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Figs 1–6 in Estimation of biomass of dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea) from the Russian Far East

Figs 1–6. Models of length-weight relationship and functions for a small dwellers (n=1441) dung-beetles: 1–5 – untransformed data; 6 – log-logarithmic transformation data; 1 – linear function model (R2=0.5970, AIC=569.91); 2 – quadratic function model (R2=0.6094, AIC=554.40); 3 – power function model (R2=0.6103, AIC=553.25); 4 – exponential function model (R2=0.6113, AIC=551.78); 5 – logistic function model (R2=0.6104, AIC=553.01); 6 – linear function model (R2=0.6817, AIC=32.78).

Figs 7–12 in Estimation of biomass of dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea) from the Russian Far East

Figs 7–12. Models of length-weight relationship and functions for a small dwellers (fig. 7, n=1441) and medium dwellers dung-beetles (figs 8–12, n=1808): 7 – log-logarithmic transformation data; 8–12 – untransformed data; 7 – quadratic function model (R2=0.6819, AIC=34.77); 8 – linear function model (R2=0.6535, AIC=3151.70), 9 – quadratic function model (R2=0.6937, AIC=2788.40); 10 – power function model (R2=0.6932, AIC=2793.50); 11 – exponential function model (R2=0.6922, AIC=2802.20); 12 – logistic function model (R2=0.6926, AIC=2897.20).

Figs 13–18 in Estimation of biomass of dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea) from the Russian Far East

Figs 13–18. Models of length-weight relationship and functions for a medium dwellers (Figs 13–17, n=1808) and large dwellers (Fig. 18, n=599) dung-beetles: 13–17 – log-logarithmic transformation data; 18 – untransformed data; 13 – linear function model (R2=0.6242, AIC=24.92); 14 – quadratic function model (R2=0.6307, AIC=26.57); 15 – power function model (R2=0.6308, AIC=26.56); 16 – exponential function model (R2=0.6308, AIC=26.56); 17 – logistic function model (R2=0.6308, AIC=26.56); 18 – linear function model (R2=0.5320, AIC=11563). 23

Figs 43–47 in Estimation of biomass of dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea) from the Russian Far East

Figs 43–47. Models of length-weight relationship and functions for a medium tunnelers (n=988) dung-beetles (log-logarithmic transformation data): 43 – linear function model (R2=0.8622, AIC=11.06); 44 – quadratic function model (R2=0.8638, AIC=12.99); 45 – power function model (R2=0.8639, AIC=12.99); 46 – exponential function model (R2=0.8609, AIC=13.14); 47 – logistic function model (R2=0.8632, AIC=13.02).

Figs 37–42 in Estimation of biomass of dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea) from the Russian Far East

Figs 37–42. Models of length-weight relationship and functions for a large tunnelers (Fig. 37, n=598) and a medium tunnelers (Figs 38–42, n=988) dung-beetles: 37 – loglogarithmic transformation data; 38–42 – untransformed data; 37 – logistic function model (R2=0.5743, AIC=28.57); 38 – linear function model (R2=0.8348, AIC=5807.50); 39 – quadratic function model (R2=0.8419, AIC=5560.30); 40 – power function model (R2=0.8419, AIC=5560.10); 41 – exponential function model (R2=0.8418, AIC=5562.10); 42 – logistic function model (R2=0.8406, AIC=5607).

Figs 19–24 in Estimation of biomass of dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea) from the Russian Far East

Figs 19–24. Models of length-weight relationship and functions for a large dwellers (n=599) dung-beetles: 19–22 – untransformed data; 23, 24 – log-logarithmic transformation data; 19 – quadratic function model (R2=0.5353, AIC=11484); 20 – power function model (R2=0.5353, AIC=11483); 21 – exponential function model (R2=0.5355, AIC=11479); 22 – logistic function model (R2=0.5352, AIC=11486); 23 – linear function model (R2=0.5150, AIC=8.57); 24 – quadratic function model (R2=0.5160, AIC=10.58).

opencc-by-4.0Oct 2024View details →

Table 2 in The dung beetles of Venezuela (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae): catalogue and updated distribution

Table 2. Comparison of catalogues and checklists recording dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeinae) species for Venezuela.<table><tbody><tr><th>Autor</th><th>Year of publication Geographical coverage</th><th>Number of species recorded from Venezuela</th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>Harold Gillet</th><td>1869 1911</td><td>world world</td><td>5 15</td></tr><tr><th>Blackwelder</th><td>1944</td><td>Latin America</td><td>49</td></tr><tr><th>Roze</th><td>1955</td><td>Venezuela</td><td>73</td></tr><tr><th>Krajcik</th><td>2012</td><td>world</td><td>40</td></tr></tbody></table>

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Table 1 in The dung beetles of Venezuela (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae): catalogue and updated distribution

