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Figure 3 in Brood chambers constructed from spines in fossil and Recent cheilostome bryozoans

Figure 3. Distelopora bipilata Lang, Lower Cenomanian, Cambridge, England. A, part of a colony with several nonovicellate autozooids and one broken ovicell, NHM D21883. B, ovicell spine bases forming a semicircle, NHM D21881. C, ovicell spine bases at some distance from the mural rim, NHM D21881. D, ovicell spine bases forming a gentle arch. Medial spines are adjacent to the proximal edge of the mural rim of the distal zooid, NHM BZ4958. Scale bars: A = 100 Mm; B–D = 50 Mm.

Figure 14. A–C in Brood chambers constructed from spines in fossil and Recent cheilostome bryozoans

Figure 14. A–C, Macropora cribrilifera Maplestone, Lower Miocene, South Australia, NMV P311815. A, ovicell in oblique frontal view. B, ovicell viewed from the distal side (orifice of distal zooid bottom centre). C, lateral view of ovicell, showing intercostal slits and pores. D-F, Macropora waimatukuensis (Uttley). CM zb51,?Miocene, Southland, New Zealand. D, complete ovicell; note calcified opercula in distal and two lateral zooids. E, complete and broken ovicells. F, proximal part of ovicell showing cryptocystal costal fabric. Scale bars: A-D = 200 Mm; E = 500 Mm; F = 100 Mm.

Figure 21 in Brood chambers constructed from spines in fossil and Recent cheilostome bryozoans

Figure 21. Schematic diagrams of brood chambers in Tendridae (A, B) and Calloporidae (C-E) in longitudinal and transverse section, showing maternal and distal zooids (fossil spinose ovicells reconstructed). A, Tendra zostericola. B, Heteroecium sp. C, Distelopora bipilata and D. langi. D, Distelopora spinifera, Unidistelopora krauseae. E, Gilbertopora larwoodi.

Figure 7. A, B in Brood chambers constructed from spines in fossil and Recent cheilostome bryozoans

Figure 7. A, B, Stichomicropora marginula (Brydone), Coniacian, Kent, England, NHM D44609. A, part of colony with ovicellate and nonovicellate zooids. B, maternal zooid with ovicell preserved as a gently curved, distally convex arch of spine bases. C, D, Stichomicropora sp. 1, Campanian, Norwich, England, NHM D42263. C, several fertile zooids with ovicells represented by spine bases arranged in distally concave or distally convex gentle arches, or in a straight line. D, view centred on a damaged part of a colony with distally convex rows of ovicell spine bases (upper left and upper right) and a distally concave row (bottom right). E, F, Stichomicropora sp. 2, Campanian, Clarendon, England, NHM D46004. E, edge of colony, showing three ovicells, represented by gently curved, distally convex arches of spine bases, in zooids with broken frontal shields. F, ovicell spine bases and floor. Scale bars: A = 500 Mm; B, F = 100 Mm; C, E = 250 Mm; D = 200 Mm.

Figure 17 in Brood chambers constructed from spines in fossil and Recent cheilostome bryozoans

Figure 17. Macropora levinseni Brown, Recent, New Zealand. A, longitudinal section of an ovicell, showing costal lumen (arrowed) and zooidal operculum (right of arrow). B, saggital section of ovicell with embryo, showing attachments (arrowed) of the internal membranous ooecial wall to the calcified part of the ooecium; note thick external membranous ooecial wall. Scale bars = 100 Mm.

opencc-zeroSep 2021View details →

Data from: Diversification dynamics of Cheilostome Bryozoa based on a Bayesian analysis of the fossil record

Cheilostomata is the most diverse and ecologically dominant order of bryozoans living today. We apply a Bayesian framework to estimate macroevolutionary rates of cheilostomes since the Late Jurassic across four datasets: I) manually curated genus ranges, II) published text-mined genus ranges, III) non-revised Paleobiology Database (PBDB) records, IV) revised and augmented PBDB records. All datasets revealed increased origination rates in the Albian, and a twin K-Pg and Danian extinction rate peak. High origination rates in the late Selandian-Ypresian in Dataset I indicate the onset of an ascophoran-grade radiation. Lineage-through-time plots confirm the macroevolutionary lag preceding the radiation of cheilostomes in the mid-Cretaceous, and their renewed diversification in the late Paleocene and Eocene. A multivariate birth-death model indicates that origination rates are shaped by diversity-dependent dynamics coupled with a positive correlation with sea surface temperature, while extinction rates negatively correlate with sea level. Text-mined data provide broadly similar rate dynamics as manually curated data, although discrepancies could be attributed to the omission of key literature in Dataset II, and the inclusion of new published and unpublished data, and revised ranges in Dataset I. Revision and augmentation of PBDB occurrences were necessary to generate rate profiles akin to those of Datasets I and II and highlight the risks of using unedited occurrence data. Our results support the widely held assumption that diversification dynamics are controlled by both biotic and abiotic factors and pave the way for integrating fossils with molecular phylogenies to study these processes in more detail.

