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Data on the taxon and morpho-specific year-round diet and endozoochorous seed dispersal of the world's largest grouse, the Capercaillie Tetrao urogallus
<p><span>Here we present the quantitative data from our original high-resolution taxon- and morpho-specific dietary study based on cuticle microhistological analyses of food remains from the feces of Western Capercaillies <em>Tetrao urogallus</em>. By providing integrative quantitative dietary data based on the functional classification of different plant parts representing 49 kinds of plant food items from four major food categories (</span><span>leaves, buds, inflorescences, and fruits</span><span>), and intact seeds, arthropods, and mineral particles (grit), our dataset has potential applications in dietary studies, dispersal capabilities, and the reintroduction biology of gallinaceous birds. </span><span><span> </span></span></p>
The name of the game: Palaeoproteomics and radiocarbon dates further refine the presence and dispersal of caprines in Eastern and Southern Africa
<p><span>We report the first large-scale palaeoproteomics research on eastern and southern African zooarchaeological samples, thereby refining our understanding of early caprine (sheep and goat) pastoralism in Africa. Assessing caprine introductions is a complicated task because of their skeletal similarity to endemic wild bovid species and the sparse and fragmentary state of relevant archaeological remains. Palaeoproteomics has previously proved effective in clarifying species attributions in African zooarchaeological materials, but few comparative protein sequences of wild bovid species have been available. Using newly generated collagen type I sequences for wild species, as well as previously published sequences, we assess species attributions for elements originally identified as caprine or "unidentifiable bovid" from seventeen eastern and southern African sites that span seven millennia. We identified over 70% of the archaeological remains and the direct radiocarbon dating of domesticate specimens allows refinement of the chronology of caprine presence in both African regions. These results thus confirm earlier occurrences in eastern Africa and the systematic association of domesticated caprines with wild bovids at all archaeological sites. The combined biomolecular approach highlights repeatability and accuracy of the methods for conclusive contribution in species attribution of archaeological remains in dry African environments.</span></p>
Fig. 4 in Comparative Biology Of Cave-Dwelling Spitting Spiders (Araneae: Scytodidae): Parental Care, Cooperative Prey-Capture, Cannibalism, Natal Dispersal And Reproductive Behaviour
Fig. 4. Scytodid egg-sac. (A) Typical egg-sac of Scytodes cavernarum, S. fusca and the Philippines Scytodes sp. 2; and (B) Scytodes magna egg-sac. Note the denser silk surrounding the eggs of S. magna.
Fig. 8 in Comparative Biology Of Cave-Dwelling Spitting Spiders (Araneae: Scytodidae): Parental Care, Cooperative Prey-Capture, Cannibalism, Natal Dispersal And Reproductive Behaviour
Fig. 8. Reproductive traits of five cave species of scytodids. (A) Mean (± S.E.) total number of spiderlings per female; (B) mean (± S.E.) egg hatching time (d); (C) mean (± S.E.) interval (d) between clutches; (D) mean (± S.E.) interval (d) between hatching and the next egg-sac production; (E) mean (± S.E.) number of clutches; and (F) mean (± S.E.) number of spiderlings per clutch. Different lower cases indicate significant differences.
Fig. 3 in Comparative Biology Of Cave-Dwelling Spitting Spiders (Araneae: Scytodidae): Parental Care, Cooperative Prey-Capture, Cannibalism, Natal Dispersal And Reproductive Behaviour
Fig. 3. Maternal care of egg-sacs in spitting spiders. (A) Scytodes fusca female carrying her egg-sac in her chelicerae. (B) Guangxi Scyloxes sp. 1 female on the surface of the outer cave walls, staying close to her egg-sac. The egg-sac is suspended by two to three threads. (C) Web constructed by S. magna female. Her egg-sac is suspended by a few threads at the centre of the web.
Fig. 2 in Comparative Biology Of Cave-Dwelling Spitting Spiders (Araneae: Scytodidae): Parental Care, Cooperative Prey-Capture, Cannibalism, Natal Dispersal And Reproductive Behaviour
Fig. 2. The 'cage within a cage' set-up for studying the natal dispersal patterns of scytodid spiders. Modified from Ruttan (1990).