Table 1. Number of species by genera of dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeinae) recorded for Venezuela and the world.<table><tbody><tr><th>Dung beetle genera present in Venezuela</th><th>Species in Venezuela (Roze 1955)</th><th>Species in Venezuela (current work)</th><th>Species in the world (Cupello et al. 2023b; Schoolmeesters 2023)</th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>Agamopus</th><td>–</td><td>1</td><td>5</td></tr><tr><th>Anisocanthon</th><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>4</td></tr><tr><th>Anomiopus</th><td>–</td><td>8</td><td>63</td></tr><tr><th>Ateuchus</th><td>4</td><td>10</td><td>102</td></tr><tr><th>Bdelyropsis</th><td>–</td><td>1</td><td>3</td></tr><tr><th>Bdelyrus</th><td>–</td><td>1</td><td>27</td></tr><tr><th>Bradypodidium</th><td>–</td><td>1</td><td>3</td></tr><tr><th>Canthidium</th><td>2</td><td>1</td><td>178</td></tr><tr><th>Canthon</th><td>29</td><td>13</td><td>163</td></tr><tr><th>Canthonella</th><td>–</td><td>1</td><td>17</td></tr><tr><th>Copris</th><td>1</td><td>–</td><td>280</td></tr><tr><th>Coprophanaeus</th><td>–</td><td>9</td><td>50</td></tr><tr><th>Cryptocanthon</th><td>–</td><td>4</td><td>43</td></tr><tr><th>Deltochilum</th><td>3</td><td>10</td><td>114</td></tr><tr><th>Dendropaemon</th><td>1</td><td>4</td><td>41</td></tr><tr><th>Diabroctis</th><td>2</td><td>2</td><td>5</td></tr><tr><th>Dichotomius</th><td>13</td><td>20</td><td>200</td></tr><tr><th>Digitonthophagus</th><td>–</td><td>1</td><td>16</td></tr><tr><th>Eurysternus</th><td>3</td><td>15</td><td>53</td></tr><tr><th>Genieridium</th><td>–</td><td>1</td><td>7</td></tr><tr><th>Gromphas</th><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><th>Hansreia</th><td>–</td><td>1</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><th>Malagoniella</th><td>–</td><td>1</td><td>9</td></tr><tr><th>Ontherus</th><td>2</td><td>8</td><td>60</td></tr><tr><th>Onthophagus</th><td>5</td><td>8</td><td>2257</td></tr><tr><th>Oxysternon</th><td>–</td><td>5</td><td>11</td></tr><tr><th>Phanaeus</th><td>4</td><td>6</td><td>83</td></tr><tr><th>Pseudocanthon</th><td>–</td><td>2</td><td>11</td></tr><tr><th>Scatimus</th><td>–</td><td>2</td><td>13</td></tr><tr><th>Scybalocanthon</th><td>–</td><td>4</td><td>24</td></tr><tr><th>Sulcophanaeus</th><td>–</td><td>4</td><td>15</td></tr><tr><th>Sylvicanthon</th><td>–</td><td>1</td><td>15</td></tr><tr><th>Tetraechma</th><td>–</td><td>1</td><td>5</td></tr><tr><th>Uroxys</th><td>2</td><td>2</td><td>59</td></tr></tbody></table>

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Immunosuppression and senescence in dung beetles exposed to ivermectin

Immunosuppression and premature senescence are main risks of exposure to toxic compounds that might define individual longevity and the fate of natural animal populations. However, these sublethal effects have not been studied in insects that are of fundamental importance for human economy and well-being such as dung beetles. We exposed adult dung beetles Euoniticellus intermedius to ivermectin, a commonly used antiparasitic drug in cattle that is excreted in dung, and measured immune activity through phenoloxidase (PO) and its zymogen, prophenoloxidase (proPO), in males and females of different ages. We predicted that both ivermectin exposure and age would reduce immune activity, with the negative effect of ivermectin being more pronounced in older individuals, revealing immunosenescence. Despite PO and proPO activities decreased with age and ivermectin exposure, ivermectin effects on these immune mechanisms were mainly constant across ages, revealing that immunosenescence is not an effect of ivermectin exposure. Whereas males suffered a reduction in PO and proPO with ivermectin and age, female proPO was not affected by ivermectin or age. This potentially reveals a strategy of self-care adopted by females to prioritize immune function when facing stressful conditions. Among sublethal effects caused by ivermectin in dung beetles, immunosuppression might be a main physiological driver of population declines in non-target beneficial fauna from contaminated environments.

Figs 27–28 in The Phanaeus tridens species group (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea): a dung beetle group with genital morphological stasis but a changing ecological niche

Figs 27–28. Phanaeus victoriae Moctezuma sp. nov. 27 – holotype male; 28 – paratype female. Scale bar = 1.0 mm.

