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Fig. 41 in New Data On The Skull And Dentition In The Mongolian Late Cretaceous Eutherian Mammal Zalambdalestes

Fig. 41. Stereophotograph of the right petrosal of cf. Zalambdalestes sp. PSSMAE 129 in dorsal view, with accompanying line drawing. Gray pattern represents matrix; parallel lines are damaged surfaces. Abbreviations: fai, foramen acusticum inferius; fas, foramen acusticum superius; jf, jugular foramen; pfc, prefacial commissure; sips, sulcus for inferior petrosal sinus.

Fig. 40 in New Data On The Skull And Dentition In The Mongolian Late Cretaceous Eutherian Mammal Zalambdalestes

Fig. 40. Stereophotograph of the skull of Zalambdalestes lechei PSSMAE 130 in posterior view, with accompanying line drawing. Gray pattern represents matrix. Abbreviations: ctpp, caudal tympanic process of petrosal; eo, exoccipital; fm, foramen magnum; lmf, lower mastoid foramen; lscp, lateral semicircular canal prominence; oc, occipital condyle; pe, petrosal; pgp, postglenoid process; ppr, paroccipital process; pscp, posterior semicircular canal prominence; ptf, posttemporal foramen; so, supraoccipital; umf, upper mastoid foramen.

Fig. 51 in New Data On The Skull And Dentition In The Mongolian Late Cretaceous Eutherian Mammal Zalambdalestes

Fig. 51. Reconstructions of the skulls of Asian Late Cretaceous eutherians in right lateral views to the same scale: (A) Zalambdalestes lechei, based on our report; (B) Barunlestes butleri, redrawn from KielanJaworowska (1975a: fig. 2B); (C) Kulbeckia kulbecke, redrawn from Archibald and Averianov (2003: fig. 7C); (D) Asioryctes nemegetensis, redrawn from KielanJaworowska (1975a: fig. 1B); (E) Kennalestes gobiensis, redrawn from KielanJaworowska (1975a: fig. 1A); and (F) Daulestes nessovi, redrawn from McKenna et al. (2000: fig. 7).

Fig. 31 in New Data On The Skull And Dentition In The Mongolian Late Cretaceous Eutherian Mammal Zalambdalestes

Fig. 31. Stereophotograph of the skull of cf. Zalambdalestes sp. PSSMAE 129 in right lateral view, with accompanying line drawing. Gray pattern represents matrix; parallel lines are damaged surfaces. Abbreviations: C, upper canine; con, (mandibular) condyle; cor, coronoid process; fr, frontal; I2, upper second incisor; ma, mandible; maf, masseteric fossa; mx, maxilla; na, nasal; P1, upper first premolar; P2, upper second premolar; P3, upper third premolar; p2, lower second premolar; p3, lower third premolar; pe, petrosal; pmx, premaxilla.

Fig. 35 in New Data On The Skull And Dentition In The Mongolian Late Cretaceous Eutherian Mammal Zalambdalestes

Fig. 35. Stereophotograph of the skull of Zalambdalestes lechei PSSMAE 130 in ventral view, with accompanying line drawing. Gray pattern represents matrix. Abbreviations: art, artifact; bo, basioccipital; C, upper canine; ecpc, ectopterygoid crest; ef, ethmoidal foramen; enpc, entopterygoid crest; gf, glenoid fossa; I1a, upper first incisor alveolus; I2a, upper second incisor alveolus; iof, infraorbital foramen; inf, incisive foramen; ju, jugal; M1, upper first molar; M2, upper second molar; M3, upper third molar; mpf, minor palatine foramina; mapf, major palatime foramina; mx, maxilla; oc, occipital condyle; P2, upper second premolar; P3, upper third premolar; P4, upper fourth premolar; pf, piriform fenestra; pms, palatomaxillary suture; pmx, premaxilla; ppt, postpalatine torus; pr, promontorium; pt, pterygoid; sq, squamosal; vo, vomer.

Fig. 24 in New Data On The Skull And Dentition In The Mongolian Late Cretaceous Eutherian Mammal Zalambdalestes

Fig. 24. Stereophotograph of the left orbit of Zalambdalestes lechei PSSMAE 108 in oblique lateral view, with accompanying line drawing. Gray pattern represents matrix; parallel lines are damaged surfaces. Abbreviations: an, (mandibular) angle; ef, ethmoidal foramen; fr, frontal; ju, jugal; lac, lacrimal; lacf, lacrimal foramen; ma, mandible; mx, maxilla; mxf, maxillary foramen; pal, palatine; spf, sphenopalatine foramen; tlc, translacrimal canal; tr, trough.

Fig. 30 in New Data On The Skull And Dentition In The Mongolian Late Cretaceous Eutherian Mammal Zalambdalestes

Fig. 30. Stereophotograph of the skull of Zalambdalestes lechei PSSMAE 135 in left lateral view, with accompanying line drawing. Gray pattern represents matrix; parallel lines are damaged surfaces. Abbreviations: con, (mandibular) condyle; fr, frontal; hhu, head of humerus; ju, jugal; lac, lacrimal; mx, maxilla; na, nasal; pa, parietal; pop, postor bital process; sq, squamosal; tl, temporal line; tlc, translacrimal canal.

