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Fig. 10 in Diversity and host associations of Myrsidea chewing lice (Phthiraptera: Menoponidae) in the tropical rainforest of Malaysian Borneo

Fig. 10. Tanglegram of phylogenies of Bornean avian host (left) and associated Myrsidea lice (right) studied. Colored circles above nodes indicate cospeciation events recovered from Jane (they correspond to 83% of the solutions with p-value of 0.001). Arrow indicates a host switching event recovered by Jane. Red lines indicate significant host-parasite links estimated by the ParaFitLink1 test.

Fig. 7 in Diversity and host associations of Myrsidea chewing lice (Phthiraptera: Menoponidae) in the tropical rainforest of Malaysian Borneo

Fig. 7. Habitus. Myrsidea ramoni sp.n. A-B, holotype female (A), paratype male (B). Myrsidea victoriae sp.n. C-D, holotype female (C), paratype male (D).

Fig. 6 in Diversity and host associations of Myrsidea chewing lice (Phthiraptera: Menoponidae) in the tropical rainforest of Malaysian Borneo

Fig. 6. Habitus. Myrsidea carmenae sp.n. A-B, holotype female (A), paratype male (B). Myrsidea franciscae sp.n. C-D, holotype female (C), paratype male (D).

Fig. 8 in Diversity and host associations of Myrsidea chewing lice (Phthiraptera: Menoponidae) in the tropical rainforest of Malaysian Borneo

Fig. 8. Bayesian phylogeny of Bornean Myrsidea studied based on analysis of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and elongation factor-1α (EF- 1α) genes. Outgroup taxon was removed from this figure for readability. Hosts belong to family Pycnonotydae are indicated on the right.

Fig. 4 in Diversity and host associations of Myrsidea chewing lice (Phthiraptera: Menoponidae) in the tropical rainforest of Malaysian Borneo

Fig. 4. Myrsidea ramoni sp.n. A, dorso-ventral view of female thorax and abdomen; B, head shape; C, dorsal view of male abdomen; D, male metasternal plate and sternites I–II; E, male genital sac sclerite.

Fig. 3 in Diversity and host associations of Myrsidea chewing lice (Phthiraptera: Menoponidae) in the tropical rainforest of Malaysian Borneo

Fig. 3. Myrsidea franciscae sp.n. A, dorso-ventral view of female thorax and abdomen; B, head shape; C, male metasternal plate and sternites I–II; D, male genital sac sclerite.

Fig. 2 in Diversity and host associations of Myrsidea chewing lice (Phthiraptera: Menoponidae) in the tropical rainforest of Malaysian Borneo

Fig. 2. Myrsidea carmenae sp.n. A, dorso-ventral view of female thorax and abdomen; B, head shape; C, male metasternal plate and sternites I–II; D, male genital sac sclerites.

Fig. 5 in Diversity and host associations of Myrsidea chewing lice (Phthiraptera: Menoponidae) in the tropical rainforest of Malaysian Borneo

Fig. 5. Myrsidea victoriae sp.n. A–D, dorso-ventral view of female thorax and abdomen (A), head shape (B), male metasternal plate and sternites I–II (C), male genital sac sclerite (D); Myrsidea macronoi E, male genital sac sclerite.

Fig. 1 in Diversity and host associations of Myrsidea chewing lice (Phthiraptera: Menoponidae) in the tropical rainforest of Malaysian Borneo

Fig. 1. Map of sampling localities (black dots) in the Yayasan Sabah Forest Management Area, Malaysian Borneo.

Fig. 3 in Reconstruction of the cranial musculature of the paraceratheriid rhinocerotoid Pappaceras meiomenus and inferences of its feeding and chewing habits

Fig. 3. Mandible of the paraceratheriid rhinocerotoid Pappaceras meiomenus H.B. Wang, Bai, Meng, and Y.Q. Wang, 2016 (AMNH 26677) from the late Early Eocene Arshanto Formation, Erlian Basin, Nei Mongol, China, in medial (A) and lateral (B) views. A1, B1, photographs, A2, B2, interpretations of muscular attachment.

Fig. 1 in Reconstruction of the cranial musculature of the paraceratheriid rhinocerotoid Pappaceras meiomenus and inferences of its feeding and chewing habits

Fig. 1. Extant phylogenetic bracket (EPB) from which the cranial muscles in Pappaceras meiomenus are hypothesized. A. Simplified phylogeny of perissodactyls based on recent studies (Rose et al. 2014; Wang et al. 2016). B. Data for cranial muscles from extant perissodactyls, mainly taken from Beddard and Treves (1898), Boas and Paulli (1908), Sisson (1914), Gregory (1920), Bressou (1961), Witmer et al. (1999), Clifford (2003) and Bernardes et al. (2013). Solid rectangles denote the presence of references regarding certain muscle in extant perissodactyls, whereas open rectangles indicate a lack of references.

