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opencc-by-4.0Dec 2014View details →

Figure 2 in Spinal deformities in Amazon sailfin catfish Pterygoplichthys pardalis (Siluriformes: Locariidae), an introduced fish in the Palizada River (Southeastern Mexico)

Figure 2. - Lateral view of deformed Amazon sailfin catfish Pterygoplichthys pardalis from the Palizada River, Campeche (Mexico). A: Kyphosis; B: Scoliosis.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2014View details →

Figure 3. - Dorsal view X in Spinal deformities in Amazon sailfin catfish Pterygoplichthys pardalis (Siluriformes: Locariidae), an introduced fish in the Palizada River (Southeastern Mexico)

Figure 3. - Dorsal view X-ray radiographs of deformed Amazon sailfin catfish Pterygoplichthys pardalis from the Palizada River, Campeche (Mexico). A: Normal specimen; B: Specimen with scoliosis; C: Specimen with kyphosis-scoliosis.

Fig. 1 in Epidemiology of a major honey bee pathogen, deformed wing virus: potential worldwide replacement of genotype A by genotype B

Fig. 1. Relative proportion of DWV genotype A and B reads in publicly available NCBI transcriptome datasets of honey bees, V. destructor mites and bumble bees.

Fig. 2 in Epidemiology of a major honey bee pathogen, deformed wing virus: potential worldwide replacement of genotype A by genotype B

Fig. 2. First published records of DWV genotype B in Varroa destructor (closed box) or in Apis mellifera (red boxes: pre-2010; open boxes: 2010 onwards) from a country or geographic region; citations are in Table 3. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 4 in Epidemiology of a major honey bee pathogen, deformed wing virus: potential worldwide replacement of genotype A by genotype B

Fig. 4. Temporal change in the proportion of DWV-A to DWV-B across our own datasets (a) (prevalence in Fig. 3); in published datasets (b) (UK data in Kevill et al. (2021); continental USA data in Ryabov et al. (2017); and Hawaii data in Grindrod et al. (2021)); and (c) in NCBI NGS honey bee datasets of Fig. 1 presented by geographic origin.

Fig. 3 in Epidemiology of a major honey bee pathogen, deformed wing virus: potential worldwide replacement of genotype A by genotype B

Fig. 3. Temporal change in the prevalence of DWV-A and DWV-B in honey bees in three original datasets separated by 5–6 years from the same sampling localities in the UK (individual honey bees collected at flowers), Germany (pooled honey bees from collapsing colonies) and Italy (NGS reads from pooled or individual honey bees); Germany 2019 samples were summed 2019–2020; Italy 2011 samples were summed 2009–2013 and Italy 2019 samples were summed 2018–2020.

FIGURE 5 in Morphology and sediment deformation of downslope Brasilichnium trackways on a dune slipface in the Nugget Sandstone of northeastern Utah, USA

FIGURE 5. Composite photograph of the track-bearing surface of DNM 490. The crests of wind ripples are evident, especially near the center of the image, and provide a good indication of the primary dip direction of the slope of the dune. Scale bars equal 10 cm. Center scale bar distorted by photo stitching process.

FIGURE 8. Transverse trackway from locality 490 in Morphology and sediment deformation of downslope Brasilichnium trackways on a dune slipface in the Nugget Sandstone of northeastern Utah, USA

FIGURE 8. Transverse trackway from locality 490, in sections. These are enlargements of sections of the composite photo in Figure 7. Sections do not overlap, but do abut one another. 1, left side of trackway (cf. with Figure 6) is the top section. 2, the next section in the trackway, adjacent to and to the right of Figure 8.1. 3, the next section in the trackway, adjacent to and to the right of Figure 8.2. Scale bars equal 5 cm.

FIGURE 12 in Morphology and sediment deformation of downslope Brasilichnium trackways on a dune slipface in the Nugget Sandstone of northeastern Utah, USA

FIGURE 12. Segment of the trackway along the right side of UUIC 1873 that shows closely spaced tracks. The location of this figure is indicated by the large rectangle in Figure 3. Note also the impressions of digits on two of the tracks and the smaller anterior platforms of the manus tracks immediately anterior to the pes tracks.

FIGURE 4 in Morphology and sediment deformation of downslope Brasilichnium trackways on a dune slipface in the Nugget Sandstone of northeastern Utah, USA

FIGURE 4. Distant and near views of locality DNM 490. 1, site as approached from the southeast. Arrow points to track bearing surface. 2, the track surface of 490 is the large bedding plane surface on the erosional remnant of Nugget Sandstone.

