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2,390 results for “butterflies”
Figure 8 in A contribution to the knowledge of the butterfly fauna of Maputo Special Reserve, Mozambique from African Natural History Research Trust expeditions (Papilionoidea)
Figure 8 – Vegetation map of Maputo Special Reserve adapted from De Boer (2000). Collecting sites are numbered as they appear in the Materials & Methods. 'Woodland' sensu De Boer was separated by the researchers into 'Closed' and 'Grassy' woodland.
Figure 3 in A contribution to the knowledge of the butterfly fauna of Maputo Special Reserve, Mozambique from African Natural History Research Trust expeditions (Papilionoidea)
Figure 3 – Afrogegenes letterstedti ♀ pre-vaginal plate, the diagnostic shallow indentation indicated by a black arrow (see De Jong & Coutsis, 2017 for a full explanation)
Figure 1 in A contribution to the knowledge of the butterfly fauna of Maputo Special Reserve, Mozambique from African Natural History Research Trust expeditions (Papilionoidea)
Figure 1 – Some of the major habitat types encountered in the MSR: sand thicket (A), sand forest (B), hygrophilous grassland (C), dune grassland-dune forest ecotone (D)
Data and analysis codes for "In vivo visualization of butterfly scale cell morphogenesis in Vanessa cardui"
<p>Butterfly scale data and data analysis codes for "In vivo visualization of butterfly scale cell morphogenesis in <em>Vanessa cardui</em>."</p> <p> </p> <p>It is recommended to download all files and folders into a single root folder for use in MATLAB.<br> This code was prepared for use in MATLAB R2019b, and some scripts or functions require the Image Processing Toolbox.</p>
Data from: Environmental variation associated with topography explains butterfly diversity along a tropical elevation gradient
<p>Few studies have evaluated the role of topography on the diversity patterns of biological communities along elevation gradients. We evaluated the influence of microclimate and vegetation structure associated with topographic variation on the richness and composition of species of different families of butterflies on a mountain located in a dry enclave (Chicamocha River Canyon) in the northern Andes, Colombia. We captured butterflies over four months at 18 elevations (300 to 1500 m a.s.l.) in two topographic positions (riverbed and hillslope) using an entomological net and traps baited with fermented fruit. In general, butterfly richness increased with elevation in both topographic positions. However, the richness-elevation relationship changed with butterfly family. The riverbed and hillslope sites host different assemblages of butterflies, and this pattern that was consistent for most families. In the riverbed, two sets of species are recognized along the elevation gradient (one below 700 m a.s.l. and the other above 1000 m a.s.l.), mainly owing to species replacement. On the hillslopes there was no clear pattern of grouping associated with elevation. Microclimate differences between the riverbed and hillslope sites along the elevation gradient were related to the vegetation structure and explained the variation in butterfly species composition. Our results highlight the role of topography not only by explaining the response of species richness and composition to environmental variation determined by elevation, but also as a factor that must be considered in the planning and management of biodiversity conservation in the mountains.</p>
FIGURE 3 in Species diversity and community structure of fruit-feeding butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) in an eastern amazonian forest
FIGURE 3: Whittaker plot (rank-abundance distribution) for the total sample of fruit-feeding butterflies in an eastern Amazonian forest. The y axis represents species abundance and the x axis ranks each species in order from most to least abundant.
FIGURE 1 in Species diversity and community structure of fruit-feeding butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) in an eastern amazonian forest
FIGURE 1: Location of Sítio Aguahy, in the eastern Amazon. (A) Maps of Brazil and the state of Maranhão, demonstrating the distribution of the Brazilian Amazon forest. (B) Dense rainforest (C) Secondary forest.