Fig. 5 in Reconstruction of the cranial musculature of the paraceratheriid rhinocerotoid Pappaceras meiomenus and inferences of its feeding and chewing habits

Fig. 5. Morphology of craniomandibular articulation in hyracodontids, Pappaceras, and rhinocerotids. A. Hyracodontid Hyracodon nebraskensis Leidy, 1850 (AMNH 12460) from Oligocene of Nebraska, USA. Cranium in lateroventral view (A1); right mandible in medial (A2) and dorsoposterior (A3) views. B. Paraceratheriid Pappaceras meiomenus H.B. Wang, Bai, Meng, and Y.Q. Wang, 2016 (IVPP V20254) from the late Early Eocene Arshanto Formation, Erlian Basin, Nei Mongol, China; cranium in ventral view. C. Paraceratheriid Pappaceras confluens Wood, 1963 (AMNH 26660) from the late Early Eocene Arshanto Formation, Erlian Basin, Nei Mongol, China; left mandible in medial (C1) and dorsoposterior (C2) views. D. Rhinocerotid Subhyracodon occidentalis Leidy, 1850 (AMNH 534) from Oligocene of South Dakota, USA; cranium in lateroventral view (D1), mandibles in lateral (D2) and dorsoposterior (D3) views.

Fig. 4 in Reconstruction of the cranial musculature of the paraceratheriid rhinocerotoid Pappaceras meiomenus and inferences of its feeding and chewing habits

Fig. 4. Illustration of the cranial muscles in the paraceratheriid rhinocerotoid Pappaceras meiomenus in lateral view. A. Illustration of the cranium base on Wang et al. (2016). B. Interpretation of the reconstructed musculature; shaded area shows position of several facial muscles relative to the nose and lips.

Fig. 6 in Reconstruction of the cranial musculature of the paraceratheriid rhinocerotoid Pappaceras meiomenus and inferences of its feeding and chewing habits

Fig. 6. Reconstruction of the skull of the paraceratheriid rhinocerotoid Pappaceras meiomenus H.B. Wang, Bai, Meng, and Y.Q. Wang, 2016, from the late Early Eocene of China.

Fig. 2 in Reconstruction of the cranial musculature of the paraceratheriid rhinocerotoid Pappaceras meiomenus and inferences of its feeding and chewing habits

Fig. 2. Surface model of the cranium of the paraceratheriid rhinocerotoid Pappaceras meiomenus H.B. Wang, Bai, Meng, and Y.Q. Wang, 2016 (IVPP V20254) from the late Early Eocene Arshanto Formation, Erlian Basin, Nei Mongol, China, in lateral (A) and ventral (B) views.

Fig. 2. Pancola ailurus n in Morphological and molecular evidence reveals a new species of chewing louse Pancola ailurus n. sp. (Phthiraptera: Trichodectidae) from the endangered Chinese red panda Ailurus styani

Fig. 2. Pancola ailurus n. sp. (A) Male Pancola ailurus n. sp., habitus (dorsal morphology to the left of the midline, ventral morphology to the right) (B) Female Pancola ailurus n. sp., habitus (dorsal morphology to the left of the midline, ventral morphology to the right) (C) Meso-metasternal plate of Pancola ailurus n. sp. (D) Male genitalia (E) Female genitalia.

Fig. 3 in Morphological and molecular evidence reveals a new species of chewing louse Pancola ailurus n. sp. (Phthiraptera: Trichodectidae) from the endangered Chinese red panda Ailurus styani

Fig. 3. Phylogenetic trees based on the partial mitochondrial (cox1 and 12S rRNA) sequences of Trichodectidae and Bovicoliidae species using Maximum Likelihood (ML). The bootstrap frequencies (Bf) were shown on each node.

Fig. 4 in Morphological and molecular evidence reveals a new species of chewing louse Pancola ailurus n. sp. (Phthiraptera: Trichodectidae) from the endangered Chinese red panda Ailurus styani

Fig. 4. Divergence time and Bayesian analysis based on the partial cox1 sequence of Trichodectidae and Bovicoliidae species using Beast v.1.10.4 with Liposcelis bostrichophila as the outgroup.

Fig. 1 in Morphological and molecular evidence reveals a new species of chewing louse Pancola ailurus n. sp. (Phthiraptera: Trichodectidae) from the endangered Chinese red panda Ailurus styani

Fig. 1. Chinese red panda Ailurus styani and the lice collected from its surface. (A) the Chinese red panda from Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Chengdu County, Sichuan Province, China (N30.743◦, E104.150◦) (B) the abdomen of male Pancola ailurus (C) the back of male P. ailurus (D) the back of female P. ailurus (E) the abdomen of female P. ailurus.