publicFeb 2025View details →

Larval brooding correlated with high early origination rates in cheilostome Bryozoa

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publicNov 2021View details →

Data from: Diversification dynamics of Cheilostome Bryozoa based on a Bayesian analysis of the fossil record

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publicSep 2021View details →

Cheilostome cyclostome assemblage 2020

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dryad36/100

Data from: Skeletal mineralogy of marine organisms shaped by seawater temperature and evolutionary history - a case study of cheilostome bryozoans

The record of CaCO3 biominerals serves as a valuable repository documenting Earth's evolutionary history and environmental changes. An in-depth understanding of the mineralogical diversity within calcifying organisms is essential for interpreting the evolutionary record of CaCO3 and evaluating the adaptability of biomineralizers to past and future environmental change. To offer insights into the relative importance of environment vs. phylogenetic history in determining mineralogy, this study explores the modern-day global distribution of mineralogies in cheilostome bryozoans. Cheilostome bryozoans vary considerably in their mineral composition: in our dataset 65% of the species possess purely calcite skeletons, 15% exclusively employ aragonite, and 20% exhibit mixed (i.e., calcite and aragonite) mineralogies. Temperature is the predominant measured environmental factor influencing bryozoan skeletal mineralogy, accounting for 20% of its variability across species, when phylogenetic relatedness is unaccounted for. Bryozoans in lower latitudes, characterized by higher seawater temperatures, have higher aragonite concentrations. By accounting for phylogenetic structure using a subset of 87 species for which we have topological information, 40% of the observed mineralogical variability could be attributed to present-day temperature. In contrast, depth and salinity played minor roles, explaining less than 1% of the mineralogical variation each. This study emphasizes the influence of evolutionary history on the mineralogical variability of calcifying organisms, even when it can be shown that a single environmental factor (temperature) explains a substantial amount of this variability. When confronted with changing temperature, calcifiers such as bryozoans are likely to respond in diverse ways, depending on the species, given their phylogenetic relatedness and the external conditions they meet.

opencc-zeroMay 2024View details →

dryad36/100

Data from: Skeletal mineralogy of marine organisms shaped by seawater temperature and evolutionary history - a case study of cheilostome bryozoans

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publicMay 2024View details →

FIGURES 39−44 in Pyrisinellidae, a new family of anascan cheilostome bryozoans

FIGURES 39−44. Megapora ringens (Busk, 1856), NHML 1911.10.1.631, Recent, Porcupine Bight. 39. view of several autozooids and kenozooids, scale bar = 200 µm; 40. group of autozooids showing a closure plate and lateral, distolateral and distal pore windows, scale bar = 200 µm; 41. detail of the strongly trifoliate orifice with six oral spine bases and inner view of a broken ovicell with associated distal kenozooid, scale bar = 100 µm; 42. zooid and kenozooid at the colony growing edge, scale bar = 100 µm; 43. early astogeny, scale bar = 200 µm; 44. close-up of ancestrula, scale bar = 20 µm.

FIGURES 23−26 in Pyrisinellidae, a new family of anascan cheilostome bryozoans

FIGURES 23−26. Setosinella orbiculata (Canu & Bassler, 1920) n. comb., USNM 63932, holotype, Eocene, Priabonian, Ocala Limestone, Bainbridge, Georgia, USA. 23. view of part of the colony with putative ancestrula (bottom centre), scale bar = 200 µm; 24. part of the colony showing distal pore windows at the colony growing edge, scale bar = 200 µm; 25. close-up of two autozooids and interzooidal avicularium; autozooid on right shows possible pores in the cryptocyst obscured by epitaxial cement; scale bar = 100 µm; 26. close-up of an ovicellate autozooid, scale bar = 100 µm.