Fig. 28 in New Data On The Skull And Dentition In The Mongolian Late Cretaceous Eutherian Mammal Zalambdalestes

Fig. 28. Stereophotograph of the left orbit of Zalambdalestes lechei PSSMAE 130 in oblique lateral view, showing the roots of the left molars projecting through the floor of the orbit.

Fig. 3 in New Data On The Skull And Dentition In The Mongolian Late Cretaceous Eutherian Mammal Zalambdalestes

Fig. 3. The skull and lower jaws of Zalambdalestes lechei PSSMAE 130 in (clockwise from upper left) dorsal, ventral, left lateral, and right lateral views.

Fig. 2 in New Data On The Skull And Dentition In The Mongolian Late Cretaceous Eutherian Mammal Zalambdalestes

Fig. 2. The skull and lower jaws of Zalambdalestes lechei PSSMAE 108 in (clockwise from upper left) dorsal, ventral, left lateral, and right lateral views.

Fig. 1 in New Data On The Skull And Dentition In The Mongolian Late Cretaceous Eutherian Mammal Zalambdalestes

Fig. 1. The skull of the holotype of Zalambdalestes lechei AMNH 21708 in (clockwise from upper left) dorsal, ventral, and right lateral views.

FIGURE 13 in New records of eutherian mammals from the Goler Formation (Tiffanian, Paleocene) of California and their biostratigraphic and paleobiogeographic implications

FIGURE 13. Outcrop map of member 3 and member 4 of the Goler Formation (adapted from Cox, 1982; Cox and Diggles, 1986) showing location of the most productive mammal yielding sites, with shared taxa listed in text boxes: Grand Canyon site (no. 2, V200510), Land of Oz (no. 3, V200001), Laudate Discovery Site (no. 6, V94014), and Edentulous Jaw Site (no. 7, V98012). Other sites as numbered in figure 1.

FIGURE 8 in New records of eutherian mammals from the Goler Formation (Tiffanian, Paleocene) of California and their biostratigraphic and paleobiogeographic implications

FIGURE 8. Dentition of Promioclaenus walshi, new species. A. Occlusal view of RAM 6724, right dentary fragment with m2 and talonid of m1 from RAM locality V200001. B–E. Holotype of Promioclaenus walshi, RAM 9098, partial right and left lower dentitions from RAM locality V200510: B. occlusal view, C. labial view, and D. lingual view of RAM 9098, right dentary fragment with m3 with damaged m2; E. occlusal view of RAM 9098, left m2–3 with anterior part of m2 trigonid missing. F. Oblique occlusal view of RAM 6926, right maxillary fragment with M2–3, from RAM locality V200001; G. drawing of RAM 6926 in occlusal view.

FIGURE 3 in New records of eutherian mammals from the Goler Formation (Tiffanian, Paleocene) of California and their biostratigraphic and paleobiogeographic implications

FIGURE 3. Occlusal views of mandibles of Nannodectes lynasi, new species. A. RAM 9044, holotype of Nannodectes lynasi, right dentary fragment with damaged i1, alveolus of p2, p3–m3 from RAM locality V200510. B. RAM 9429, right dentary fragment with i1 root and p3–m3 from RAM locality V200706. C. RAM 10029, right dentary fragment with damaged p4–m3 from RAM locality V200804.

FIGURE 2 in New records of eutherian mammals from the Goler Formation (Tiffanian, Paleocene) of California and their biostratigraphic and paleobiogeographic implications

FIGURE 2. Mandibles and teeth of Protictis, Bessoecetor, and Taeniodonta. A. Occlusal view of RAM 9099, right dentary fragment with m2–3 of Bessoecetor septentrionalis from RAM locality V200510; B. labial view of RAM 9099. C. Lingual view of RAM 6927, a right dentary fragment with c, p1–p2, p4, and partial m1 of Protictis paralus from RAM locality V200001 (with partial imprint of dentary); D. occlusal view of p1–2, p4–m1 of RAM 6927. E. Lingual view of partial m1 of RAM 7246, left dentary fragment with partial m1 of Protictis cf. P. agastor from RAM locality V200001; F. labial view of partial m1 of RAM 7246; G. occlusal view of RAM 7246. H. Posterior view of RAM 15328, partial lower canine of a taeniodont from RAM locality V200612; I. anterior view of RAM 15328. Scale bar for C–D also applies to E–G.

