-new data from the middle Cambrian Burgess Shale Formation

Fig. 13. Stylized anatomical reconstruction of the stenothecoid pan-brachiopod Stenothecoides rasettii sp. nov. A. Dorsal valve, plan view. B. Longitudinal section slightly off the midline of the valves and normal to commissure. Colors: black in A, shell outline; black in B, valves and juxtaposed apical bosses; green, pedicle, inserting on posterior surface of apical boss and in cardinal troughs; red, muscles originating on anterior surface of apical boss and attaching to the anterior body wall; turquoise, visceral mass; orange, lophophore; grey, peripheral and axial furrow zones; short black lines, cilia in grooves between mantle canals; blue arrows, inferred inhalant and exhalant water currents; dotted areas, coelomic fluid; olive green, setae omitted in A). Lophophore modelled after Heliomedusa (Chen et al. 2007).

Fig. 8 in Morphology and relationships of the enigmatic stenothecoid pan-brachiopod Stenothecoides-new data from the middle Cambrian Burgess Shale Formation

Fig. 8. Stenothecoid pan-brachiopod Stenothecoides elongata (Walcott, 1884), middle Cambrian, Drumian Stage stratotype, Drum Mountains, western Utah (USA), Locality 8 (Robison 1964), internal shell features. Dorsal vs. ventral valves uncertain. A, B. TMP 2021.022.0001 (A) and TMP 2021.022.0002 B), valves preserving peripheral furrows; note in A a prominent cardinal sulcus. C. TMP 2021.022.0003, valve interior, showing a cardinal pseudosocket. D. TMP 2021.022.0004, valve interior, preserving a nearly symmetrical apical area and conspicuous posterior median opening. E–G. Variation of apical areas of valve interiors. TMP 2021.022.0005 (E), TMP 2021.022.0006 (F), TMP 2021.022.0007 (G).

Fig. 12 in Morphology and relationships of the enigmatic stenothecoid pan-brachiopod Stenothecoides-new data from the middle Cambrian Burgess Shale Formation

Fig. 12. Microstructure in the stenothecoid pan-brachiopod Stenothecoides spp. and co-occurring rhynchonelliformean brachiopods. A–C. Stenothecoides rasettii sp. nov., middle Cambrian, Burgess Shale Formation, Yoho National Park, Canada, Locality 1. A. TMP 2008.024.1142, fragmentary valve in interior view (A1), detail showing silica rods imbricated and inclined toward valve margin (A2). B. TMP 2008.024.1150, ventral valve in exterior view (B1), showing silica rods oriented with proximal ends of rods overlapping distal ends of preceding rods in posterior third of valve, but seemingly reversing orientation in posterior third of valve (B2). C. TMP 2008.024.1141 (same specimen and valve area as in Fig. 11C1, inner box) detail showing silica rods. D, E. Stenothecoides elongata (Walcott, 1884), Drumian Stage stratotype, Drum Mountains, western Utah (USA), Locality 8 (Robison 1964), external shell features. D. TMP 2021.022.0008, ventral(?) valve in exterior view (D1), detail of anterior end (D2), arrows show incompletely silicified radial rods. E. TMP 2021.022.0009, dorsal(?) valve, anterior end showing silicified outer shell surface with fine radial elements extending across growth varices (black arrows) and apparently shorter radial rods in valve sublayers (white arrows). F, G. Rhynchonelliformean brachiopods, silicified microstructure, Burgess Shale Formation, Canada, Locality 1. F. Tomteluva sp., TMP 2008.024.1151, silicified shell in exterior view (F1), posterior end is broken; anterior is to the right; detail showing orientation of silica rods (F2), anterior is to the left. G. Fragmentary nisusiid, TMP 2008.024.1152, silicified shell in interior view (G1), detail showing imbricated silica rods (G2). A, C, F, SEM images and B, D, E, G, light microscope images.

Fig. 6 in Morphology and relationships of the enigmatic stenothecoid pan-brachiopod Stenothecoides-new data from the middle Cambrian Burgess Shale Formation

Fig. 6. Stenothecoid pan-brachiopod Stenothecoides rasettii sp. nov., middle Cambrian, Burgess Shale Formation, Yoho National Park, Canada, Locality 1 A, D, E, G, H) and Locality 2 (B, C, F). A. TMP 2008.024.1140, ventral valve in exterior view. B. TMP 2002.083.0179, ventral valve in exterior (B1) and interior (B2) views. C. TMP 2002.083.0180, dorsal valve in exterior (C1) and interior (C2) views. D. TMP 2008.024.1145, dorsal valve in interior magnified, D) and exterior (D) views. E. TMP 2008.024.1141, ventral valve in interior (E) and exterior (E2) views. F. TMP 2002.083.0181, dorsal 1 2 1 valve in exterior (F1) and interior (F2) views. G. TMP 2008.024.1146, dorsal valve in posterior (G1) and exterior (G2) views. H. TMP 2008.024.1139, ventral valve in interior view.

