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Fig. 3 in New evidence on brain-endocranial cavity relationships in ornithischian dinosaurs
Fig. 3. Endocranial vascular valleculae in Pachycephalosauridae. Sphaerotholus buchholtzae, incomplete frontoparietal (TMP 87.113.03, Hell Creek Formation, Montana, Maastrichtian, Cretaceous) in ventral view. Vascular valleculae are present on the cerebral and post−cerebral fossae.
Fig. 2 in New evidence on brain-endocranial cavity relationships in ornithischian dinosaurs
Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of a hadrosaurid endocast in lateral view showing the approximate distribution of vascular valleculae on a lambeosaurine braincase. Valleculae are dense in the lateral regions of the cerebrum, midbrain and rostral hindbrain. Roman numerals represent cranial nerves.
Fig. 1 in New evidence on brain-endocranial cavity relationships in ornithischian dinosaurs
Fig. 1. Endocranial vascular valleculae in Hadrosauridae, Dinosaur Park Formation, Alberta, Campanian, Cretaceous. A. Incomplete braincase of an indeterminate lambeosaurine (TMP 67.09.11) in medial view. B. Hadrosaurid laterosphenoid (TMP 1979.11.09) in medial view.
Fig. 4 in New evidence on brain-endocranial cavity relationships in ornithischian dinosaurs
Fig. 4. Phylogenetic distribution of vascular valleculae in the forebrain region (bold lines) and Encephalization Quotients in Dinosauria. Valleculae occur in the clades with the relatively largest brains (i.e., the highest EQs). EQs are from Hurlburt (1996) and were calculated using the equation EQ = Mbr/(0.0155 * Mbd0.553). EQ for Hadrosaurinae (Edmontosaurus) was recalculated using an estimate that the brain occupied 60% of the endocranial cavity. Lambeosaurine EQ is approximate and assumed to be similar to hadrosaurines. Allosaurus and Tyrannosaurus EQs were recalculated using endocast volume data from Larsson et al. (2000). When information was available for more than one taxon in a clade, an average EQ is figured. Cladogram topology after Sereno (1999), Pisani et al. (2002); theropod topology from Holtz and Osmólska (2004).
A Broadband Fabry-Perot Cavity Antenna for WLAN and V2V Applications
<p><span>In this paper, a Fabry-Perot cavity (FPC) antenna with a partially reflective surface (PRS) consisting of two dielectric slabs with identical thickness and permittivity to increase the gain with wide bandwidth is presented. The PRS is placed in front of a broadband U-shaped microstrip patch antenna to create an air-filled cavity between the PRS and the ground plane of the antenna structure. The configuration of the two dielectric slabs aims to create a positive phase gradient of the reflection coefficient, which strongly controls the gain bandwidth performance. The proposed PRS was first designed and analyzed using a transmission line model and then verified by a full wave simulation. The measurement results show that the proposed FPC antenna achieves a gain improvement of up to 4 dB </span><span>compared to</span><span> the antenna without the PRS, with a 3-dB gain bandwidth of 15.25% and broadside peak gain of 10.43 dBi. In addition, the measured impedance bandwidth is approximately </span><span>20.25% and </span><span>ranges from </span><span>5.14 to 6.298 GHz, which covers the </span><span>required </span><span>f</span><span>requency band </span><span>of wireless local area network (WLAN) and vehicle-to-vehicle (</span><span>V2V) applications.</span></p>
Fig. 32. Male sternopleonal cavity. A in Revision of the intertidal and semiterrestrial crab genera Chiromantes Gistel, 1848, and Pseudosesarma Serène & Soh, 1970 (Crustacea: Brachyura: Sesarmidae), using morphology and molecular phylogenetics, with the establishment of nine new genera and two new species
Fig. 32. Male sternopleonal cavity. A, Pseudosesarma edwardsii, male (20.8 × 18.6mm (ZRC 2003.0084), Pulau Tekong, Singapore; B, Pseudosesarma crassimanum, male (15.1 × 13.3 mm) (ZRC 2000.1768), Sungei Benut, Johor, Malaysia; C, Contusarma cheirogonum, male (15.3 × 14.0 mm) (ZRC 2011.0924), Pulau Tioman, Malaysia; D, Miersarma granosimanum, male (22.5 × 19.2 mm) (ZRC 1965.7.29.164), Sedili River, Johor, Malaysia. Arrow indicates shallow depression on somite 5 to accept G1 tip when pleon closed (depression absent in Miersarma, D).