FIGURE 1 in New records of eutherian mammals from the Goler Formation (Tiffanian, Paleocene) of California and their biostratigraphic and paleobiogeographic implications

FIGURE 1. Map of California (inset) with location of study area shaded and outcrop map of member 3 and member 4 of the Goler Formation within the El Paso Mountains (adapted from Cox, 1982; Cox and Diggles, 1986) showing location of sites discussed in text; members 1–2 not shown. Numbers refer to a specific site or group of sites within a limited geographic area, with the numerical order reflecting the approximate stratigraphic sequence of localities referred to in the text. Open circles are areas where strata at a specific site underwent paleomagnetic analysis; results presented in Albright et al. (2009). 1, Red Flat area (V201014, V201122); 2, Grand Canyon area (V200508, V200510, V200706, V200802, V200804); 3, Land of Oz (V200001); 4, Phenacodus Pocket area (V200603, V200612); 5, R-Z Zone area (V200303, V200304, V200702); 6, Laudate Discovery Site area (V94014, V94133); 7, Edentulous Jaw Site (V98012); 8, Primate Gulch (V200202); 9, Lone Tooth (V200704); 10, Butte Tooth (V200613); 11, Honey Pot (V200120); 12, Shark Site (V200307).

FIGURE 11 in New records of eutherian mammals from the Goler Formation (Tiffanian, Paleocene) of California and their biostratigraphic and paleobiogeographic implications

FIGURE 11. Upper dentition of Phenacodus cf. P. bisonensis. A. Occlusal view of RAM 9672, left maxillary fragment with P3–4, from RAM locality V200510. B. Occlusal view of RAM 7248, left maxillary fragment with P4–M1 and damaged M2, from RAM locality V200304. C. Occlusal view of RAM 9659, right M1 from RAM locality V98012. D. Occlusal view of RAM 6722, right M1 from RAM locality V200001. E. Occlusal view of RAM 15000, right maxilla fragment with dP4–M2 from RAM locality V201122. F. Occlusal view of RAM 9021, right M2 from RAM locality V200603. G. Occlusal view of RAM 9020, associated left M2 and M3 from RAM locality V200612. H. Occlusal view of RAM 7245, maxillary fragment with left dP3–4 from RAM locality V200001. I. Occlusal view of RAM 7205, right dP4 from RAM locality V200001.

FIGURE 6 in New records of eutherian mammals from the Goler Formation (Tiffanian, Paleocene) of California and their biostratigraphic and paleobiogeographic implications

FIGURE 6. Dentition of oxyclaenids and arctocyonids. A. Occlusal view of RAM 9041, right m1 of Thryptacodon sp. from RAM locality V200510. B. Occlusal view of RAM 15622, right dentary fragment with talonid of p4, and m1–2 of Mimotricentes tedfordi from RAM locality V201014; C. oblique labial view of RAM 15622. D. Occlusal view of RAM 9670, left dentary fragment of Mimotricentes tedfordi with damaged m1 and base of p4 from RAM locality V200510. E. Occlusal view of RAM 6928, right dentary fragment of Mimotricentes tedfordi with m3 talonid and base of trigonid from RAM locality V200001. F. Occlusal view of RAM 9040, right M1 of Lambertocyon cf. L. gingerichi from RAM locality V200001. G. Occlusal view of RAM 9043, left p3 fragment of Lambertocyon cf. L. gingerichi from RAM locality V200001. H. Occlusal view of RAM 9660, premolar of undetermined arctocyonid from RAM locality V200613.

FIGURE 9 in New records of eutherian mammals from the Goler Formation (Tiffanian, Paleocene) of California and their biostratigraphic and paleobiogeographic implications

FIGURE 9. Lower dentition of Phenacodus cf. P. bisonensis. A. Occlusal view of RAM 9023, right dentary with p3–m2 and anterior portion of m3 trigonid from RAM locality V200612; B. lingual view of RAM 9023; C. labial view of RAM 9023. D. Occlusal view of RAM 9046, left dentary with m1–3 from RAM locality V200603. E. Occlusal view of RAM 6723, right dentary fragment with m2–3 from RAM locality V200001. F. Occlusal view of RAM 9024, left dentary fragment with m2–3 from RAM locality V200612. G. Occlusal view of RAM 9045, left dp4 from RAM locality V200704.

FIGURE 5 in New records of eutherian mammals from the Goler Formation (Tiffanian, Paleocene) of California and their biostratigraphic and paleobiogeographic implications

FIGURE 5. Upper dentition of Nannodectes lynasi. A. Occlusal view of RAM 6431, left I1 from RAM locality V98012. B. Occlusal view of RAM 6929, left I1 from RAM locality V98012. C. Occlusal view of RAM 9668, left maxilla fragment with C, alveoli of P2–3, and P4–M1 from RAM locality V200510. D. Occlusal view of RAM 6931, left P3 from RAM locality V98012. E. Occlusal view of right P4 of RAM 9669, skull fragment with broken I1, right P4, M1–2 and associated right p3 from RAM locality V200510; F. occlusal view of right M1–2 of RAM 9669. G. Occlusal view of RAM 6962, left M2 from RAM locality V98012. H. Occlusal view of RAM 6957, partial left M3 from RAM locality V98012.