FIGURES 13−18 in Pyrisinellidae, a new family of anascan cheilostome bryozoans

FIGURES 13−18. Setosinella prolifica Canu & Bassler, 1933, USNM 73903, holotype, Paleocene, Vincentown Limesand, Vincentown, New Jersey, USA. 13. ovicellate and non-ovicellate autozooids, scale bar = 200 µm; 14. ovicellate autozooids and interzooidal avicularia, scale bar = 100 µm; 15. ancestrula, early astogeny and vicarious avicularium visible at the colony growing edge (centre lower right), scale bar = 200 µm; 16. growing edge of colony fouling an older colony, scale bar = 200 µm; 17. close-up of an ovicellate autozooid and two interzooidal avicularia, scale bar = 100 µm; 18. detail of colony growing edge showing a distal pore window, scale bar = 100 µm.

FIGURES 9−12. Spinisinella zagorseki n in Pyrisinellidae, a new family of anascan cheilostome bryozoans

FIGURES 9−12. Spinisinella zagorseki n. sp., NMP O-6751, holotype, Cretaceous, Cenomanian or Turonian, Kaňk, Czech Republic. 9. view of colony, scale bar = 200 µm; 10. ovicellate and non-ovicellate autozooids, scale bar = 100 µm; 11. close-up of two autozooids, scale bar = 100 µm; 12. close-up of spinose ovicell, scale bar = 20 µm.

FIGURES 31−38. Setosinella perfluxa n in Pyrisinellidae, a new family of anascan cheilostome bryozoans

FIGURES 31−38. Setosinella perfluxa n. sp., Miocene, Langhian, Indominco Mine, Bontang, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. 31. view of colony NHML BZ 5849, holotype, scale bar = 500 µm; 32. same, several autozooids, scale bar = 200 µm; 33. same, close-up of ancestrula, scale bar = 100 µm; 34. same, close-up of an ovicellate autozooid, scale bar = 100 µm; 35. view of colony NHML BZ 5850, paratype, scale bar = 500 µm; 36. same, early astogeny, scale bar = 200 µm; 37. same, close-up of a zooid showing two small reniform opesiules, scale bar = 100 µm; 38. same, close-up of a zooid at the colony growing edge, showing oral spine bases and distal pore window, scale bar = 100 µm.

FIGURES 1–8 in Pyrisinellidae, a new family of anascan cheilostome bryozoans

FIGURES 1–8. Pyrisinella meniscacantha (Taylor & McKinney, 2006) n. comb, Cretaceous, Maastrichtian, Prairie Bluff Chalk, Livingston, Alabama, USA 1. view of colony, NHM BZ 4796 (1a), holotype, scale bar = 500 µm; 2. same, ancestrula and early astogeny showing overgrowth of some early zooids at centre, scale bar = 100 µm; 3. same, close-up of a nonovicellate autozooid, scale bar = 100 µm; 4. same, ovicellate autozooids and avicularia, scale bar = 100 µm; 5. close-up of two autozooids and interzooidal avicularium, showing the trifoliate opesia and six orificial spine bases, NHM BZ 4796 (1b), paratype, scale bar = 100 µm; 6. close-up of ovicell and avicularium, NHM BZ 4796 (1a), holotype, scale bar = 100 µm; 7. same, stepped edge of colony with some incomplete buds, pore windows and closure plates visible along the margin, scale bar = 200 µm; 8. same, intramural bud, scale bar = 100 µm.

FIGURES 19−22 in Pyrisinellidae, a new family of anascan cheilostome bryozoans

FIGURES 19−22. Setosinella prolifica Canu & Bassler, 1933, NHML D33347, Paleocene, Vincentown Limesand, Vincentown, New Jersey, USA. 19. view of colony encrusting another bryozoan, scale bar = 100 µm; 20. ovicellate and nonovicellate autozooids, scale bar = 100 µm; 21. close-up of an interzooidal avicularium, scale bar = 20 µm; 22. close-up of a zooid showing two small circular opesiules, scale bar = 20 µm.

FIGURES 27−30 in Pyrisinellidae, a new family of anascan cheilostome bryozoans

FIGURES 27−30. Setosinella orbiculata (Canu & Bassler, 1920) n. comb., NHML D34666, Eocene, Priabonian, Ocala Limestone, Bainbridge, Georgia, USA. 27. view of part of the colony, scale bar = 200 µm; 28. ovicellate autozooids and interzooidal avicularia, scale bar = 100 µm; 29. close-up of two ovicellate autozooids and interzooidal avicularium, scale bar = 100 µm; 30. poorly preserved early astogenetic stages, scale bar = 100 µm.