Text-fig. 3. Scanning electron micrographs (a, b) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy orthoslices (c–e) of flower of Lambertiflora elegans gen. et sp. nov. from the Early Cretaceous Puddledock locality, Virginia, USA (holotype, PP53796, Puddledock sample 082). a) Flower in lateral view showing long pedicel and overlapping elongated tepals; b) Detail of flower showing overlapping elongated tepals; note the numerous holes indicating the position of probable secretory cells; c) Flower in longitudinal section showing overlapping elongated tepals, remains of probable poorly developed stamens or staminodes and probable poorly developed carpels on the central conical gynoecial region of the receptacle (cut between orthoslices xz0510 and 0570); d) Flower in longitudinal section (comparable to c) showing overlapping tepals, poorly developed stamens or staminodes, and probable poorly developed carpels on the central conical gynoecial region of the receptacle; note the prominent cavities from secretory cells scattered through the tissues (cut between orthoslice xz0560 and 0575); e) Flower in transverse section showing overlapping tepals, poorly developed stamens or staminodes, and remains of probable poorly developed carpels (cut between orthoslices xy1160 and 1180). Scale bars = 1 mm (a), 500 µm (b–e). in Multiparted, Apocarpous Flowers From The Early Cretaceous Of Eastern North America And Portugal
Text-fig. 3. Scanning electron micrographs (a, b) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy orthoslices (c–e) of flower of Lambertiflora elegans gen. et sp. nov. from the Early Cretaceous Puddledock locality, Virginia, USA (holotype, PP53796, Puddledock sample 082). a) Flower in lateral view showing long pedicel and overlapping elongated tepals; b) Detail of flower showing overlapping elongated tepals; note the numerous holes indicating the position of probable secretory cells; c) Flower in longitudinal section showing overlapping elongated tepals, remains of probable poorly developed stamens or staminodes and probable poorly developed carpels on the central conical gynoecial region of the receptacle (cut between orthoslices xz0510 and 0570); d) Flower in longitudinal section (comparable to c) showing overlapping tepals, poorly developed stamens or staminodes, and probable poorly developed carpels on the central conical gynoecial region of the receptacle; note the prominent cavities from secretory cells scattered through the tissues (cut between orthoslice xz0560 and 0575); e) Flower in transverse section showing overlapping tepals, poorly developed stamens or staminodes, and remains of probable poorly developed carpels (cut between orthoslices xy1160 and 1180). Scale bars = 1 mm (a), 500 µm (b–e).
Text-fig. 50. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM) images of a flower and mature carpels of Reyanthus lusitanicus gen. et sp. nov.; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Holotype; multicarpellate flower showing numerous carpels surrounded by remains of the androecium and perianth; note the bract subtending the flower (arrowhead); b, c) Longitudinal sections perpendicular to section in (f) (b, SRXTM orthoslice xz0461) and (c, SRXTM cut voltex xz0540-0580) showing receptacle, carpels and remains of the androecium and perianth; note prominent cavities formed by the oil cells, subtending bract (arrow) and bract subtending fragmentary bud (arrowhead); d, e) Apical (d) and lateral (e) views of gynoecium showing laterally flattened carpels and dorsi-ventrally flattened stamen or staminode (* in e); f) Longitudinal section (SRXTM orthoslice yz0405) of gynoecium showing conical receptacle and carpels with densely spaced oil cells; g, h) Mature carpel of Reyanthus lusitanicus gen. et sp. nov. showing slightly curved form, rounded apex and base that tapers toward the attachment to the receptacle; i) Surface of carpel showing embedded oil cells; j) Transverse section through three carpels showing attachment of developing ovules near the ventral sutures and oil cells in the wall just below the surface (SRXTM cut voltex xy0770-0845). Specimens TV299-S136716 (holotype; a–f), TV299-S136717 (g–j). Scale bars 300 Μm (a–d, f–h), 150 Μm (e, j), 30 Μm (i). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community
Text-fig. 50. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM) images of a flower and mature carpels of Reyanthus lusitanicus gen. et sp. nov.; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Holotype; multicarpellate flower showing numerous carpels surrounded by remains of the androecium and perianth; note the bract subtending the flower (arrowhead); b, c) Longitudinal sections perpendicular to section in (f) (b, SRXTM orthoslice xz0461) and (c, SRXTM cut voltex xz0540-0580) showing receptacle, carpels and remains of the androecium and perianth; note prominent cavities formed by the oil cells, subtending bract (arrow) and bract subtending fragmentary bud (arrowhead); d, e) Apical (d) and lateral (e) views of gynoecium showing laterally flattened carpels and dorsi-ventrally flattened stamen or staminode (* in e); f) Longitudinal section (SRXTM orthoslice yz0405) of gynoecium showing conical receptacle and carpels with densely spaced oil cells; g, h) Mature carpel of Reyanthus lusitanicus gen. et sp. nov. showing slightly curved form, rounded apex and base that tapers toward the attachment to the receptacle; i) Surface of carpel showing embedded oil cells; j) Transverse section through three carpels showing attachment of developing ovules near the ventral sutures and oil cells in the wall just below the surface (SRXTM cut voltex xy0770-0845). Specimens TV299-S136716 (holotype; a–f), TV299-S136717 (g–j). Scale bars 300 Μm (a–d, f–h), 150 Μm (e, j), 30 Μm (i).
