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193 results for “browsing”
Browsing of oak and fir saplings in Baden-Württemberg (Southern Germany) 2017/2018
<p>The tables contain information about the number of browsed and unbrowsed fir and oak saplings (<=130cm) for 98 locations in southern Germany (2017/2018). The columns read as: 1)the year were the field survey was conducted (Year), 2) the location (xcoord, yccord - WGS 84, EPSG: 4326), 3) an ID of the sampling unit (ID), 4) the number of browsed trees - height <=20 cm, 21-50 cm, 51-80 cm, 81-130 cm (X_B_HC1,..., X_B_HC4), 5) the number of unbrowsed trees - height <=20 cm, 21-50 cm, 51-80 cm, 81-130 cm (X_UB_HC1,..., X_UB_HC4) with "X" being O for oak (Quercus petraea, (Mattuschka) Liebl. and Quercus robur (L.)) or F for fir (Abies alba (Mill.)).<br> <br> Example: "O_B_HC2" - contains the number of browsed oak saplings being taller than 20 cm but smaller than or equal to 50 cm. "NA" means the absence of tree saplings for a specific tree species.</p> <p>Data of the tables was used/published in the following article/manuscript: Hagen, Robert; Kühl, Norbert; Hanewinkel, Marc; Suchant, Rudi; Number and height of unbrowsed saplings are more appropriate than the proportion of browsed saplings for predicting silvicultural regeneration success</p>
Native herbivore browsing alters plant physical and chemical traits in a eucalypt forest understory
<p>Macropods exhibit selective herbivory on plant traits within and between species and hence can alter plant trait variation. In this study we asked, what are the effects of macropod herbivory on intraspecific variation in plant traits of forest understorey species? We tested the effects of herbivory by macropods on eight plant traits, in nine understorey species using a herbivore exclusion experiment. Generalised linear mixed models were used to test for differences between herbivory treatments in trait means as well as variation within species and at the community level. Macropod herbivory resulted in differences in either the mean trait value or trait variance within a species for seven of the eight tested plant traits. Macropod exclusion resulted in larger dimensions of size for most species, as well as changes in specific leaf area, moisture content, and carbon content of leaves. Further, community-weighted means of specific leaf area, moisture content, and leaf nitrogen were lower in the presence of macropods. Plant trait variance was altered for three of the seven community weighted traits. This study demonstrates a mechanism through which macropods can drive changes in the traits of understorey plant species. Plant traits have been linked to various larger scale ecological processes including ecosystem flammability, nutrient cycling, response to global change and habitat suitability for other organisms. Therefore, herbivore-induced changes in plant trait variation and community composition could have important flow on effects for other environmental processes and hence should be considered in management decisions regarding fire-prone ecosystems.</p>
Data from "Elevation affects both the occurrence of ungulate browsing and its effect on tree seedling growth for four major tree species in European mountain forests"
<p>This repository contains the field data used in the paper from Bernard et al. on the interactive effect of elevation and ungulate browsing on tree regeneration. This dataset is associated with a github repository containing the code to run the analyses of the paper, publicly available at https://github.com/jbarrere3/BaccaraPaper. </p><p> </p><p>Data were collected for the Baccara project, by Elena Granda, Raquel Benavides, Sonia Rabasa, Georges Kunstler, and Marco Heurich. </p>
Data from: Effects of deer browsing on eastern hemlock growth and survival
<p>Studies during the past six decades convincingly demonstrate that persistent browsing by native white-tailed deer (<em>Odocoileus virginianus</em>) eliminates the ability of eastern hemlock (<em>Tsuga canadensis</em>), white cedar (<em>Thuja occidentalis</em>), yellow birch (<em>Betula alleghaniensis</em>), and several other long-lived tree species to regenerate in forests of the upper Midwest and northeastern United States. The data shared here were used for three publications to date (see the Related Works section, below): The first is Alverson et al. 2019, which critically examined the relative contributions of deer versus snowshoe hare in reducing the growth and survival of eastern hemlock. The second is Alverson et al. 2024, a more detailed examination of growth and mortality rates of eastern hemlock, and the relationship of those two variables. The third is Waller et al. 2024, which explores the Regeneration Ratio, a new metric that integrates growth ("transit time" through the zone of vulnerability to browsing by deer and other herbivores) and mortality (half-life), and can be used to assess regeneration potential in populations of other tree species. (We are interested in collaborations to further test this metric for additional temperate and tropical species.)</p> <p>This is a rich data set from extensive fieldwork in northern Wisconsin and the western Upper Peninsula of Michigan, USA, from 1991 to 2011. It will be useful to others who wish to check our results, or examine specific subsets of data, e.g., the growth and mortality of specific size classes of hemlocks, behaviour of cohorts during a specific decade relative to regional changes in deer or hare abundance, or the characteristics of cohorts growing in specific ownerships. Although we examined the relationship of diameter and height, we did not consider allometry in detail in these publications. We encourage others to explore the allometry of these indigenous, juvenile hemlocks and would be happy to share the limited additional data that we have, upon request.</p>