[Data from:] Genetic Analysis Reveals Three Novel QTLs Underpinning a Butterfly Egg-Induced Hypersensitive Response-Like Cell Death in Brassica Rapa
<p><strong>Background</strong></p> <p>Cabbage white butterflies (<em>Pieris</em> spp.) can be severe pests of <em>Brassica</em> crops such as Chinese cabbage, Pak choi (<em>Brassica rapa</em>) or cabbages (<em>B. oleracea</em>). Eggs of <em>Pieris</em> spp. can induce a hypersensitive response-like (HR-like) cell death which reduces egg survival in the wild black mustard (<em>B. nigra</em>). Unravelling the genetic basis of this egg-killing trait in <em>Brassica</em> crops could improve crop resistance to herbivory, reducing major crop losses and pesticides use. Here we investigated the genetic architecture of a HR-like cell death induced by <em>P. brassicae</em> eggs in <em>B. rapa.</em></p> <p><strong>Results</strong></p> <p>A germplasm screening of <em>B. rapa</em> 56 accessions, representing the genetic and geographical diversity of a <em>B. rapa</em> core collection, showed phenotypic variation for cell death. An image-based phenotyping protocol was developed to accurately measure size of HR-like cell death and was then used to identify two accessions that consistently showed weak (R-o-18) or strong cell death response (L58). Screening of 160 RILs derived from these two accessions resulted in three novel QTLs for P<em>ieris</em> b<em>rassicae-</em>induced cell death on chromosomes A02 (<em>Pbc1</em>), A03 (<em>Pbc2</em>), and A06 (<em>Pbc3</em>). The three QTLs <em>Pbc1-3</em> contain cell surface receptors, intracellular receptors and other genes involved in plant immunity processes, such as ROS accumulation and cell death formation. Synteny analysis with <em>A. thaliana</em> suggested that <em>Pbc1</em> and <em>Pbc2</em> are novel QTLs associated with this trait, while <em>Pbc3</em> contains also LecRK-I.1, a gene of <em>A. thaliana</em> previously associated with cell death induced by a <em>P. brassicae</em> egg extract.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions</strong></p> <p>This study provides the first genomic regions associated with the <em>Pieris</em> egg-induced HR-like cell death in a <em>Brassica</em> crop species. It is a step closer towards unravelling the genetic basis of an egg-killing crop resistance trait, paving the way for breeders to further fine-map and validate candidate genes.</p>
Shifting balances in the weighting of sensory modalities are predicted by divergence in brain morphology in incipient species of Heliconius butterflies
<p>Integrating and weighting sensory perception across modalities is crucial to how animals adapt to their environment. Divergence in brain structure is often in sensory processing regions, suggesting that investment reflects ecological needs. Here, we use two parapatric closely related species, <em>Heliconius erato cyrbia</em> and <em>Heliconius himera</em>, to test the hypothesis that divergence in sensory brain regions affects foraging decisions. These butterflies are isolated across an ecological gradient, which is linked to differences in brain morphology, with <em>H. e. cyrbia </em>investing more in visual centres and <em>H. himera</em> investing in olfactory centres. Here, we demonstrate that these two species vary in how they associate visual and olfactory cues with positive food rewards. We found that when individuals were trained on paired olfactory and visual stimuli, then presented with these stimuli in conflict, they showed distinct behavioural responses. <em>Heliconius himera</em> was more likely to favour positive olfactory cues than <em>H. e. cyrbia</em>, which favoured visual cues regardless of the paired stimulus. This suggests that these species have diverged in the emphasis placed on these different sensory domains during foraging, consistent with observed differences in brain morphology. This result strengthens evidence that speciation initiated by local adaptation is partly facilitated by changes in the neural basis of key behavioural functions.</p>
The yellow gene regulates behavioral plasticity by repressing male courtship in Bicyclus anynana butterflies
<p>Seasonal plasticity in male courtship in Bicyclus anynana butterflies is due to variation in levels of the steroid hormone 20E (20-hydroxyecdysone) during pupation. Wet season (WS) males have high levels of 20E and become active courters. Dry season (DS) males, have lower levels of 20E and reduced courtship rates, although WS courtship rates can be achieved if DS male pupae are injected with 20E at 30% of pupation. Here we investigated the genes involved in male courtship plasticity and examine whether 20E plays an organizational role in the pupal brain that later influences the sexual behaviour of adults. We show that DS pupal brains have a 7-fold upregulation of the yellow gene relative to the WS and that knocking out yellow leads to increased male courtship. We find that injecting 20E into DS pupa reduced yellow expression although not significantly. Our results show that yellow is a repressor of the neural circuity for male courtship behaviour in B. anynana. 20E levels experienced during pupation could play an organizational role during pupal brain development by regulating yellow expression, however, other factors might also be involved. Our findings are in striking contrast to Drosophila where yellow is required for male courtship.</p>
Fig. 3 in Ecological Analysis Of Butterflies And Day-Flying Moths Diversity Of The Gouraya National Park (Algeria)
Fig. 3. Projection of the butterfly and day-flying moth species of the three stations studied on the first two axes of the correspondence factor analysis.