Text-fig. 18. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of a fruit of Canrightia sp. with associated pollen; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Fruit in lateral view showing prominent cavities in the fruit wall formed by the scattered oil bodies and the broad hypanthium fused to the base of the fruit (arrowhead); b) Fruit surface showing epidermal cells and the scattered oil cells embedded in the fruit wall (arrowheads); c) Cluster of monocolpate pollen grains in the probable stigmatic region of the fruit; d) Pollen grains showing the long colpus and semitectate-reticulate pollen wall; e) Pollen wall showing the reticulum with large and small lumina, and scattered, compressed columellae supporting the smooth muri. Specimen, TV142-S170213. Scale bars 300 Μm (a), 100 Μm (b), 30 Μm (c), 6 Μm (d), 1 Μm (e). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community
Text-fig. 18. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of a fruit of Canrightia sp. with associated pollen; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Fruit in lateral view showing prominent cavities in the fruit wall formed by the scattered oil bodies and the broad hypanthium fused to the base of the fruit (arrowhead); b) Fruit surface showing epidermal cells and the scattered oil cells embedded in the fruit wall (arrowheads); c) Cluster of monocolpate pollen grains in the probable stigmatic region of the fruit; d) Pollen grains showing the long colpus and semitectate-reticulate pollen wall; e) Pollen wall showing the reticulum with large and small lumina, and scattered, compressed columellae supporting the smooth muri. Specimen, TV142-S170213. Scale bars 300 Μm (a), 100 Μm (b), 30 Μm (c), 6 Μm (d), 1 Μm (e).
Text-fig. 17. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM) images of a fruit of Canrightia elongata sp. nov. (a–g) and isolated Canrightia-like seeds (h–j); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a–c) Holotype; fruit in lateral view showing four fused tepals at the base (c, upper arrowheads) and prominent cavities in the fruit wall formed by scattered oil bodies and possible subtending bract (c, lower arrowhead); d) Transverse section (SRXTM orthoslice xy1510) through the fruit showing three locules, one with the remains of the endothelium (top left, 1), the other two (2, 3) with remains of presumed endosperm tissue; note that the locule to the right (3) is crushed; e, f) Radial longitudinal (e; SRXTM orthoslice xz1212) in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community
Text-fig. 17. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM) images of a fruit of Canrightia elongata sp. nov. (a–g) and isolated Canrightia-like seeds (h–j); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a–c) Holotype; fruit in lateral view showing four fused tepals at the base (c, upper arrowheads) and prominent cavities in the fruit wall formed by scattered oil bodies and possible subtending bract (c, lower arrowhead); d) Transverse section (SRXTM orthoslice xy1510) through the fruit showing three locules, one with the remains of the endothelium (top left, 1), the other two (2, 3) with remains of presumed endosperm tissue; note that the locule to the right (3) is crushed; e, f) Radial longitudinal (e; SRXTM orthoslice xz1212)
Fig. 52. Male sterno-abdominal cavities. A in Revision of the spider crab genus Maja Lamarck, 1801 (Crustacea: Brachyura: Majoidea: Majidae), with descriptions of seven new genera and 17 new species from the Atlantic and Indo-West Pacific
Fig. 52. Male sterno-abdominal cavities. A, Maja brachydactyla, male (98.4 × 89.0 mm) (ZRC 2009.1130), U.K.; B, Maja crispata, male (63.1 × 51.9 mm) (MNHN-IU-2013-4042), Italy; C, Neomaja goltziana, male (73.4 × 65.0 mm) (MNHN-IU-2013-4046), Congo; D, Paramaja gibba n. sp., male (79.5 × 77.9 mm) (ZRC 2013.1232), Bay of Bengal; E, Alcomaja irrorata n. sp., holotype male (52.6 × 45.7 mm) (NMCR), Philippines; F, Alcomaja desmondi n. sp., holotype male (35.4 × 28.3 mm) (NMCR), Philippines; G, Alcomaja nagashimaensis, male (30.5 × 26.0 mm) (ZRC 2001.430), Philippines; H, Paramaya spinigera, male (85.0 × 66.4 mm) (ZRC 1999.738), Taiwan; I, Holthuija miersi, male (32.6 × 25.6 mm) (ZRC 2000.1497), Singapore; J, Sakaija japonica, male (22.3 × 17.8 mm) (ZRC 2013.1267), Taiwan; K, Planaja plana n. gen. n. sp., holotype male (43.7 × 37.1 mm) (NMCR), Philippines; L, Ovimaja compressipes, male (49.6 × 39.6 mm) (ZRC 2008.1318), Taiwan.