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Text-fig. 1. Distribution of the Králův Dvůr Formation (Upper Katian) in the Prague Basin of the Czech Republic, the location of the localities noted in text (modified, after Štorch and Mergl 1989). in Lingulate And Craniate Brachiopods From The Top Of The Králův Dvůr Formation (Latest Katian) And Their Contribution To Palaeogeography

Text-fig. 1. Distribution of the Králův Dvůr Formation (Upper Katian) in the Prague Basin of the Czech Republic, the location of the localities noted in text (modified, after Štorch and Mergl 1989).

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Text-fig. 3. Pseudopholidops anteglacialis sp. nov., Králův Dvůr Formation, 'Perník bed', Praha-Řeporyje locality. Bar = 1 mm. A – Dorsal valve, internal mould, PCZCU 1843. B – Dorsal valve, internal mould, PCZCU 1840. C, K – Ventral valve, internal and external moulds, PCZCU 1831. D – Ventral valve, internal mould, PCZCU 1827. E – Dorsal valve, internal mould, PCZCU 1826. F – Ventral valve, internal mould, PCZCU 1830. G – Ventral valve, internal mould, PCZCU 1832. H – Dorsal valve, internal mould, PCZCU 1841. I, J – Holotype, ventral valve, internal and external moulds, PCZCU 1835. L – Exterior, external mould, PCZCU 1836. in Lingulate And Craniate Brachiopods From The Top Of The Králův Dvůr Formation (Latest Katian) And Their Contribution To Palaeogeography

Text-fig. 3. Pseudopholidops anteglacialis sp. nov., Králův Dvůr Formation, 'Perník bed', Praha-Řeporyje locality. Bar = 1 mm. A – Dorsal valve, internal mould, PCZCU 1843. B – Dorsal valve, internal mould, PCZCU 1840. C, K – Ventral valve, internal and external moulds, PCZCU 1831. D – Ventral valve, internal mould, PCZCU 1827. E – Dorsal valve, internal mould, PCZCU 1826. F – Ventral valve, internal mould, PCZCU 1830. G – Ventral valve, internal mould, PCZCU 1832. H – Dorsal valve, internal mould, PCZCU 1841. I, J – Holotype, ventral valve, internal and external moulds, PCZCU 1835. L – Exterior, external mould, PCZCU 1836.

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Text-fig. 1. Bohemian Massif with position of the Prague Basin (in black) and distribution of Ordovician rocks in the Prague Basin, with geographic position of main localities of the siliceous nodules. in Porambonites Havliceki Sp. Nov., A New Brachiopod From The Šárka Formation (Darriwilian) From Bohemia And Its Contribution To Early History Of The Porambonitidae

Text-fig. 1. Bohemian Massif with position of the Prague Basin (in black) and distribution of Ordovician rocks in the Prague Basin, with geographic position of main localities of the siliceous nodules.

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Text-fig. 2. Stratigraphic ranges of selected porambonitid taxa in West Gondwana (Iberica), Baltica, Perunica and Avalonia. Arrows indicate derivation of early Baltic porambonitids from Gondwanan Poramborthis (1), derivation of Porambonites in Perunica and Avalonia from Baltica (2), and expansion of Porambonites from Baltica and/or Avalonia to West Gondwana (3). in Porambonites Havliceki Sp. Nov., A New Brachiopod From The Šárka Formation (Darriwilian) From Bohemia And Its Contribution To Early History Of The Porambonitidae

Text-fig. 2. Stratigraphic ranges of selected porambonitid taxa in West Gondwana (Iberica), Baltica, Perunica and Avalonia. Arrows indicate derivation of early Baltic porambonitids from Gondwanan Poramborthis (1), derivation of Porambonites in Perunica and Avalonia from Baltica (2), and expansion of Porambonites from Baltica and/or Avalonia to West Gondwana (3).