Chronic browsing by an introduced mammalian herbivore in a tropical island alters species composition and functional traits of forest understory plant communities
<p>Mammalian herbivores have large-scale impacts on vegetation, altering structure and species composition, especially in tropical grasslands and savannas. However, there is limited understanding of the potential impacts of mammalian herbivores in tropical wet forests, where they are typically less abundant. We investigated the effects of an introduced mammalian herbivore chital (<em>Axis axis</em>) on vegetation structure, composition and leaf functional traits of tropical evergreen forests of the Andaman Islands, India. Across seven islands, representing a gradient of herbivore densities, increasing chital presence was associated with decreased understory richness, understory density and adult tree richness, but was not related to adult tree density or size class distributions. We also found a significant decrease in community-level leaf palatability traits (specific leaf area decreased and leaf thickness increased) with increasing chital habitat use. This community-level shift in leaf trait values was better explained by intra-specific variation in leaf traits across islands rather than changes in species composition. In summary, we show persistent long-term impacts of an introduced mammalian herbivore on understory tropical tree communities although there is little impact on adult tree communities. Our results also show that functional traits of species can be altered in response to novel herbivory, even at herbivore densities where there are no detectable impacts on adult forest structure or composition. Such altered functional traits may potentially alter ecosystem functioning in these forests even without changes in vegetation structure.</p>
CO2-fertilisation enhances resilience to browsing in the recruitment phase of an encroaching savanna tree
<p>1. CO<sub>2</sub>-fertilisation is implicated in the widespread and significant woody encroachment of savannas due to CO<sub>2</sub>-stimulated increases in belowground reserves that enhance sapling regrowth after fire. However, the effect of CO<sub>2</sub> concentration ([CO<sub>2</sub>]) on tree responses to the other major disturbance in savannas, herbivory, is poorly understood. Herbivory responses cannot be predicted from fire responses, as herbivore effects occur earlier during establishment and are moderated by plant palatability and defence rather than below-ground carbon accumulation.</p> <p>2. The relationship between herbivory and [CO<sub>2</sub>] is explored here using a widespread, strongly-encroaching savanna tree, <em>Vachellia</em> <em>karroo</em>. Using greenhouse-grown seedlings under past- through to predicted future-[CO<sub>2</sub>] (180–1000 ppm) and field-grown seedlings under ambient [CO<sub>2</sub>], we assessed plant survival, growth, defence and palatability.</p> <p>3. Increasing [CO<sub>2</sub>] improves the tolerance of greenhouse-grown seedlings to herbivory by stimulating growth and allowing a critical size-threshold associated with survival to be reached earlier, thereby decreasing the probability of fatal herbivory during the vulnerable recruitment phase. Elevated [CO<sub>2</sub>] also decreases the time taken to reach a second size-threshold linked to accelerated recovery of field-grown seedlings following herbivory. Seedling growth responses to increasing [CO<sub>2</sub>] are non-linear, suggesting that historic growth- and survival enhancements are smaller than those predicted for the future. Increasing [CO<sub>2</sub>] is associated with greater resistance to herbivores (more branched shoot architecture) but not leaf palatability (C:N ratio) or defence (leaf tannins and spine density).</p> <p>4. Increasing <em>V</em>. <em>karroo</em> densities already constitute a major land management problem in southern African savannas. However, encroachment by this species, and likely other savanna tree species, may be greatly exacerbated under future [CO<sub>2</sub>], as tolerance to herbivory at the recruitment stage is further enhanced. </p>
Data from: Savanna resilience to droughts increases with proportion of browsing wild herbivores and plant functional diversity
<p><span>1. Maintaining the resilience and functionality of savannas is key to sustaining the ecosystem services they provide. This maintenance is largely dependent on the resilience of savannas to stressors, such as prolonged droughts. The resilience to drought is largely determined by the interaction of herbivores and the functional composition of vegetation. So far, our understanding and ability to predict the response of savannas to drought under different types of rangeland use and as a function of vegetation composition are still limited.</span></p> <p><span>2. In this study, we used the ecohydrological, spatially-explicit savanna model EcoHyD to determine if the resilience of a savanna rangeland towards prolonged droughts can be enhanced by the choice of rangeland use type (grazer-dominated, mixed-feeders or browser-dominated) and animal density. We evaluated the ability of a Namibian savanna system to withstand droughts and to recover from droughts based on its perennial grass cover and the overall species composition. </span></p> <p><span>3. Generally, we determined a low resilience under high grazer densities.</span> <span>Most importantly, we found that functional diversification of herbivores and plants acted as resilience insurance against droughts, leading to greater resistance and recovery of perennial grasses. In particular, a higher proportion of herbivores allowed for higher resilience, probably also due to a short-term switch to more drought-resistant or unpalatable species. </span></p> <p><span>4. In this case, herbivore diversification was of high self-regulatory value </span><span>by reestablishing trophic complexity</span><span>, reducing the need for additional management interventions. </span></p> <p><span>5. <strong>Synthesis and applications</strong></span><span><strong>. </strong>Savanna systems will be more resistant to drought if (i) a dense perennial grass cover is maintained, protecting the topsoil from heat-induced water losses and erosion, encompassing functionally important species that are particularly well adapted to water stress and that are palatable, if (ii) the grazing pressure is adjusted to the productivity of the system, and (iii) the herbivore community includes browsers. </span></p>