Fig. 2 in Ecological Analysis Of Butterflies And Day-Flying Moths Diversity Of The Gouraya National Park (Algeria)
Fig. 2. Evolution of the species richness of butterflies and day-flying moths at the three stations of Gouraya National Park, mean temperature in Bejaia (DAAE, 2012).
Annual occupancy estimates for butterflies, grasshoppers and dragonflies in Bavaria (Germany), 1980-2019
<p>Recent climate and land-use changes are having substantial impacts on biodiversity, including population declines, range shifts, and changes in community composition. However, few studies have compared these impacts among multiple taxa, particularly because of a lack of standardized time series data over long periods. Existing datasets are typically of low resolution or poor coverage, both spatially and temporally, thereby limiting the inferences that can be drawn from such studies. Here, we compare climate and land-use driven occupancy changes in butterflies, grasshoppers, and dragonflies using an extensive dataset of highly heterogeneous observation data collected in the central European region of Bavaria (Germany) over a 40-year period. Using occupancy models, we find occupancies (the proportion of sites occupied by a species in each year) of 37% of species have decreased, 30% have increased and 33% showed no significant trend. Butterflies and grasshoppers show strongest declines with 41% of species each. By contrast, 52% of dragonfly species increased. Temperature preference and habitat specificity appear as significant drivers of species trends. We show that cold-adapted species across all taxa have declined, while warm-adapted species have increased. In butterflies, habitat specialists have decreased, while generalists increased or remained stable. The trends of habitat generalists and specialists both in grasshoppers and semi-aquatic dragonflies however did not differ. Our findings indicate strong and consistent effects of climate warming across insect taxa. The decrease of butterfly specialists could hint towards a threat from land-use change, as especially butterfly specialists' occurrence depends mostly on habitat quality and area. Our study not only illustrates how these taxa showed differing trends in the past, but also provides hints on how we might mitigate the detrimental effects of human development on their diversity in the future.</p>
Moths and butterflies on alien shores – global biogeography of non-native Lepidoptera
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Lepidoptera is a highly diverse, predominantly herbivorous insect order, with species transported to outside their native range largely facilitated by the global trade of plants and plant-based goods. Analogous to island disharmony, we examine invasion disharmony, where species filtering during invasions increases systematic compositional differences between native and non-native species assemblages, and test whether some families are more successful at establishing in non-native regions than others. We compared numbers of non-native, unintentionally introduced Lepidoptera species with the land area of 11 regions worldwide (Hawaii, North America, Galapagos, Europe, South Africa, South Korea, Japan, Nansei Islands, Ogasawara Islands, Australia, New Zealand). Differences among native and non-native assemblages in the distribution of species among families were investigated using ordination analysis. We tested whether invasion disharmony is explained by propagule pressure (proxied by species richness in border interceptions) and if families were associated with specific trade commodities. In total, 741 non-native Lepidoptera species, accounting for 0.47% of the global diversity of lepidopterans, are established in at least one of the 11 regions. Crambidae, Pyralidae, Tineidae and Gracillariidae were particularly successful invaders, whereas the two most species-rich families, Erebidae and Geometridae, were under-represented among non-native Lepidoptera. Much of the variation in species numbers in the native, and less so in the non-native assemblages could be attributed to land area. Although native assemblages were similar among nearby regions, non-native assemblages were not, suggesting geography had little effect on invasion disharmony. Comparison of established with intercepted species revealed that macromoth families were generally under-represented in establishments, whereas several micromoth families were under-represented in interceptions. This discrepancy may relate to greater detectability of larger species or high propagule pressure via associations with specific invasion pathways. Invasion disharmony in Lepidoptera appears to be driven by processes unrelated to the success of native assemblages. While native assemblages developed through long-term evolutionary radiation, the composition of non-native assemblages is driven by differential invasion pathways and traits affecting the establishment of founder populations that vary among families.</span></p>
Figure 2 in A segmented and clawed male foreleg in a newly described genus and species of eumaeine butterfly (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)
Figure 2. Male foretarsus of Grishinata penny showing five tarsal segments and pretarsal claws (yellow arrows). Dorsal (top) and lateral aspects.
Figure 1 in A segmented and clawed male foreleg in a newly described genus and species of eumaeine butterfly (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)
Figure 1. Adult Grishinata penny. Male holotype dorsal and ventral wings (top). Female dorsal and ventral wings (bottom). Scale 1 cm.
Figure 3 in A segmented and clawed male foreleg in a newly described genus and species of eumaeine butterfly (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)
Figure 3. Male genitalia of Grishinata penny (left) and Theclopsis gargara (Hewitson, 1868) (right). Lateral view of genital capsule (top). Lateral view of penis (middle). Ventral view (bottom). Posterior of butterfly to the right. Scale 0.5 mm.