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Fig. 3 in The eoorthid brachiopod Apheoorthina in the Lower Ordovician of NW Argentina and the dispersal pathways along western Gondwana

Fig. 3. Eoorthid brachiopod Apheoorthina aff. ferrigena (Havlíček, 1949), CEGH-UNC 26918, upper Tremadocian, road from Santa Victoria to Acoyte, Salta Province, NW Argentina. Dorsal valve (illustrated on Fig. L) showing detail of embrionary (ep) and larval protegulum (lp). Highresolution confocal laser scanning microscopy positive image (A) and negative image (B). Scale bar 400 μm.

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Fig. 1 in The eoorthid brachiopod Apheoorthina in the Lower Ordovician of NW Argentina and the dispersal pathways along western Gondwana

Fig. 1. Location of the studied area (star) within South America (B), geological map of the studied area (A), and stratigraphic column of the study area (C), showing fossiliferous levels.

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Fig. 4 in The eoorthid brachiopod Apheoorthina in the Lower Ordovician of NW Argentina and the dispersal pathways along western Gondwana

Fig. 4. Early Ordovician palaeogeographic reconstruction showing inferred marine current pattern and possible dispersal routes between the Central Andean Basin, northern Africa, and European-Asian peri-Gondwanan terranes. Considering their position in the Ordovician maps, the names "East" and "West" Iapetus are proposed to replace the commonly used "North" and "South" Iapetus. ATA, Armorican Terrane Assemblage; CAB, Central Andean Basin. Palaeogeography based on Benedetto and Sánchez (1996), Astini (1998), Benedetto (2003), Fortey and Cocks (2003), Ramos (2009), Cocks and Torsvik (2013), and Torsvik and Cocks (2013a, b). Oceanic current pattern based on Pohl et al. (2015).

Fig. 4 in Ordovician rafinesquinine brachiopods from peri-Gondwana

Fig. 4. Valves of rafinesquinine brachiopod Kjaerina (Kjaerina) sp. A.; upper Katian (Ka3–4), Upper Ordovician; Fombuena Formation at Alpartir (A, B, D) and Luesma (C, E), Iberian Chains, Spain. A. MPZ 2015/1346, latex cast of exterior of a complete and flattened ventral valve, showing the cardinal process lobes of the dorsal valve protruding in the vicinity of the hinge line. B. DPZ 368, internal mould of ventral valve. C. MPZ 2015/1347, internal mould of ventral valve, showing the convergent anteriorly muscle bounding ridges. D. DPZ 369, internal mould of ventral valve. E. DPZ 372, latex cast of interior (E1) and exterior (E2) of an incomplete dorsal valve. Scale bars 2 mm.

Fig. 18 in Ordovician rafinesquinine brachiopods from peri-Gondwana

Fig. 18. Dorsal valves of rafinesquinine brachiopod Rafinesquina (Mesogeina) pseudoloricata (Barrande, 1848); lower–middle Katian (Ka1–2), Upper Ordovician; Zahorany Formation, Bohemia, Czech Republic (A–C); Peña del Tormo Member of the Fombuena Formation, Iberian Chains, Spain (D); Porto de Santa Anna Formation, Portuguese Central Iberian Zone, Portugal (E, F). A. MPZ 2015/1394, dorsal internal mould (A1) and latex cast of dorsal interior (A2), detail of cardinalia in anteroventral (A3) and posteroventral (A4) views. B. MPZ 2015/1395, internal mould (B1) and latex cast of interior B2). C. MPZ 2015/1396, latex cast of dorsal exterior. D. MPZ 2015/1397, latex cast of interior of a small valve. E. IGM-2934, latex cast of interior. F. IGM-2936, latex cast of dorsal exterior. Scale bars 2 mm.

Fig. 11 in Ordovician rafinesquinine brachiopods from peri-Gondwana

Fig. 11. Rafinesquinine brachiopod Kjaerina (Villasina) sp. A; upper Katian (Ka3–4), Upper Ordovician; the Portilla de Luna Limestone, Cantabrian Zone, Spain. A. MPZ 2015/1379, internal mould (A1), latex cast of exterior (A2) and interior (A3) of a complete ventral valve. B. MPZ 2015/1380, latex cast of interior of an incomplete dorsal valve. C. MPZ 2015/1381, latex cast of interior of dorsal valve (C1), detail of cardinalia (C2). Scale bars 2 mm.