Text-fig. 3. Metacheiromys marshi, USNM-P 452349, coronal sections from CT scans. a – section 590 of 2020 through the anteriormost tympanic cavity showing air spaces in the entotympanic and squamosal; b – section 898 of 2020 at level of the fenestra vestibuli showing the mastoid sinus. Abbreviations: bo – basioccipital, bs – basisphenoid, cp – crista parotica, ec – ectotympanic, en – entotympanic, es – epitympanic sinus of squamosal, fv – fenestra vestibuli, hyf – hypophyseal fossa, m – malleus, ms – mastoid sinus, pr – promontorium, sq – squamosal, tc – tympanic cavity. in Skeletal Anatomy Of The Basicranium And Auditory Region In The Metacheiromyid Palaeanodont Metacheiromys (Mammalia, Pholidotamorpha) Based On High-Resolution Ct Scans
Text-fig. 3. Metacheiromys marshi, USNM-P 452349, coronal sections from CT scans. a – section 590 of 2020 through the anteriormost tympanic cavity showing air spaces in the entotympanic and squamosal; b – section 898 of 2020 at level of the fenestra vestibuli showing the mastoid sinus. Abbreviations: bo – basioccipital, bs – basisphenoid, cp – crista parotica, ec – ectotympanic, en – entotympanic, es – epitympanic sinus of squamosal, fv – fenestra vestibuli, hyf – hypophyseal fossa, m – malleus, ms – mastoid sinus, pr – promontorium, sq – squamosal, tc – tympanic cavity.
Data from: Metabarcoding of trap nests reveals differential impact of urbanization on cavity-nesting bee and wasp communities
<p><span>Urbanization is affecting arthropod communities worldwide, for example by changing the availability of food resources. However, the strength and direction of a community's response are species-specific and depend on the species' trophic level. Here, we investigated interacting species at different trophic levels in nests of cavity-nesting bees and wasps along two urbanization gradients in four German cities using trap nests. We analyzed bee and wasp diversity and their trophic interaction partners by metabarcoding the DNA of bee pollen and preyed arthropods found in wasp nests. We found that the pollen richness increased with increasing distance from city centers and at sites characterized by a high percentage of impervious and developed surfaces, while the richness of pollinators was unaffected by urbanization. In contrast, species richness of wasps, but not their arthropod prey, was highest at sites with low levels of urbanization. However, the community structure of wasp prey changed with urbanization at both local and regional scales. Throughout the study area, the community of wasps consisted of specialists, while bee species were generalists. Our results suggest that Hymenoptera and their food resources are negatively affected by increasing urbanization. However, to understand the distribution patterns of both, wasps and bees in urban settings other factors besides food availability should be considered.</span></p>
Fig. 2 in Rocky Nests Are Better Nesting Sites Than Woodpecker Cavities For The Eastern Rock Nuthatch Sitta Tephronota
Fig. 2. Distribution of the Eastern Rock Nuthatch brood sizes. White – size of clutch (N = 27), gray – number of hatched nestlings (N = 22), black – number of fledglings (N = 20)
Fig. 1. Sitta tephronota egg laying phenology for Fig. 3 in Rocky Nests Are Better Nesting Sites Than Woodpecker Cavities For The Eastern Rock Nuthatch Sitta Tephronota
Fig. 1. Sitta tephronota egg laying phenology for Fig. 3. Sitta tephronota fledglings' phespecific 5-day periods during the breeding sea- nology for specific 5-day periods dur- son (N broods = 27) ing the breeding season (N broods = 21)
Fig. 6 in Rocky Nests Are Better Nesting Sites Than Woodpecker Cavities For The Eastern Rock Nuthatch Sitta Tephronota
Fig. 6. Distribution of number of hatched Fig. 7. Distribution of number of fledglings nestlings noted in the Sitta tephronota suc- noted in Sitta tephronota successful broods cessful broods located in tree nests (white, located in tree nests (white, N = 10) and N = 12) and rocky nests (gray, N = 10) rocky nests (gray, N = 10)