Fig. 1 in Comparative Biology Of Cave-Dwelling Spitting Spiders (Araneae: Scytodidae): Parental Care, Cooperative Prey-Capture, Cannibalism, Natal Dispersal And Reproductive Behaviour
Fig. 1. Four species of cave scytodid spiders. (A) female and (B) male Scytodes magna, body length = 10.5 mm; (C) female and (D) male S. fusca, body length = 5.8 mm; (E) female Philippines Scytodes sp. 2, body length = 5.6mm; and (F) female S. cavernarum, body length = 5.3 mm.
Fig. 6 in Comparative Biology Of Cave-Dwelling Spitting Spiders (Araneae: Scytodidae): Parental Care, Cooperative Prey-Capture, Cannibalism, Natal Dispersal And Reproductive Behaviour
Fig. 6. Newly emerged Guangxi Scyloxes sp. 1 spiderlings spread out on the sparse silk nest, and female feeding on house fly alone. Body length of adult female = 11.5 mm.
Fig. 7 in Comparative Biology Of Cave-Dwelling Spitting Spiders (Araneae: Scytodidae): Parental Care, Cooperative Prey-Capture, Cannibalism, Natal Dispersal And Reproductive Behaviour
Fig. 7. Relationship between the days in which spiderlings dispersed and spiderling mass in five cave scytodid species. (A) Scytodes fusca; (B) S. carvernarum; (C) Philippines Scytodes sp. 2.; (D) S. magna; and (E) Guangxi Scyloxes sp. 1.
Fig. 1 in Evidence That Salt Water May Not Be A Barrier To The Dispersal Of Asian Freshwater Crabs (Decapoda: Brachyura: Gecarcinucidae And Potamidae)
Fig. 1. Hemolymph osmolality of three experimental groups (A–C) of Esanthelphusa dugasti (Gecarcinucidae) held for up to 9 days in deep 30 cm fresh water and in 22 and 30 ppt salt water. Line with diamonds = water osmolality. Columns = hemolymph osmolality, light = sub-adults; dark = juveniles; error bars = standard deviation. The x-axis shows the number of days that crabs were subjected to a particular salinity. A. Sub-adults in fresh water (n = 27 and 24, respectively). B. Juveniles in 22 ppt salt water (n = 25). C. Sub-adults (n = 22 and 8, respectively) and juveniles (n = 12) in 30 ppt water. Dark horizontal bar = salinity at which hemolymph is hyperosmotic to the external water.
Fig. 2 in Evidence That Salt Water May Not Be A Barrier To The Dispersal Of Asian Freshwater Crabs (Decapoda: Brachyura: Gecarcinucidae And Potamidae)
Fig. 2. Hemolymph osmolality of adult Eosamon smithianum (Potamidae) held for up to 9 days in deep 30 cm fresh water and in 22, 25, and 30 ppt salt water. Line with diamonds = water osmolality. Columns = hemolymph osmolality, light = sub-adults; dark = juveniles; error bars = standard deviation. The x-axis shows the number of days that crabs were subjected to a particular salinity. Adults (n = 5) and juveniles (n = 17, 5) in fresh water ('baseline'), and in deep sea water at 22 ppt (n = 5, 1, respectively), 25 ppt (n = 5), and 30 ppt (n = 3). Dark horizontal bar = salinity at which the hemolymph is hyperosmotic to the external water.
Fig. 4 in Evidence That Salt Water May Not Be A Barrier To The Dispersal Of Asian Freshwater Crabs (Decapoda: Brachyura: Gecarcinucidae And Potamidae)
Fig. 4. Hemolymph osmolality of three experimental groups (A–C) of Eosamon smithianum (Potamidae) held in shallow 2.5 cm water of different salinities for up to 13 days. Line with diamonds = water osmolality. Columns = hemolymph osmolality, light = subadults; dark = juveniles; error bars = standard deviation. The x-axis shows the number of days that crabs were subjected to a particular salinity. A. Adults (n = 20, 15, 15, 12, respectively) and juveniles (n = 10, 5, 3, respectively) in fresh water. B. Adults (n = 16, 12, 10, respectively), juveniles (n= 12, 6, respectively) and hatchlings (n=12) in 22 ppt salt water. C. Adults in 28 ppt. salt water (n = 22, 20, 18, respectively). Dark horizontal bar = salinity at which the hemolymph is hyperosmotic to the external water.