Fig. 19 in Ordovician rafinesquinine brachiopods from peri-Gondwana

Fig. 19. Rafinesquinine brachiopod Rafinesquina (Mesogeina)? sp. A; middle–upper Katian (Ka2–4), Upper Ordovician; Gabian Formation, Montagne Noire, France. A. MPZ 2015/1398, internal mould (A1) and latex cast of interior (A2) and exterior (A3) of an almost complete ventral valve. B. MPZ 2015/1399, internal mould of ventral valve. C. MPZ 2015/1400, internal mould of ventral valve. D. MPZ 2015/1401, latex cast of interior of an incomplete dorsal valve. E. MPZ 2015/1402, latex cast of interior of an incomplete dorsal valve. Scale bars 2 mm.

Fig. 14 in Ordovician rafinesquinine brachiopods from peri-Gondwana

Fig. 14. Rafinesquinine brachiopod Rafinesquina (Mesogeina) loredensis sp. nov.; middle Katian (Ka2), Upper Ordovician; Porto de Santa Anna Formation, Portuguese Central Iberian Zone, Portugal. A. IGM-2919, holotype, internal mould (A1), latex cast of interior (A2), detail of pseudopunctae (A3) of a ventral valve. B. IGM-2926, paratype, internal mould of dorsal valve (B1), details of cardinalia in posteroventral (B2) and anteroventral (B3) views. C. IGM-2925, paratype, latex cast of exterior of dorsal valve. D. IGM-2927, paratype, internal mould of ventral valve. E. IGM-2923, paratype, internal mould of small ventral valve. Scale bars 2 mm.

Fig. 1 in Ordovician rafinesquinine brachiopods from peri-Gondwana

Fig. 1. Schematic stratigraphical columns and distributions of the taxa of subfamily Rafinesquininae in the most relevant SW Europe sections. Chronostratigraphical data of each section can be found in the referred papers.

Fig. 20 in Ordovician rafinesquinine brachiopods from peri-Gondwana

Fig. 20. First Appearance Datum (FAD) of all rafinesquinine genera in each palaeocontinent plotted over a palaeogeographical map for the late Katian time slice based on BugPlates and using a Mollweide projection. Present-day outlines of lands and seas are shown on each continent to aid recognition. AM, Armorican Massif; PCIZ, Portuguese Central Iberian Zone; SCIZ, Spanish Central Iberian Zone; IC, Iberian Chains; Py, Pyrenees; MN, Montagne Noire; Sar, Sardinia.

Fig. 8 in Ordovician rafinesquinine brachiopods from peri-Gondwana

Fig. 8. Ventral valves of rafinesquinine brachiopod Kjaerina (Villasina) pedronaensis sp. nov.; Katian, Upper Ordovician; Portixeddu Formation at Punta Pedrona (A), Gonnesa (B–E), and VCR/14 (F), Sardinia, Italy; Gabian Formation at Tranchée Noire, Montagne Noire, France (G, H). A. MPZ 2015/1355, paratype, ventral internal mould (A1) and latex cast of ventral interior (A2) of an incomplete valve. B. MPZ 2015/1356, paratype, latex cast of ventral exterior. C. MPZ 2015/1357, paratype, internal mould. D. MPZ 2015/1358, paratype, internal mould. E. MPZ 2015/1359, ventral internal mould (E1) and latex cast of ventral exterior (E2). F. MPZ 2015/1360, internal mould of an incomplete valve. G. MPZ 2015/1361, internal mould of an incomplete valve. H. MPZ 2015/1362, latex cast of exterior. Scale bars 2 mm.

Fig. 17 in Ordovician rafinesquinine brachiopods from peri-Gondwana

Fig. 17. Ventral valves of rafinesquinine brachiopod Rafinesquina (Mesogeina) pseudoloricata (Barrande, 1848); lower–middle Katian (Ka1–2), Upper Ordovician; Zahorany Formation, Bohemia, Czech Republic (A, B); Upper Tiouririne Formation, Morocco (C); Porto de Santa Anna Formation, Portuguese Central Iberian Zone, Portugal (D); Peña del Tormo Member of the Fombuena Formation, Iberian Chains, Spain (E, F). A. MPZ 2015/1391, internal mould (A1), latex cast of interior (A2) and exterior (A3). B. MPZ 2015/1392, internal mould of an incomplete valve. C. MPZ 2015/1393, ventral internal mould. D. IGM-2952A, latex cast of ventral exterior. E. DPZ-359, internal mould of an incomplete valve. F. DPZ-362, internal mould (F1) and latex cast of exterior (F2). Scale bars 2 mm.