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3,773 results for “divergence”
FIGURE 8 in Does polyxenous symbiosis promote sympatric divergence? A morphometric and phylogeographic approach based on Oxydromus okupa (Annelida, Polychaeta, Hesionidae)
FIGURE 8 Juvenile phases of Oxydromus okupa. A: The smallest exemplar collected in the study (0.96 mm long) at CH. B: A juvenile (1.10 mm long) found at CI. C: A juvenile (1.54 mm long) collected at CH.
A lack of genetic diversity and minimal adaptive evolutionary divergence in introduced Mysis shrimp after 50 years
<p>The successes of introduced populations in novel habitats often provide powerful examples of evolution and adaptation. In the 1950's, opossum shrimp (<em>Mysis diluviana</em>) individuals from Clearwater Lake in Minnesota, USA were transported and introduced to Twin Lakes in Colorado, USA by fisheries managers to supplement food sources for trout. Shrimp were subsequently introduced from Twin Lakes into numerous lakes throughout Colorado. Because managers kept detailed records of the timing of the introductions, we had the opportunity to test for evolutionary divergence within a known time interval. Here, we used reduced representation genomic data to investigate patterns of genetic diversity and test for genetic divergence between populations and for evidence of adaptive evolution within the introduced populations in Colorado. We found overall very low levels of genetic diversity across all populations, with evidence for some genetic divergence between the Minnesota source population and the introduced populations in Colorado. There was also little differentiation among the Colorado populations, consistent with the known provenance of a single founding population, with the exception of the population from Gross Reservoir, Colorado. Demographic modeling suggests that the population in Gross Reservoir is of hybrid origin, with an earlier founding population from an unknown source being later supplemented from another population. Despite the overall low genetic diversity we observed, F<sub>ST</sub> outlier and environmental association analyses identified multiple loci exhibiting signatures of selection and adaptive variation related to elevation and lake depth. The success of introduced species is thought to be limited by genetic variation, but our results imply that populations with limited genetic variation can become established in a wide range of novel environments.</p>
Divergence in reproductive behaviors is associated with the evolutionary loss of parental care
<p>The mechanisms underlying the divergence of reproductive strategies between closely-related species are still poorly understood. Additionally, it is unclear which selective factors drive the evolution of reproductive behavioral variation and how these traits coevolve, particularly during early divergence. To address these questions, we quantified behavioral differences in a recently diverged pair of Nova Scotian three-spined stickleback (<em>Gasterosteus aculeatus</em>) populations, which vary in parental care, with one population displaying paternal care and the other lacking this. We compared both populations, and a full reciprocal F1 hybrid cross, across four major reproductive stages: territoriality, nesting, courtship, and parenting. We identified significant divergence in a suite of heritable behaviors. Importantly, F1 hybrids exhibited a mix of behavioral patterns, some of which suggest sex-linkage. This system offers fresh insights into the coevolutionary dynamics of reproductive behaviors during early divergence and offers support for the hypothesis that coevolutionary feedback between sexual selection and parental care can drive rapid evolution of reproductive strategies.</p>
Directional epistasis is common in morphological divergence
<p>Epistasis is often portrayed as unimportant in evolution. While random patterns of epistasis may have limited effects on the response to selection, systematic directional epistasis can have substantial effects on evolutionary dynamics. Directional epistasis occurs when allelic substitutions that change a trait also modify the effects of allelic substitutions at other loci in a systematic direction. In this case, trait evolution may induce correlated changes in allelic effects and effective genetic variance (evolvability) that modify further evolution. Although theory thus suggests a potentially important role for directional epistasis in evolution, we still lack empirical evidence about its prevalence and magnitude. Using a new framework to estimate systematic patterns of epistasis from line-crosses experiments, we quantify its effects on 197 size-related traits from diverging natural populations in 24 animal and 17 plant species. We show that directional epistasis is common and tends to become stronger with increasing morphological divergence. In animals, most traits displayed negative directionality toward larger size, suggesting that epistasis constraints reducing evolvability toward larger size may be common. Dominance was also common and did not systematically alter the effects of epistasis.</p>
A minimal Fanconi Anemia complex in Early Diverging Fungi