FIGURE 1. UUIC 1873 in Morphology and sediment deformation of downslope Brasilichnium trackways on a dune slipface in the Nugget Sandstone of northeastern Utah, USA

FIGURE 1. UUIC 1873, slab of Nugget Sandstone bearing multiple trackways. 1, the slab as it is exhibited in the halls of the Frederick Albert Sutton Building of the University of Utah in Salt Lake City. 2, image of the slab rotated 150o clockwise to show the trackways in their original orientation. Scale bars equal 10 cm.

FIGURE 11 in Morphology and sediment deformation of downslope Brasilichnium trackways on a dune slipface in the Nugget Sandstone of northeastern Utah, USA

FIGURE 11. Detail of a track from the downslope trackway along the right side of UUIC 1873. The location of this figure is indicated by the small rectangle in Figure 3. Note the anterior platform, the posterior, slumped depression, and the small space for the foot filled with lighter colored sand.

FIGURE 13 in Morphology and sediment deformation of downslope Brasilichnium trackways on a dune slipface in the Nugget Sandstone of northeastern Utah, USA

FIGURE 13. Reproduction of part of the photograph from Buss (1921). The original figure has been cropped to show only the Brasilichnium trackway and rotated 180o to show the tracks in what we interpret to be their original vertical orientation. No scale in photo, but based on Buss' description, the block is slightly less than 1 m.

FIGURE 10. Transverse trackway from locality 490 in Morphology and sediment deformation of downslope Brasilichnium trackways on a dune slipface in the Nugget Sandstone of northeastern Utah, USA

FIGURE 10. Transverse trackway from locality 490, in sections. These are enlargements of sections of the composite photo in Figure 7. Sections do not overlap, but do abut one another. 1, the next section in the trackway, adjacent to, and to the right of Figure 9.3. 2, the next section in the trackway, adjacent to and to the right of Figure 10.1. Scale bar equals 5 cm.

FIGURE 7 in Morphology and sediment deformation of downslope Brasilichnium trackways on a dune slipface in the Nugget Sandstone of northeastern Utah, USA

FIGURE 7. Composite image of the long transverse trackway at DNM 490 presented in 3 parts and the entire trackway. In each case, the trackway is oriented so that left (west) end is to top of page and upslope is to right of page. 1, left (west) end of the trackway. 2, section of the trackway adjacent to and to the right (east) of the section in Figure 7.1. 3, section of the trackway adjacent to and to the right (east) of the section in Figure 7.2. 4, the entire composite image of the trackway. Scale bars equal 10 cm.

FIGURE 6 in Morphology and sediment deformation of downslope Brasilichnium trackways on a dune slipface in the Nugget Sandstone of northeastern Utah, USA

FIGURE 6. Map of 490, based on composite photo in Figure 5. Scale bar equals 10 cm in 5 cm increments.

FIGURE 9. Transverse trackway from locality 490 in Morphology and sediment deformation of downslope Brasilichnium trackways on a dune slipface in the Nugget Sandstone of northeastern Utah, USA

FIGURE 9. Transverse trackway from locality 490, in sections. These are enlargements of sections of the composite photo in Figure 7. Sections do not overlap, but do abut one another. 1, the next section in the trackway, adjacent to and to the right of Figure 8.3. 2, the next section in the trackway, adjacent to and to the right of Figure 9.1. 3, the next section in the trackway, adjacent to and to the right of Figure 9.2. Scale bars equal 5 cm.

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2024View details →

Training data set for: Graph Neural Network based elastic deformation emulators for magmatic reservoirs of complex geometries