Data for: Effects of understory characteristics on browsing patterns of roe deer in central European mountain forests
<p><span>Selective browsing by deer on young trees may impede the management goal of increasing forest resilience against climate change and other disturbances. Deer population density is often considered the main driver of browsing impacts on young trees, however a range of other variables such as food availability also affect this relationship. In this study, we use browsing survey data from 135 research plots to explore patterns of roe deer (<em>Capreolus capreolus</em>) browsing pressure on woody plants in mountainous forests in central Europe. We fitted species-specific generalized linear mixed models for eight woody taxa, assessing potential effects of understory characteristics, roe deer abundance and lying deadwood on browsing intensity. Our study reveals conspecific and associational effects for woody taxa that are intermediately browsed by roe deer. Selective browsing pressure was mediated by preferences of plants, in that, browsing of strongly preferred woody taxa as for example mountain ash (<em>Sorbus aucuparia</em>) and of least preferred woody taxa e.g., Norway spruce (<em>Picea abies</em>) was not affected by the surrounding understory vegetation, while browsing pressure on intermediately browsed species like for example silver fir (<em>Abies alba</em>) was affected by understory characteristics. Contrary to our expectations, roe deer abundance was only positively associated with browsing pressure on silver fir and bilberry (<em>Vaccinium myrtillus</em>), while all other plants were unaffected by deer abundance. Finally, we did not find an influence of lying deadwood volume on the browsing pressure on any woody-plant species. Overall, our results indicate that patterns in browsing preference and intensity are species-specific processes and are partly affected by the surrounding understory vegetation. Current management strategies that aim to reduce browsing pressure through culling may be inefficient as they do not address other drivers of browsing pressure. However, managers also need to consider the characteristics of the local understory vegetation in addition to deer abundance, and design species-specific plans to reduce browsing on woody plant taxa.</span></p>
Native herbivore browsing alters plant physical and chemical traits in a eucalypt forest understory
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Data from: Savanna resilience to droughts increases with proportion of browsing wild herbivores and plant functional diversity
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Data for: Effects of understory characteristics on browsing patterns of roe deer in central European mountain forests
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Do wolves protect forests? Investigating the link between wolf density, deer browse, and plant recovery
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Experimental evidence for large carnivore risk cues reducing deer browsing intensity in a temperate forest
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Fine-scale habitat heterogeneity influences browsing damage by elephant and giraffe
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Data from: Effects of deer browsing on eastern hemlock growth and survival
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CO2-fertilisation enhances resilience to browsing in the recruitment phase of an encroaching savanna tree
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Chronic browsing by an introduced mammalian herbivore in a tropical island alters species composition and functional traits of forest understory plant communities
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Data from: Olfactory cues of large carnivores modify red deer behavior and browsing intensity
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Deer browse: Effects of Deer on Growth and Establishment of Woody Vegetation in Old Fields
The purpose of this experiment is to measure the effects of deer on the growth and establishment of woody vegetation in old fields. This experiment is located in fields A and B. There are 6 plots in each field. Each plot is 10 by 30 meters, with the long axis perpendicular to the field/woods margin. Plots within a field are spaced at least 5 meters apart. Approximately 5 meters of the 30 meters length extends into the woods, the remaining 25 meters extend out into the field. Each plot is divided into twelve, 5 by 5 meter sections. Six quadrats were placed within each exclosure in each 5 meters of length. Plots are located randomly within each of those blocks. To assign locations randomly a grid was set up from 0 - 4 along the length and 0 - 9 along the width of each plot and random numbers were drawn in pairs, one from each of the random distributions. The plots were marked with rebar. Three plots in each field are fenced with poultry netting, approximately 2 meters high, to exclude deer.
Recording of web browsing traffic
<p>The recording was created with the General Purpose Network Testing Framework:</p> <p><a href="https://github.com/vs-uulm/General-Purpose-Network-Testing-Framework">https://github.com/vs-uulm/General-Purpose-Network-Testing-Framework</a></p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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OpenNeuro
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