Fig. 3 in Evidence That Salt Water May Not Be A Barrier To The Dispersal Of Asian Freshwater Crabs (Decapoda: Brachyura: Gecarcinucidae And Potamidae)
Fig. 3. Hemolymph osmolality of Esanthelphusa dugasti (Gecarcinucidae) in shallow 2.5 cm water at salinities of 0, 7, 13, 15, 22, 30 and 33 ppt. The x-axis shows the number of days (5, 9, or 13) that 7 groups of crabs (A–G) were subjected to a particular salinity. Line with diamonds = water osmolality. Columns = hemolymph osmolality, light = sub-adults; dark = juveniles; error bars = standard deviation. Hemolymph osmolality of: A, sub-adults (n = 24, 17, and 14, respectively), and juveniles (n = 20) in fresh water; B, sub-adults (n = 26, 10, 4, respectively) in 7 ppt salt water. C, subadults (n = 19 and 14) and juveniles (n = 10) in 13 ppt salt water. D, sub-adults in 15 ppt salt water (n = 25, 17 and 6, respectively). E, sub-adults (n = 20, 9, 6, respectively) and juveniles (n = 22) in 22 ppt salt water. F, sub-adults (n = 26, 7, 7, respectively) and juveniles (n = 19) in 30 ppt salt water. G, juveniles in 33 ppt salt water (n = 4, 2, respectively). Dark horizontal bar = salinities at which the hemolymph is hyperosmotic to the external water.
Characterizing juvenile dispersal dynamics of invasive barred owls: implications for management
<p>Characterizing natal dispersal can help manage the spread of invasive species expanding their ranges in response to land use and climate change. The Barred Owl (<em>Strix varia</em>) is a prominent example of an apex predator undergoing a rapid range expansion, having spread from eastern to western North America where it is now hyperabundant—threatening the Northern Spotted Owl (<em>S. occidentalis caurina</em>) with extinction and potentially endangering many other native species. We attached satellite tags to 31 Barred Owl juveniles at the southern leading edge of the Barred Owl's expanding range in California to characterize natal dispersal patterns and inform management. Juveniles traveled up to 100km from natal territories and experienced high mortality (annual survival = 0.204). At landscape scales, juveniles preferentially used forests, shrublands, and lower elevations during dispersal and avoided grasslands and burned areas. At finer scales, juveniles preferred shorter (younger) forests, lower elevations, and drainages, and avoided unforested areas. Our results suggest the Barred Owl range expansion is being driven primarily by high reproductive rates and densities despite low juvenile survival rates and dispersal through putatively suboptimal younger forests as a result of exclusion from high-quality habitat by territorial individuals. These findings also point to several strategies for conserving Spotted Owls and other native species in the Barred Owl's expanded range, including: (1) creating and maintaining Barred Owl-free reserves bounded by open or high-elevation areas; (2) creating reserves large enough to reduce immigration by long distance dispersers; and (3) removing Barred Owls from large riparian corridors. </p>
Synergistic polyploidization and long-distance dispersal enable the global diversification of yellowcresses (Rorippa, Brassicaceae)
<div> <strong>Aim</strong>: Long-distance dispersal (LDD) plays an important role in shaping the distribution of global biodiversity. Polyploidy could favor invasion and thereby facilitate LDD. However, how and to what extent polyploidy interacts with LDD is unclear. Here, we test the putative role of polyploidy in the global dispersal of <em>Rorippa</em> species.</div> <div> </div> <div> <strong>Location</strong>: Global.</div> <div> </div> <div> <strong>Time</strong> <strong>period</strong>: Late Miocene to present.</div> <div> </div> <div> <strong>Major taxa studied</strong>: <em>Rorippa</em>.</div> <div> </div> <div> <strong>Methods</strong>: We traced the biogeographic and speciation history for 17 diploids and 41 polyploids of <em>Rorippa</em> using variation from plastid genomes and multiple nuclear loci. The ploidy role in dispersal rate difference was demonstrated using trait-dependent biogeographic modeling.</div> <div> </div> <div> <strong>Results</strong>: LDD shaped the amphitropical disjunction of <em>Rorippa</em>, during which polyploids showed higher dispersal rates than those of diploids, with 5.6× increase under the best-fitted model. Five diploids and 21 polyploids were identified as products of transoceanic speciation events. Polyploidy-involved LDD was more common in terms of polyploidization following LDD than those preceding LDD.</div> <div> </div> <div> <strong>Main</strong> <strong>conclusions</strong>: We demonstrate that polyploidy would be not only a driver but also a responder of LDD in <em>Rorippa</em>, highlighting a synergistic relationship between them. Our results provide a framework to uncover the biogeographic consequences of polyploidization and the joint roles of polyploidy and LDD in shaping the distribution of biodiversity.</div>