<h2>Overview</h2> This is a synthetic volcano deformation dataset accompanying the publication of Graph Neural Network based elastic deformation emulators for magmatic reservoirs of complex geometries, on the journal Volcanica. Synthetic, quasi-static deformation is computed for magma chambers of various geometries, parameterized as spheroids or superpositions of spherical harmonics. Surface deformation is computed using the boundary element method (BEM) of Nikkhoo & Walter (2015). Please reference our paper for details of computational methods. The dataset contains 50,000 realizations of magma chamber geometries/orientations/centroid depths and associated deformation fields. Surface deformation fields are sampled at discrete locations, with a uniform random distribution within [Lh x Lh], and a distribution that concentrates near the chamber (at radial distances, r = 10^(-3  random number) * Lh/2). Note this dataset contains only a small fraction of the total dataset. In total, 824,393 realizations of magma chambers were used to train our emulators. For accessing the complete training data set, please contact the authors.  Each .mat file contains the deformation field associated with a single chamber geometry. Use visData.m to visualize chamber geometry and associated surface displacement. Each file contains two MATLAB structures, "input" and "output".  <h2>Naming of each zip file</h2> The numbers after the underscore, N:M, indicate that this file contains N of the M total chamber realizations for this particular setup.  <a href="../api/records/13800065/draft/files/sph_20AspRatios_1e4:151211.zip.zip/content" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">sph_20AspRatios_1e4:151211.zip</a>: deformation corresponding to spheroidal magma chambers parameterized by aspect ratios.  <a href="../api/records/13800065/draft/files/sh_complex_1e4:152283.zip/content" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">sh_complex_1e4:152283.zip</a>: deformation corresponding to chamber geometry produced by superposition of spherical harmonic modes.  <a href="../api/records/13800065/draft/files/sh_mode_approx_1e4:138380.zip/content" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">sh_mode_approx_1e4:138380.zip</a>: deformation corresponding to chamber geometries corresponding to individual spherical harmonic modes, combined with a spherical mode (the spherical mode prevents chamber surfaces from having zero radii locally) <a href="../api/records/13800065/draft/files/sh_spheroid_approx1e4:202272.zip/content" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">sh_spheroid_approx1e4:202272.zip</a>: deformation corresponding to chambers approximating spheroids, but parameterized by spherical harmonics. <a href="../api/records/13800065/draft/files/sh_spheroid_perturb_1e4:180247.zip/content" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">sh_spheroid_perturb_1e4:180247.zip</a>: same as above, but with additional random perturbations parameterized in spherical harmonics. <h2>Variables in each file</h2> Input contains the following fields: dp2mu: pressure change to shear modulus ratio. dx, dy, dz: the coordinates of chamber centroid [meters] mu: dimensionless crustal shear modulus (always set to 1) nu: crustal Poisson's ratio (always set to 0.25) Ns: number of points on the surface where displacements are computed Lh, Lv: horizontal and vertical dimensions of the model domain [meters]. Lh is determined such that at the edge of the model domain, the displacement magnitude is below 10 percent of the maximum. Lv = Lh/2 + abs(dz) for the spheroids ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- the input files contain asp: aspect ratio of chamber (length of the semi-major axis divided by that of the semi-minor axis) ra, rb: semi-major, -minor, axis length [meters] thetax, thetay, thetaz: counterclockwise rotation angles with regard to x, y, z axis [degrees]. thetax = [0, 90] degrees, thetay = 0 degrees, thetaz = 360 degrees. for the general geometries-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- the input files contain ls, ms, fs: degree, order, coefficients of spherical harmonic modes. Spherical harmonics are sampled up to degree 5. fs is a complex vector of coefficients such that the resulting shape is real.  normF: normalization factor applied to the shape parameterized by ls, ms, fs, such that the shape as a maximum radius of unity. rmax: scale factor to scale the spherical harmonics parameterized shape to real dimensions [meters]. ============================================================================================= Output contains the following fields, X, Y, Z: coordinates of points where displacement vectors are computed [meters] Ux, Uy, Uz: displacements in x, y, z directions [meters] P, T: coordinates [meters] of vertices for the triangular mesh used in BEM calculation, and the connectivity matrix  C: coordinates [meters] of the center of each triangular element that, dhat, nhat: unit vectors for orthogonal coordinate systems local to each triangular element. that ("t-hat") extends from vertex one to vertex two, nhat is outward normal, and dhat = cross (nhat, that). Reference: 1. Nikkhoo, M., & Walter, T. R. (2015). Triangular dislocation: an analytical, artefact-free solution. Geophysical Journal International, 201(2), 1119-1141.

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2024View details →

The surface deformation induced by thermal expansion of bedrock, based on the the uniform elastic sphere model

The surface deformation induced by thermal expansion of bedrock(TEB), based on the the uniform elastic sphere model  in the manuscript submitted to JGR: Solid Earth, including: 1. Input data of TEB model: Spherical harmonics coefficients of land surface temperature: Cosine terms (detrended); Sine terms (detrended)  (The coefficients are based on temperature data provided by Physical Sciences Laboratory (PSL) of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; https://psl.noaa.gov/data/gridded/data.cpc.globaltemp.html) 2. Output data of TEB model:  The 3-dimensional TEB displacements  on the 0.5°×0.5°global grid: annual variations of East, North, Up components