Fig. 4 in Rocky Nests Are Better Nesting Sites Than Woodpecker Cavities For The Eastern Rock Nuthatch Sitta Tephronota
Fig. 4. Correlation of the number of eggs in Fig. 5. Distribution of clutch sizes noted in clutch in relation to the number of hatched the Sitta tephronota broods located in tree nestlings in successful nest recorded in nests (white, N = 16) and rocky nests (gray, Sitta tephronota broods (N broods = 22). The N = 11) size of the circles corresponds to the number of cases from 1 to 3
Cavity-waveguide coupling gap
<p>Extrinsic coupling loss of a microring coupled to a waveguide as a function of the gap between the structures. Data simulated with Comsol.</p>
Dissipative Solitons and Switching Waves in Dispersion-Modulated Kerr Cavities
<p>Execution tested with Matlab 2020a or newer on Windows. Unzip folder to access files.</p> <p><br> Contact miles.anderson@epfl.ch for any serious questions on the contents.<br> All matlab code remains under copyright by the authors: Miles Anderson and Tobias J. Kippenberg, and is provided solely to be used to reproduce the figures of the aforementioned paper and example simulation results pertaining to the paper.</p> <p>Figure data and generation code is found in "Figure Data\Scripts and Data". Run matlab scripts in the given folder to generate the figures. Other relevant figures containing data is found in "\Other".</p> <p>Seven example matlab simulation scripts are found in "Simulation Example Code".</p> <ul> <li>Running 'lle_cavity_v4_CW_FI_Low2' models CW Faraday Instability appearance from Figure 3, in dimensionless units.</li> <li>Running 'lle_cavity_v4_Soliton_FI_1' models a dissipative soliton with Kelly sidebands or higher-order dispersive waves in dispersion modulated cavity, from Figure 4, in dimensionless units.</li> <li>Running 'lle_cavity_v4_SW_FI_Low2' models a switching wave with FI-motivated satellites in dispersion modulated cavity, from Figure 7, in dimensionless units.</li> <li>Running 'lle_SiNcavity_v4_SW_FaradaySatellite_F9C15R6_1_1b' (or just '1') uses experimental data to reproduce the experiment for the pulse-driven switching wave according to the LLE, the results of which are shown in Figure 7(f) of the main paper, and Figure S5 of the supplementary information.</li> <li>Running 'lle_SiNcavity_v4_SW_FaradaySatellite_F2C15R5_2_3' (and also '3_1') uses experimental data to reproduce the experiment for the pulse-driven switching wave according to the LLE, the results of which are shown in Figure 8 and 9 of the main paper, and Figure S6 of the supplementary information.</li> <li>Running 'lle_SiNcavity_v4_SolitonHDW_F1C16R6TM_5_s2' uses experimental data to reproduce the experiment as seen in Figure 6 for the pulse-driven soliton according to the LLE, results of which are shown in Figure S9 of the supplementary information.</li> </ul> <p>The script parameters may be modified to find results under different driving conditions and over different time periods and sampling rates as required.</p> <p>M. Anderson apologises in advance for the complexity, readability, and optimisation of the script.</p> <p>This work was supported by Contract No. D18AC00032 (DRINQS) from the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). This material is based upon work supported by the Air Force Office of Scientific Research under Grant No. FA9550-19-1-0250. This work was further supported by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Program for Research and Innovation under Grant No. 812818 (Marie Skłodowska-Curie ETN MICROCOMB) and by the Swiss National Science Foundation under Grant Agreement No. 192293.</p>
Fig. 1 in Nest Entry Shape Change May Cause Nest Abandonment In Urban Cavity-Nesting Species: A Case Study Of The Tree Sparrow Passer Montanus
Fig. 1. Location of the study area (left) and examples of Tree Sparrow nests at the study sites (right). Site 1: Agricultural Practical Training Center, Chonnam National University,
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.