Multigrid spatially constrained dispersion curve inversion package: towards distributed acoustic sensing surface wave imaging
<p>Surface wave methods, commonly applied in diverse fields, encounter challenges in complex subsurface environments due to limitations inherent in traditional inversion techniques. Conventional one-dimensional inversion (1DI), with its reliance on fixed grids and deterministic linear approaches, often introduces biases, diminishing lateral resolution. Laterally constrained inversion (LCI) improves robustness by addressing lateral coherency but falls short in delineating arbitrary interfaces due to its dependency on fixed grid models. The advent of Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) technology offers extensive seismic data, yet its potential for high-resolution imaging remains underutilized. We introduce a Multigrid Spatially Constrained Dispersion Curve Inversion (MCI) method to overcome these challenges, aiming to harness high-resolution DAS surface wave imaging capabilities. </p> <p>The package includes essential scripts and models required to replicate key figures from the study by Guan et al. (2023, currently under review). These codes are designed to help readers evaluate the effectiveness of the MCI approach using synthetic demonstrations. Additionally, the package includes a refined 2D Vs (shear wave velocity) model derived from a DAS (Distributed Acoustic Sensing) field study conducted in Imperial Valley, California. This model offers new insights into the regional fault system, underscoring the importance of enhanced spatial resolution in large-scale geophysical investigations.</p> <p>It is organized into three directories and contains a total of 14 files. The directory structure is as follows:<br>├── DAS field data<br>│ ├── Pltmodels.m<br>│ ├── README.txt<br>│ ├── field_models.pdf<br>│ ├── model_1DI.mat<br>│ ├── model_LCI.mat<br>│ └── model_MCI.mat<br>├── MCI_Main<br>│ ├── DisForward.p<br>│ ├── InvForward.p<br>│ ├── InvJacobian.p<br>│ ├── MCI.p<br>│ ├── readme.txt<br>│ └── whitejet3.m<br>└── Synthetic demos<br> ├── MCI_Main.m<br> └── syndata.mat</p>
Rare, long-distance dispersal underpins genetic connectivity in the pink sea fan, Eunicella verrucosa
<p>Characterising patterns of genetic connectivity in marine species is of critical importance given the anthropogenic pressures placed on the marine environment. For sessile species, population connectivity can be shaped by many processes, such as pelagic larval duration, oceanographic boundaries, and currents. This study combines restriction-site associated DNA sequencing (RADseq) and passive particle dispersal modelling to delineate patterns of population connectivity in the pink sea fan, <em>Eunicella verrucosa, </em>a temperate octocoral. Individuals were sampled from 20 sites covering most of the species' northeast Atlantic range, and a site in the northwest Mediterranean Sea to inform on connectivity across the Atlantic-Mediterranean transition. Using 7,510 neutral SNPs, a geographic cline of genetic clusters was detected, partitioning into: Ireland, Britain, France, Spain (Atlantic), and Portugal and Spain (Mediterranean). Evidence of significant inbreeding was detected at all sites, a finding not detected in a previous study of this species based on microsatellite loci. Genetic connectivity was characterised by an isolation by distance pattern (IBD) (<em>r<sup>2</sup></em> = 0.78, <em>p</em><0.001), which persisted across the Mediterranean-Atlantic boundary. In contrast, exploration of ancestral population assignment using the program ADMIXTURE indicated genetic partitioning across the Bay of Biscay, which we suggest represents a natural break in the species' range, possibly linked to a lack of suitable habitat. As the pelagic larval duration (PLD) is unknown, passive particle dispersal simulations were run for 14 and 21 days. For both modelled PLDs, inter-annual variations in particle trajectories suggested that in a long-lived, sessile species, range-wide IBD is driven by rare, longer dispersal events which act to maintain gene flow. These results suggest that oceanographic patterns may facilitate range-wide stepping-stone genetic connectivity in <em>E. verrucosa</em>, and highlight that both oceanography and natural breaks in a species' range should be considered in the designation of ecologically coherent MPA networks.</p>