<p>This dataset provides all the raw data used in the<strong> A minimal Fanconi Anemia complex in Early Diverging Fungi </strong>manuscript including:</p> <p><strong>Supplementary Table S1.</strong></p> <p>All protein identifiers, genomic assemblies, transcriptomic datasets, hypergeometric test values</p> <p><strong>Supplementary Materials SM1</strong></p> <p>The figures of phylogenetic trees for FA proteins.</p> <p><strong>Supplementary Dataset SD1.</strong></p> <p>The phylogenetic trees for FA proteins as a newick file format.</p>
Sensory weighting reflects changing patterns of visual investment during ecological divergence in Heliconius butterflies
<p>Integrating information across sensory modalities enables animals to orchestrate a wide range of complex behaviours. The relative importance placed on one sensory modality over another reflects the reliability of cues in a particular environment and corresponding differences in neural investment. As populations diverge across environmental gradients, the reliability of sensory cues may shift, favouring divergence in neural investment and sensory weighting. During their divergence across closed-forest and forest-edge habitats, <em>Heliconius </em>butterflies <em>H. cydno</em> and <em>H. melpomene </em>evolved distinct brain morphologies, with the former<em> </em>investing more in vision. Molecular and anatomical data suggest selection drove these changes, but their behavioural effects remain uncertain. We hypothesised that divergent investment in neuropils may alter sensory weighting during behavioural tasks. To address this, we trained individuals in an associative learning experiment using multimodal colour and odour cues. When positively rewarded stimuli were presented in conflict pairing positively trained colour with negatively trained odour, and vice-versa, <em>H. cydno</em> prioritised visual cues more strongly than <em>H. melpomene</em>. Hence, differences in sensory weighting may evolve early during divergence and are predicted by patterns of neural investment. These findings, alongside other examples, imply that differences in sensory weighting stem from sensory investment as adaptations to local sensory environments.</p>
Data from: Genomic landscapes of divergence among island bird populations: evidence of parallel adaptation but at different loci?
<p>When populations colonise new environments they may be exposed to novel selection pressures but also suffer from extensive genetic drift due to founder effects, small population sizes, and limited interpopulation gene flow. Genomic approaches enable us to study how these factors drive divergence, and disentangle neutral effects from differentiation at specific loci due to selection. Here, we investigate patterns of genetic diversity and divergence using whole-genome resequencing (> 22X coverage) in Berthelot's pipit (<em>Anthus berthelotii</em>), a passerine endemic to the islands of three north Atlantic archipelagos. Strong environmental gradients, including in pathogen pressure, across populations in the species range, make it an excellent system in which to explore traits important in adaptation and/or incipient speciation. Firstly, we quantify how genomic divergence accumulates across the speciation continuum, i.e., among Berthelot's pipit populations, between subspecies across archipelagos, and between Berthelot's pipit and its mainland ancestor, the tawny pipit (<em>Anthus campestris</em>). Across these colonisation timeframes (2.1 million – <em>ca.</em> 8,000 years ago), we identify highly differentiated loci within genomic islands of divergence and conclude that the observed distributions align with expectations for non-neutral divergence. Characteristic signatures of selection are identified in loci associated with craniofacial/bone and eye development, metabolism, and immune response between population comparisons. Interestingly, we find limited evidence for repeated divergence of the same loci across the colonisation range but do identify different loci putatively associated with the same biological traits in different populations, likely due to parallel adaptation. Incipient speciation across these island populations, in which founder effects and selective pressures are strong, may therefore be repeatedly associated with morphology, metabolism, and immune defence.</p>
Paleolithic Divergence and Multiple Neolithic Expansions of Ancestral Nomadic Emperor-related Paternal Lineages
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Selection on convergent functional traits drives compositional divergence in a tallgrass prairie restoration experiment
<p>1. Plant biodiversity is often partitioned into taxonomic diversity (species composition and abundance), phylogenetic diversity (breadth of evolutionary lineages) and functional diversity (resource‐use strategies or physical traits). Evaluating the effects and interplay of these dimensions can provide insights into how assembly processes drive compositional changes in plant communities. However, teasing apart the effects of different biodiversity dimensions is challenging in observational studies or retrospective analyses.</p> <p>2. To evaluate how plant phylogenetic and trait history shape community establishment and turnover in restoration of a species‐rich North American tallgrass prairie, we conducted an experiment with 127 species planted in assemblages representing three levels of phylogenetic diversity (PD) and two of functional trait diversity (FD), holding starting species richness (SR) fixed. We tested whether PD and FD of planted assemblages predicted species diversity, compositional turnover and selection on functional traits.