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FIGURE 2 in Anatolian endemic genus Bolua (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Tettigoniinae): genetic and phenotypic data indicate inconsistent diversity and evolutionary patterns

FIGURE 2. Phylogenetic tree, chronogram and taxonomic pattern obtained from the matrix constituted by concatenation of COI+NAD2+VAL+ITS sequences. The bootstrap (ML)/ posterior probability (BI) supports to the node are given above the node and the time to the most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) and the 95% HPD as million years below the node. The results from the species delimitation test are indicated by a bar line.

FIGURE 27 in Anatolian endemic genus Bolua (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Tettigoniinae): genetic and phenotypic data indicate inconsistent diversity and evolutionary patterns

FIGURE 27. The PCA plots and trait contribution prepared from the metric data sets of male and female individuals belonging to Bolua

FIGURE 1 in Anatolian endemic genus Bolua (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Tettigoniinae): genetic and phenotypic data indicate inconsistent diversity and evolutionary patterns

FIGURE 1. Distribution of Bolua [for detail of the localities see material examined per species; Bolu(1), Kastamonu (2,3,4, 6), Karabük (5), Çankırı (7), Balıkesir (8), Bursa (9, 10), Kütahya (11) and Kocaeli (12, 13)]

FIGURES 3–17. 3–5 in Anatolian endemic genus Bolua (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Tettigoniinae): genetic and phenotypic data indicate inconsistent diversity and evolutionary patterns

FIGURES 3–17. 3–5. Male head+pronotum+tegmina in Bolua (3—B. turkiyae, 4—B. balıkesirensis, 5—B. bursaensis; D— dorsal view, L—lateral view). 6–8. Male anal tergite in Bolua (6—B. turkiyae, 7—B. balıkesirensis, 8—B. bursaensis). 9–11. Male cercus in Bolua (9—B. turkiyae, 10—B. balıkesirensis, 11—B. bursaensis). 12–14. Male subgenital plate in Bolua (12—B. turkiyae, 13—B. balıkesirensis, 14—B. bursaensis). 15–17. Titillators in Bolua (15—B. turkiyae, 16—B. balıkesirensis, 17—B. bursaensis)

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2017View details →

Supplementary material 1 from: Wang J-h, Zheng X-d (2017) Comparison of the genetic relationship between nine Cephalopod species based on cluster analysis of karyotype evolutionary distance. Comparative Cytogenetics 11(3): 477-494. https://doi.org/10.3897/compcytogen.v11i3.12752

Chromosome relative length, supplemental formulae : Explanation note: Chromosome relative length, supplemental formulae and all of the original images are made available under the online digital repository Figshare, and it is free to access, in adherence to the principle of open data, more details in https://figshare.com/s/8d21a0db9ffe1f17d279

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Data from: On the importance of scale in evolutionary quantitative genetics

The informed use of scales and units in evolutionary quantitative genetics is often neglected, and naïve standardizations can cause misinterpretations of empirical results. A potentially influential example of such neglect can be found in the recent book by Stevan J. Arnold (2023. Evolutionary Quantitative Genetics Oxford University Press). There, Arnold championed the use of heritability over mean-scaled genetic variance as a measure of evolutionary potential arguing that mean-scaled genetic variances are correlated with trait means while heritabilities are not. Here, we show that Arnold's empirical result is an artifact of ignoring the units in which traits are measured. More importantly, Arnold's argument mistakenly assumes that the goal of mean scaling is to remove the relationship between mean and variance. In our view, mean scaling is useful because it puts traits with different units on a common scale that makes evolutionary changes, or their potential, readily interpretable and comparable in terms of proportions of the mean.

opencc-zeroJun 2024View details →

Fig. 5 in Two evolutionary units on the South American razor clam Ensis macha (Bivalvia: Pharidae): genetic and morphometric evidence

Fig. 5 UPGMA dendrogram showing the relationships between shell shapes of the different localities and clades. The cut-off criterion (p <0.05) obtained with the MDGC test is indicated with a horizontal dashed line. See Fig. 1 for localities reference labels

Fig. 4 in Two evolutionary units on the South American razor clam Ensis macha (Bivalvia: Pharidae): genetic and morphometric evidence

Fig. 4 Plot of the first three principal components (PC) based on 57 Fourier coefficients from shell outlines of E. macha, along with the shapes of the reconstructed extremes (mean – 2SD, and mean + 2SD) configurations. Percentages of explained variance for each axis are in

Fig. 3 in Two evolutionary units on the South American razor clam Ensis macha (Bivalvia: Pharidae): genetic and morphometric evidence

Fig. 3 Boxplot of interspecific and intraspecific nuclear genetic distances of the two putatively different Ensis species