Figs 19–21. Phanaeus furiosus Bates, 1887. 19 in The Phanaeus tridens species group (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea): a dung beetle group with genital morphological stasis but a changing ecological niche

Figs 19–21. Phanaeus furiosus Bates, 1887. 19 – male green phase; 20 – male red phase; 21 – lectotype and labels (by Mario Cupello, UFPR). Scale bar = 1.0 mm.

Figs 16–18. Phanaeus herbeus Bates, 1887, stat. rev. 16 in The Phanaeus tridens species group (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea): a dung beetle group with genital morphological stasis but a changing ecological niche

Figs 16–18. Phanaeus herbeus Bates, 1887, stat. rev. 16 – male green phase; 17 – holotype and labels (by Mario Cupello, UFPR); 18 – P. tricornis Olsoufieff, 1924, junior subjective synonymy, redrawn from OLSOUFIEFF (1924). Scale bar = 1.0 mm.

Figs 10–12. Phanaeus daphnis Harold, 1863. 10 in The Phanaeus tridens species group (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea): a dung beetle group with genital morphological stasis but a changing ecological niche

Figs 10–12. Phanaeus daphnis Harold, 1863. 10 – male green phase; 11 – male deep blue-green phase; 12 – lectotype and labels (by Christophe Rivier, MNHN). Scale bar = 1.0 mm.

Figs 43–54 in The Phanaeus tridens species group (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea): a dung beetle group with genital morphological stasis but a changing ecological niche

Figs 43–54. Lateral view of pronotum of major male. 43 – P. tridens Castelnau, 1840; 44 – P. moroni Arnaud, 2001, stat. rev.; 45 – P. balthasari Arnaud, 2001; 46 – P. daphnis Harold, 1863; 47 – P. coeruleus Bates, 1887, stat. rev. (holotype, by Keita Matsumoto, BMNH); 48 – P. substriolatus Balthasar, 1939, stat. rev.; 49 – P. herbeus Bates, 1887, stat. rev. (green-red phase); 50 – P. furiosus Bates, 1887 (green phase); 51 – P. pseudofurcosus Balthasar, 1939, stat. rev.; 52 – P. nimrod Harold, 1863; 53 – P. victoriae Moctezuma sp. nov. (holotype); 54 – P. eximius Bates, 1887. Scale bar = 1.0 mm.

Fig. 64 in The Phanaeus tridens species group (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea): a dung beetle group with genital morphological stasis but a changing ecological niche

Fig. 64. Predicted distribution of P. tridens Castelnau, 1840, P. moroni Arnaud, 2001 and P. balthasari Arnaud, 2001. The distribution of P. coeruleus Bates, 1887 was not modelled because it is only known from a single locality that needs confirmation.

Figs 24–26. Phanaeus nimrod Harold, 1863. 24 in The Phanaeus tridens species group (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea): a dung beetle group with genital morphological stasis but a changing ecological niche

Figs 24–26. Phanaeus nimrod Harold, 1863. 24 – male green-red phase; 25 – lectotype and labels (by Christophe Rivier, MNHN); 26 – P. babori Balthasar, 1939, junior subjective synonymy, holotype and labels (by Jiří Hájek, NMPC). Scale bar = 1.0 mm.

Figs 29–31. Phanaeus eximius Bates, 1887. 29 in The Phanaeus tridens species group (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea): a dung beetle group with genital morphological stasis but a changing ecological niche

Figs 29–31. Phanaeus eximius Bates, 1887. 29 – male blue phase; 30 – female green phase (typical); 31 – lectotype and labels (by Keita Matsumoto, BMNH). Scale bar = 1.0 mm.

Fig. 70 in The Phanaeus tridens species group (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea): a dung beetle group with genital morphological stasis but a changing ecological niche

Fig. 70. Decision tree predictive model (accuracy = 84%) of the environmental variables that classify the distribution of the P. tridens species group.

Figs 6–7. Phanaeus moroni Arnaud, 2001, stat. rev. 6 in The Phanaeus tridens species group (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea): a dung beetle group with genital morphological stasis but a changing ecological niche

Figs 6–7. Phanaeus moroni Arnaud, 2001, stat. rev. 6 – male; 7 – holotype and labels (by Patrick Arnaud, PFASF). Scale bar = 1.0 mm.

Figs 55–62 in The Phanaeus tridens species group (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea): a dung beetle group with genital morphological stasis but a changing ecological niche

Figs 55–62. Pronotum of female. 55 – P. tridens Castelnau, 1840; 56 – P. balthasari Arnaud, 2001, stat. rev.; 57 – P. daphnis Harold, 1863; 58 – P. substriolatus Balthasar, 1939, stat. rev. (dark blue-black phase); 59 – P. herbeus Bates, 1887, stat. rev. (green phase); 60 – P. nimrod Harold, 1863 (blue-green phase); 61 – P. furiosus Bates, 1887 (dark blue phase); 62 – P. pseudofurcosus Balthasar, 1939, stat. rev. Scale bar = 1.0 mm.