</p> <p>3. Rank order of initial functional and phylogenetic diversity levels was maintained throughout the experiment, but neither diversity measure correlated positively with species richness by the end of the experiment. Phylogenetic and taxonomic beta diversity increased among all treatments. This increase in compositional beta diversity was associated with directional selection on phylogenetically dispersed functional traits. A set of functional traits associated with competitiveness in tallgrass prairies predicted species' cover for all survey years: stem dry matter content, leaf dry matter content, vegetative height and rhizomatous growth. Although all plots collectively converged on a similar suite of functional traits, functional beta diversity increased among high‐FD plots.</p> <p>4. <em>Synthesis</em>. Neither higher functional nor phylogenetic diversity maintained higher species richness (SR) over time in our study. Although SR was not maintained, higher levels of PD and FD were. Both types of diversity shaped the rate at which plots changed in composition over time, with high diversity treatment plots increasing in beta diversity. Selection for traits convergent across the tree of life drove phylogenetic and compositional divergence among plots. While optimization of site‐specific functional traits may be most important for maintaining higher SR, our work implies that planting higher initial PD and FD may make grassland restorations more adaptable to site conditions that may be difficult to predict.</p>
Convergence and divergence in global data protection law, BIICL
<p>(Originally published on YouTube on December 8, 2021: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1tnBY_J6uqg)</p> <p>There is strong evidence for a growing convergence in the world's data protection laws. Significant new data protection legislation has recently been adopted in major economies - including China and the United States - filing gaps in their data privacy protections. Other countries, such as Japan, South Korea, and Singapore, have also been renovating existing data protection laws to make them fit for the digital age. These legislative initiatives have many common features. These include common concepts, principles, rights and duties, and common remedies and sanctions.</p> <p>Despite legal concepts and rules may appear similar, however, their implementation is different within different legal and political systems. Beyond differences in legal and policy contexts, new technological and economic pressures are also casting doubt on the resilience of data protection law. These developments have strained the capacities of data protection law's concepts and rules, which were designed in a different technological era.</p> <p>In seeking to protect the public from the potential harms of automated decision making and artificial intelligence, governments are beginning to look beyond data protection for novel regulatory solutions. In this panel event co-organised by BIICL and King's College London School of Law speakers discussed convergence and divergence in global data protection law.</p>
Historical museum samples enable the examination of divergent and parallel evolution during invasion
<p>During the Anthropocene, Earth has experienced unprecedented habitat loss, native species decline, and global climate change. Concurrently, greater globalisation is facilitating species movement, increasing the likelihood of alien species establishment and propagation. There is a great need to understand what influences a species' ability to persist or perish within a new or changing environment. Examining genes that may be associated with a species' invasion success or persistence informs invasive species management, assists with native species preservation, and sheds light on important evolutionary mechanisms that occur in novel environments. This approach can be aided by coupling spatial and temporal investigations of evolutionary processes. Here we use the common starling, <i>Sturnus vulgaris,</i> to identify parallel and divergent evolutionary change between contemporary native and invasive range samples and their common ancestral population. To do this, we use reduced-representation sequencing of native samples collected recently in north-western Europe and invasive samples from Australia, together with museum specimens sampled in the UK during the mid-19<sup>th</sup> Century. We found evidence of parallel selection on both continents, possibly resulting from common global selective forces such as exposure to pollutants. We also identified divergent selection in these populations, which might be related to adaptive changes in response to the novel environment encountered in the introduced Australian range. Interestingly, signatures of selection are equally as common within both invasive and native range contemporary samples. Our results demonstrate the value of including historical samples in genetic studies of invasion and highlight the ongoing and occasionally parallel role of adaptation in both native and invasive ranges.</p>
Shifting balances in the weighting of sensory modalities are predicted by divergence in brain morphology in incipient species of Heliconius butterflies