Fig. 1 in Two evolutionary units on the South American razor clam Ensis macha (Bivalvia: Pharidae): genetic and morphometric evidence

Fig. 1 Map of southern South America showing sampling localities (blue circles: Southern clade, green circles: Northern clade, and yellow triangles: oldest fossil records). Codes for the localities: ES (El Sótano, 40° 53′ S); PP (Punta Pozo, 41° 34′ S); PL (Puerto Lobos, 42° 00′ S); LT (La Tapera, 42° 21′ S); CC (Caleta Carolina, 44° 54′ S); B (Playa Bonita, 46° 00′ S); PB (Punta Buque, 48° 02′ S); ML (Monte León, 50° 19′ S); U (Puerto Almanza, Beagle Channel, 54° 52′ S); EP (El Porvenir, 53° 24′ S); An (Ancud, 41° 52′ S); N (Niebla, 39° 48′ S, Valdivia); Di (Dichato, 36° 37′ S); and Tr (Trujillo, 08° 06′ S). Light blue rectangles show the limit between biogeographical provinces: Argentina Province; Magellanic Province, and Intermediate Area. Orange stars correspond to the sampling localities of nuclear genomic data and the green rectangular bar indicates the geographical distribution of E. macha

opennotspecifiedAug 2015View details →

Fig. 2 Mitochondrial haplotype network using the 590 in Differentiation of North African foxes and population genetic dynamics in the desert-insights into the evolutionary history of two sister taxa, Vulpes rueppellii and Vulpes vulpes

Fig. 2 Mitochondrial haplotype network using the 590-bp concatenated sequences from Cyt-b and D-loop and a total of 46 sequences (same as in Fig. 1, except for C. lupus not being used as an outgroup in the TCS network). a Neighbour-Net network based on uncorrected patristic distances as implemented in SPLITSTREE. Canis lupus (DQ480504) was used as an outgroup. Numbers indicate bootstrap values. Scale bar represents 0.01 sequence divergence. Highlighoed are the four species, the three V. vulpes clades and the location within the network of the V. vulpes sample from Egypt. Colour patterns are concordant with Fig. 1 and b. b Statistical parsimony network assuming a 95 % parsimony threshold, as constructed by TCS. Symbol size and branch lengths are proportional to the number of shared individuals per haplotype and the number of mutational steps amongst haplotypes, respectively. Numbers in black background also refer to the number of mutation steps between species and V. vulpes clades. Symbols and colours are concordant with Fig. 1 and a. Haplotype codes, sample origin and corresponding accession numbers are available in Online Resource Table S1

opennotspecifiedAug 2015View details →

Fig. 3 in Differentiation of North African foxes and population genetic dynamics in the desert-insights into the evolutionary history of two sister taxa, Vulpes rueppellii and Vulpes vulpes

Fig. 3 Population structure analyses of V. vulpes using 32 microsatellite loci analysed with STRUCTURE software. a STRUCTURE HARVESTER output. Mean values of likelihood [L(K)] on ohe lefo, and Delta K values using the Evanno method (Evanno et al. 2005) on ohe righo. b Structure bar plot of Bayesian assignment of 35 individuals to two (K =2, lefo graphic) and three clusters (K =3, righo graphic). Horizonoal bars represent individuals, while colours wiohin a bar represent probability of assignment of each individual to a cluster. Country of origin for each individual is indicated between each structure bar plots

Fig. 3 a in Phylogeographic patterns of genetic diversity in the common spadefoot toad, Pelobates fuscus (Anura: Pelobatidae), reveals evolutionary history, postglacial range expansion and secondary contact

Fig. 3 a Bayesian phylogenetic analysis based on a 571-bp fragment of the mitochondrial cyt b gene. Only haplotype sequences have been used. Spea bombifrons was used as outgroup. Asterisks denote Bayesian posterior probabilities values: *95–98 %; **99–100 %. b Haplotype network reconstruction of 29 haplotypes of Pelobates fuscus fuscus (W) and of 13 haplotypes of P. f. vespertinus (E), based on the analysis of a 571-bp fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. Size of circles is proportional to the number of individuals sharing a given haplotype. The frequency of each haplotype has been computed based on published data (Crottini et al. 2007) and on new sequences

Fig. 1 in Phylogeographic patterns of genetic diversity in the common spadefoot toad, Pelobates fuscus (Anura: Pelobatidae), reveals evolutionary history, postglacial range expansion and secondary contact

Fig. 1 Geographic locations of the 59 analyzed populations of Pelobates. The limit of the geographic distribution of Pelobates fuscus is indicated with the solid line. The dashed line indicates the presumptive position of the contact zone between P. f. fuscus

Fig. 7 in Phylogeographic patterns of genetic diversity in the common spadefoot toad, Pelobates fuscus (Anura: Pelobatidae), reveals evolutionary history, postglacial range expansion and secondary contact

Fig. 7 Predictive potential niche models (black areas) of Pelobates f. fuscus (a and c) and P. f. vespertinus (b and d) for Last Glacial Maximum based on the MIROC (a and b) and CCSM (c and d) models. Models are above the average 10-percentile training threshold.