Text-fig. 5. Lauraceae, Platanaceae, Cercidiphyllaceae/Trochodendraceae. a: Sassafras hespera with 2 lobes, UAPC-ALTA S6556. b: cf. Lindera leaf. UAPC-ALTA S 67687. c: Macginitiea gracilis, UAPC-ALTA S 25748. d: Macginicarpa capitulum showing florets grouped in fives, UAPC-ALTA S 59507. e, g: Platanaceous fruitlets with basal tufts of dispersal hairs, UAPC-ALTA S 25748B, S S275238. f: Macginicarpa infructesence with five attached capitula, UAPC-ALTA S 59507A. h: Leaf similar to Populus and Trochodendroides, BBM-PAL-P000010. i: Leaf similar to Populus and Trochodendroides, UAPC-ALTA S 59516. j: cf. Trochodendroides, UAPC-ALTA S 59516. k: Jenkinsella infructesence; Figured in Penhallow 1908, plate 33. l: cf. Leaf similar to Cercidiphyllum and Trochodendroides, BBM-PAL-P000010. Scale bars: a–c, f, h, j, l = 2 cm, d, i, k = 1 cm, e, g = 0.5 cm. in The Early Eocene Flora Of Horsefly, British Columbia, Canada And Its Phytogeographic Significance
Text-fig. 5. Lauraceae, Platanaceae, Cercidiphyllaceae/Trochodendraceae. a: Sassafras hespera with 2 lobes, UAPC-ALTA S6556. b: cf. Lindera leaf. UAPC-ALTA S 67687. c: Macginitiea gracilis, UAPC-ALTA S 25748. d: Macginicarpa capitulum showing florets grouped in fives, UAPC-ALTA S 59507. e, g: Platanaceous fruitlets with basal tufts of dispersal hairs, UAPC-ALTA S 25748B, S S275238. f: Macginicarpa infructesence with five attached capitula, UAPC-ALTA S 59507A. h: Leaf similar to Populus and Trochodendroides, BBM-PAL-P000010. i: Leaf similar to Populus and Trochodendroides, UAPC-ALTA S 59516. j: cf. Trochodendroides, UAPC-ALTA S 59516. k: Jenkinsella infructesence; Figured in Penhallow 1908, plate 33. l: cf. Leaf similar to Cercidiphyllum and Trochodendroides, BBM-PAL-P000010. Scale bars: a–c, f, h, j, l = 2 cm, d, i, k = 1 cm, e, g = 0.5 cm.
Climate and habitat type interact to influence contemporary dispersal potential in Prairie Smoke (Geum triflorum)
<p>Understanding dispersal potential, or the probability a species will move a given distance, under different environmental conditions is essential to predicting species' ability to move across the landscape and track shifting ecological niches. Two important drivers of dispersal ability are climatic differences and variation in local habitat type. Despite the likelihood these global drivers act simultaneously on plant populations, and thus dispersal potential is likely to change as a result, their combined effects on dispersal are rarely examined. To understand the effect of climate and varying habitat types on dispersal potential, we studied <em>Geum triflorum</em> - a perennial grassland species that spans a wide range of environments, including both prairie and alvar habitats. We explored how the climate of the growing season and habitat type (prairie vs alvar) interact to alter dispersal potential. We found a consistent interactive effect of climate and habitat type on dispersal potential. Across prairie populations, an increased number of growing degree days favored traits that increase dispersal potential, or the probability of dispersing farther distances. However, for alvar populations, dispersal potential tended to decrease as the number of growing degree days increase. Our findings suggest that under continued warming, populations in prairie habitats will benefit from increased gene flow, while alvar populations will become increasingly segregated, with reduced potential to track shifting fitness optima.</p>
FIGURE 4 in A new Megatheriinae skull (Xenarthra, Tardigrada) from the Pliocene of Northern Venezuela - implications for a giant sloth dispersal to Central and North America
FIGURE 4. Skulls of Bradypus marmoratus (sic) of the PIMUZ comparative collection in dorsal view; females on the left and males on the right, in three different sutural ages: 1 and 4, young adults (with most of the posterior sutures opened); 2 and 5, adults (with most of the posterior sutures closed but visible); and, 3 and 6, old adults (with most of the posterior sutures closed and not visible). In all the skulls the right temporal line was marked with a black line showing a great variation among sexes and ages.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.