<p>Integrating and weighting sensory perception across modalities is crucial to how animals adapt to their environment. Divergence in brain structure is often in sensory processing regions, suggesting that investment reflects ecological needs. Here, we use two parapatric closely related species, <em>Heliconius erato cyrbia</em> and <em>Heliconius himera</em>, to test the hypothesis that divergence in sensory brain regions affects foraging decisions. These butterflies are isolated across an ecological gradient, which is linked to differences in brain morphology, with <em>H. e. cyrbia </em>investing more in visual centres and <em>H. himera</em> investing in olfactory centres. Here, we demonstrate that these two species vary in how they associate visual and olfactory cues with positive food rewards. We found that when individuals were trained on paired olfactory and visual stimuli, then presented with these stimuli in conflict, they showed distinct behavioural responses. <em>Heliconius himera</em> was more likely to favour positive olfactory cues than <em>H. e. cyrbia</em>, which favoured visual cues regardless of the paired stimulus. This suggests that these species have diverged in the emphasis placed on these different sensory domains during foraging, consistent with observed differences in brain morphology. This result strengthens evidence that speciation initiated by local adaptation is partly facilitated by changes in the neural basis of key behavioural functions.</p>
Data supporting the manuscript "Sexually divergent development of depression-related brain networks during healthy human adolescence"
<p>This data supports the manuscript "Sexually divergent development of depression-related brain networks during healthy human adolescence" by Dorfschmidt et al. Part of these <a href="https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.11551602">data</a> were initially released by Váša et al. (2020) as part of their <a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1906144117">manuscript</a>. Please cite them when using these data. </p> <p> </p>
The implications of incongruence between gene tree and species tree topologies for divergence time estimation
<p>Phylogenetic analyses are increasingly being performed with datasets that incorporate hundreds of loci. Due to incomplete lineage sorting, hybridization, and horizontal gene transfer, the gene trees for these loci may often have topologies that differ from each other and from the species tree. The effect of these topological incongruences on divergence time estimation has not been fully investigated. Using a series of simulation experiments and empirical analyses, we demonstrate that when topological incongruence between gene trees and the species tree is not accounted for, the temporal duration of branches in regions of the species tree that are affected by incongruence is underestimated, whilst the duration of other branches is considerably overestimated. This effect becomes more pronounced with higher levels of topological incongruence. We show that this pattern results from erroneous estimation of the number of substitutions along branches in the species tree, although the effect is modulated by the assumptions inherent to divergence time estimation, such as those relating to the fossil record or among-branch-substitution-rate variation. By only analysing loci with gene trees that are topologically congruent with the species tree, or only taking into account the branches from each gene tree that are topologically congruent with species tree, we demonstrate that the effects of topological incongruence can be ameliorated. Nonetheless, even when topologically congruent gene trees or topologically congruent branches are selected, error in divergence time estimates remains. This stems from temporal incongruences between divergence times in species trees and divergence times in gene trees, and more importantly, the difficulty of incorporating necessary assumptions for divergence time estimation.</p>
Rapid evolutionary divergence of a songbird population following recent colonization of an urban area
<p>Colonization of a novel environment by a small group of individuals can lead to rapid evolutionary change, yet evidence of the relative contributions of neutral and selective factors in promoting divergence during the early stages of colonization remain scarce. Here, we use genome-wide SNP data to test the role of neutral and selective forces in driving the divergence of a unique urban population of the Oregon junco (<em>Junco hyemalis oreganus</em>), which became established on the campus of the University of California at San Diego (UCSD) in the early 1980s. Previous studies based on microsatellite loci documented significant genetic differentiation of the urban population as well as divergence in sexual signaling and life-history traits relative to nearby montane populations. However, the geographic origin of the colonization and the factors involved in the onset of the differentiation process remained uncertain. Our genome-wide SNP dataset confirmed the marked genetic differentiation of the UCSD population, and phylogenomic analysis identified the coastal subspecies <em>pinosus</em> from central California as its sister group instead of the neighboring mountain population. Demographic inference based on site frequency spectra recovered a time of separation from <em>pinosus</em> as recent as 20 to 32 generations, and a strong bottleneck at the time of colonization, suggesting a relevant role of founder effects and drift in the genetic differentiation of the UCSD population. However, we also found significant associations between environmental parameters characterizing the urban habitat of UCSD and genome-wide variants linked to functional genes. Some of the identified gene functions, like heavy metal detoxification and high-pitched hearing, have been reported as potentially adaptive in birds inhabiting urban environments. These results suggest that the interplay between founder events and directional selection may result in rapid shifts in both neutral and adaptive loci across the genome, and reveal the UCSD population of juncos as an ongoing case of divergence following the colonization of an anthropic environment.</p>