Fig. 5 A in Phylogeographic patterns of genetic diversity in the common spadefoot toad, Pelobates fuscus (Anura: Pelobatidae), reveals evolutionary history, postglacial range expansion and secondary contact

Fig. 5 A multilocus cline at four diagnostic allozyme loci along transect in the contact zone of Pelobates fuscus fuscus and P. f. vespertinus. The vertical axis shows the frequency of genetic variants diagnostic for P. f. fuscus (variation diagnostic for P. f. vespertinus is the inverse)

Fig. 2 in Phylogeographic patterns of genetic diversity in the common spadefoot toad, Pelobates fuscus (Anura: Pelobatidae), reveals evolutionary history, postglacial range expansion and secondary contact

Fig. 2 Unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean phenogram (a) and neighbor-joining tree (b) showing genetic (allozyme) relationship among the Pelobates species populations sampled based on Nei's (1978) unbiased genetic distance (DNei); bootstrap values ≥ 70 %. Correspondence analysis of allele frequencies among the studied samples of P. fuscus (c), where dark circles represent P. f. vespertinus samples, gray circles are samples from the contact zone from Kursk Province of Russia, open circles are P. f. fuscus samples from Eastern

opencc-zeroDec 2013View details →

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Data from: The evolutionary stability of cross-sex, cross-trait genetic covariances

Although knowledge of the selective agents behind the evolution of sexual dimorphism has advanced considerably in recent years, we still lack a clear understanding of the evolutionary durability of cross-sex genetic covariances that often constrain its evolution. We tested the relative stability of cross-sex genetic covariances for a suite of homologous contact pheromones of the fruit fly Drosophila serrata, along a latitudinal gradient that these traits have diverged in mean. Using a Bayesian framework, which allowed us to account for uncertainty in all parameter estimates, we compared divergence in the total amounts and orientations of genetic variance across populations, finding divergence in orientation but not total variance. We then statistically compared orientation divergence of within-sex (G) to cross-sex (B) covariance matrices. In line with a previous theoretical prediction, we find that the cross-sex covariance matrix, B, is more variable than either male or female within-sex covariance matrix. Decomposition of B matrices into their symmetrical and non-symmetrical components revealed that instability is linked to the degree of asymmetry. We also find that the degree of asymmetry correlates with latitude suggesting a role for spatially varying natural selection in shaping genetic constraints on the evolution of sexual dimorphism.

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Data from: Adaptive divergence despite strong genetic drift: genomic analysis of the evolutionary mechanisms causing genetic differentiation in the island fox (Urocyon littoralis)

The evolutionary mechanisms generating the tremendous biodiversity of islands have long fascinated evolutionary biologists. Genetic drift and divergent selection are predicted to be strong on islands and both could drive population divergence and speciation. Alternatively, strong genetic drift may preclude adaptation. We conducted a genomic analysis to test the roles of genetic drift and divergent selection in causing genetic differentiation among populations of the island fox (Urocyon littoralis). This species consists of six subspecies, each of which occupies a different California Channel Island. Analysis of 5293 SNP loci generated using Restriction-site Associated DNA (RAD) sequencing found support for genetic drift as the dominant evolutionary mechanism driving population divergence among island fox populations. In particular, populations had exceptionally low genetic variation, small Ne (range = 2.1–89.7; median = 19.4), and significant genetic signatures of bottlenecks. Moreover, islands with the lowest genetic variation (and, by inference, the strongest historical genetic drift) were most genetically differentiated from mainland grey foxes, and vice versa, indicating genetic drift drives genome-wide divergence. Nonetheless, outlier tests identified 3.6–6.6% of loci as high FST outliers, suggesting that despite strong genetic drift, divergent selection contributes to population divergence. Patterns of similarity among populations based on high FST outliers mirrored patterns based on morphology, providing additional evidence that outliers reflect adaptive divergence. Extremely low genetic variation and small Ne in some island fox populations, particularly on San Nicolas Island, suggest that they may be vulnerable to fixation of deleterious alleles, decreased fitness and reduced adaptive potential.

opencc-zeroDec 2015View details →