HDF5 datasets and python scripts to generate figures in "Butterfly distribution of relativistic electrons driven by parallel propagating lower band whistler chorus waves"
<p>HDF5 datasets and python scripts to generate figures in "Butterfly distribution of relativistic electrons driven by parallel propagating lower band whistler chorus waves"</p> <p>RBW simulation datasets in HDF5 format:</p> <ul> <li>300pT.h5 The particle dataset to generate the figures.</li> </ul> <p>Python scripts to generate figures in the manuscript.</p> <p>- Environment: Python 3.6.7 :: Anaconda 4.4.0 (64-bit)</p> <p>- Required modules: matplotlib, numpy, h5py</p> <ul> <li>Figure1.py Generate figure 1.</li> <li>Figure2.py Generate figure 2.</li> <li>Figure3.py Generate figure 3.</li> <li>Figure4.py Generate figure 4.</li> <li>QLDe.py Calculate bounce averaged diffusion coefficients according to Shprits et al. (2006) (doi: https://doi.org/10.1029/ 2006JA011725).</li> </ul> <p> </p>
Global biogeography of warning colouration in the butterfly Danaus chrysippus
<p><span>Warning colouration provides a textbook example of natural selection, but the frequent observation of polymorphism in aposematic species presents an evolutionary puzzle. We investigated biogeography and polymorphism of warning patterns in the widespread butterfly <em>Danaus chrysippus</em> using records from citizen science (n=5467), museums (n=8864), and fieldwork (n=2586). We find that polymorphism in three traits controlled by known mendelian loci is extensive. Broad allele frequency clines, hundreds of km wide, suggest a balance between long-range dispersal and predation of unfamiliar morphs. Mismatched clines for the white hindwing and forewing tip in East Africa are consistent with a previous finding that the black wingtip allele has spread recently in the region through hitchhiking with a heritable endosymbiont. Light/dark background colouration shows more extensive polymorphism. The darker genotype is more common in cooler regions, possibly reflecting a trade-off between thermoregulation and predator warning. Overall, our findings show how studying local adaptation at the global scale provides a more complete picture of the evolutionary forces involved.</span></p>
Data for: A hypothesis for robust polarization vision: An example from the Australian Imperial Blue butterfly, Jalmenus evagoras
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>The Australian lycaenid butterfly, <em>Jalmenus evagoras</em>, has iridescent wings that are sexually dimorphic in both spectral reflection and degree of polarization, </span><span>suggesting</span><span> </span><span>that these wing properties are likely to be important in mate recognition. We first describe the results of a field experiment </span><span>showing<span> that free-flying individuals of <em>J. evagoras </em>discriminate between visual stimuli that vary in polarization content in blue wavelengths but not in others. We then present detailed reflectance spe</span>ctrophotometry</span><span> </span><span>measurements <span>of the polarization content of male and female wings, showing that female wings exhibit blue-shifted reflectance,</span> with</span><span> </span><span>a lower degree of polarization relative to male wings. </span><span>Finally, we describe a novel method for measuring alignment of ommatidial arrays:<span> </span>By measuring variation of depolarized eyeshine intensity from </span><span>patches of</span><span> ommatidia as a function of eye rotation, we show that </span><span>a) </span><span>individual </span><span>rhabdoms</span><span> contain mutually perpendicular microvilli</span><span>; b) many rhabdoms in the array</span><span> are rotated with respect to one another by as much as 45º</span><span>; c) the rotated ommatidia are useful for robust polarization detection. </span><span>By mapping the distribution of the ommatidial </span><span>rotations</span><span> in eye </span><span>patches</span><span> of <em>J. evagoras</em>, we show that males and females exhibit differences in the extent to which </span><span>ommatidia</span><span> are aligned</span><span>. Both</span><span> the </span><span>number</span><span> of </span><span>rotated </span><span>ommatidia suitable for </span><span>robust </span><span>polarization-detection</span><span>, and the number of aligned ommatidia suitable for</span><span> edge-detection</span><span>,</span><span> var</span><span>y</span><span> with respect to both sex and eye</span><span>-</span><span>patch elevation. </span><span>Thus, <em>J. evagoras </em>exhibits finely-tuned ommatidial arrays suitable for perception of polarized signals, likely to match sex-specific life history differences in the utility of polarized signals.</span></p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.