Habitat-linked genetic variation supports microgeographic adaptive divergence in an island-endemic bird species
<p>We present evidence for and investigate potential mechanisms driving habitat-linked genetic divergence within a bird species endemic to a single 250 km<sup>2</sup> island. The island scrub-jay (<em>Aphelocoma insularis</em>) exhibits microgeographic divergence in bill morphology across pine-oak ecotones on Santa Cruz Island, California (USA) similar to adaptive differences described in mainland congeners over much larger geographic scales. To test whether individuals exhibit genetic differentiation related to habitat type and divergence in bill length, we genotyped over 3,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 123 adult island scrub-jay males from across Santa Cruz Island using restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (RADseq). Neutral landscape genomic analyses revealed that genome-wide genetic differentiation was primarily related to geographic distance and differences in habitat composition. We also found 168 putatively adaptive loci associated with habitat type using multivariate redundancy analysis (RDA) while controlling for spatial effects. Finally, two genome-wide association analyses revealed a polygenic basis to variation in bill length with multiple loci detected in or near genes known to affect bill morphology in other birds. Our findings support the hypothesis that divergent selection at microgeographic scales can cause adaptive divergence in the presence of ongoing gene flow.</p>
Data from: Divergent physiological acclimation responses to warming between two co-occurring salamander species and implications for terrestrial survival
<p>Small differences in physiological responses are known to influence demographic rates such as survival. We tested for differences in the physiological acclimation responses of two closely-related salamander species that often co-occur, <em>Ambystoma maculatum </em>and <em>A. opacum</em>. Specifically, we measured changes in critical thermal maxima (CT<sub>max</sub>), standard metabolic rates (SMRs), and respiratory surface area water loss (RSAWL) following exposure to three temperature treatments under laboratory conditions. While the magnitude of RSAWL and CT<sub>max</sub><em> </em>acclimation responses to warming did not differ between the study species, SMR was maintained across acclimation temperatures among <em>A. maculatum, </em>but declined among <em>A. opacum </em>acclimated to warmer temperatures<em>. </em>Metabolic compensation may facilitate maintained <em>A.</em> <em>maculatum </em>activity levels during warm periods following the relatively cool spring breeding season. In contrast, metabolic suppression may allow <em>A. opacum</em> to conserve energy when exposed to surface conditions during fall breeding and nest guarding. We simulated how these different SMR responses would likely alter post-metamorphic survival in our study species using previously collected data representing six weeks under relatively warm seminatural conditions. Our simulation indicated that, following warming and under identical study conditions, metabolic compensation may allow juvenile <em>A. maculatum </em>to maintain survival likelihoods, whereas metabolic depression may cause juvenile <em>A. opacum </em>to experience increased survivorship. These findings underscore that comparable physiological responses among ecologically similar, sympatric species cannot be assumed. Further, results of this study suggest that metabolic responses may play an important role in amphibian species persistence as temperatures increase due to habitat modification and climate change.</p>
Fig. 3 in Genetic Divergence Of The Species Of The Yellow Wagtails Group (Passeriformes, Motacillidae) In European Territory Of Russia
Fig. 3. Phylogenetic dendrogram of the species of the genus Motacilla built after alignment of sequences of the cytochrome oxidase I gene using JalView software (full version).
Fig. 2 in Divergence Of Populaitions Of Yellow Wagtail, Motacilla Flava, And Citrine Wagtail, Motacilla Citreola (Motacillidae, Passeriformes), In The Middle Volga Of Russia
Fig. 2. Clusters signs of coloration of feather and morphometry of Motacilla citreola, obtained by Ward method.
Fig. 1 in Divergence Of Populaitions Of Yellow Wagtail, Motacilla Flava, And Citrine Wagtail, Motacilla Citreola (Motacillidae, Passeriformes), In The Middle Volga Of Russia
Fig. 1. Clusters signs of coloration of feather and morphometry of Motacilla flava, obtained by Ward method.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.