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448 results for “evolutionary morphology”
Data from: Morphological disparity and evolutionary rates of cranial and postcranial characters in sloths (Mammalia, Pilosa, Folivora)
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Data from: Beaks promote rapid morphological diversification along distinct evolutionary trajectories in labrid fishes (Eupercaria: Labridae)
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Population genomic and morphological datasets from: An evolutionary mosaic challenges traditional monitoring of a foundation species in a coastal environment - the Baltic Fucus vesiculosus
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Data from: Unravelling the distinctive craniomandibular morphology of the Plio‐Pleistocene Eumysops in the evolutionary setting of South American octodontoid rodents (Hystricomorpha)
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Novel integrative modeling of molecules and morphology across evolutionary timescales
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Evolutionary stasis, ecophenotypy, and environmental controls on ammonite morphology in the Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) Western Interior Seaway, USA
<p class="Abstract">We test for the presence of evolutionary stasis in a species of Late Cretaceous ammonoid cephalopod, <i>Hoploscaphites nicolletii</i>, from the North American Western Interior Seaway. A comprehensive dataset of morphological traits was compiled across the entire spatial and temporal range of this species. These were analyzed in conjunction with sedimentologically and geochemically derived palaeoenvironmental conditions hypothesized to apply selective pressures. All changes in shell shape were observed to be ephemeral and reversable, that is, no unidirectional trend could be observed in any of the morphological traits analyzed. Correlations between palaeoenvironmental conditions and morphological traits suggests ecophenotypic processes were at play, however, either environmental changes were too minor and/or provided no isolating mechanism to drive speciation. These data support mechanisms of stasis such as homogenizing gene flow or stabilising selection under a fluctuating optimum (likely reflecting spatiotemporally heterogeneous palaeoenvironmental conditions). Finally, changes in shell size were not significantly associated with changes in shell-specific δ<sup>18</sup>O, despite a correlation between shell size and δ<sup>18</sup>O averaged across horizons. This suggests a mismatch in scales of geochemical sampling that supports caution when making broad interpretations based on averaged geochemical data.</p>
data sets and trees for the Rasplus et al paper "Exploring systematic biases, rooting methods and morphological evidence to unravel the evolutionary history of the genus Ficus (Moraceae)" Cladistics (2020)
<p>Data sets and trees for the Rasplus <em>et al</em>. paper "Exploring systematic biases, rooting methods and morphological evidence to unravel the evolutionary history of the genus <em>Ficus</em> (Moraceae)" Cladistics (2020). Preprint = https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.15.042259v1</p> <p><strong>*.phy = Data sets (phylip format) [see Table 2 of the paper for more details].</strong></p> <p>- <strong>mergeR1R2.phy</strong> : complete data set (530 RAD loci shared by 75% of the samples + assembly of forward & reverse reads)<br> - <strong>mergeR1R2_GCinfmean.phy</strong> : loci with GC content inferior or equal to mean GC content<br> - <strong>mergeR1R2_GCsupmean.phy</strong> : loci with GC content strictly superior to mean GC content<br> - <strong>mergeR1R2_LS3.phy</strong> : loci that evolve at a homogeneous rate across clades of interest (Clade1= sect. Pharmacosycea; Clade2=subg. Urostigma, Clade3=sect. Oreosycea, Clade4= "gynodioecious clade")<br> - <strong>mergeR1R2_PCA.phy</strong> : loci for which difference between Long Branch (LB) scores for sect. Pharmacosycea and other ingroups was not significant according to our custom iterative PCA approach</p> <p> <br> <strong>Fig*.nwk : Trees (newick format) that were obtained for the different data sets.</strong></p> <p>Trees are also included as Figures or Supplementary Figures of the paper. Note that you may visualize these nwk trees in FigTree (open FigTree. Upload the FigS1A_RAxML_mergeR1R2_inclfigtreeannot.nex first and then open the other trees - do not close FigTree in between !- Annotations included in the first file will be automatically used to annotate other trees). </p> <p><strong>Appendix S2 : Morphological matrix + morphological tree + 4 competing molecular trees. </strong></p> <p>This file can be opened in Mesquite to get reconstruction of ancestral character states</p>
Data from: Disentangling evolutionary, environmental and morphological drivers of plant anatomical adaptations to drought and cold in Himalayan graminoids
Understanding what determine plants ability to survive drought and cold is crucial for predicting how plants may respond to ongoing climate change. Plant survival strategies are usually characterized by morphological and physiological adaptations, while their underlying anatomical settings are largely unknown. Woody angiosperms and herbaceous dicots have repeatedly evolved small water transporting conduits and large storage parenchyma tissues at colder or drier places to cope with freezing- and drought-induced damages. However, whether these adaptations are also valid for graminoids remains unclear. Here we show that stem anatomical variations in grasses, sedges and rushes dominating in western Himalayan grasslands are driven by elevation and soil moisture via control over aboveground plant stature and belowground clonal growth, while phylogenetic constraints have only a weak effect. Phylogenetic comparative analyses controlling for confounding factors showed that the elevation-related cooling controls the conductive system through reduced vessel diameter and extended assimilatory and storage tissues with more chlorenchyma and less sclerenchyma around vessels. The soil moisture deficit, on the other hand, determines stabilization structures by promoting short-rhizomatous turf graminoids with hollow stems, thicker epidermis and deep adventitious roots in dry steppes and semi-deserts. Saline wetlands and moist alpine pastures promote long-rhizomatous short-stature plants with lower need for mechanical support (absence of hollow stem) and exposure to high evaporative forcing (thinner epidermis). Observed trends of decreasing vessel sizes and lignification rate with elevation supports the existing knowledge that narrower vessels and extensive parenchyma assist plants to grow in cold environments by avoiding freezing-induced cavitation. Our results bring novel information on ecological drivers influencing the evolution of anatomical adaptations in high mountain graminoids. Distinct grassland types, covering elevations from 2650 to 6150 m, harbor unrelated species with different evolutionary histories that have converged towards similar anatomical structures.
Data from: Evolutionary change in flight-to-light response in urban moths comes with changes in wing morphology
<p>Moths and other insects are attracted by artificial light sources. This flight-to-light behaviour disrupts their general activity focused on finding essential habitat resources, such as mating partners, and increases predation risk. It thus has substantial fitness costs. In illuminated urban areas, spindle ermine moths <em>Yponomeuta cagnagella</em> were reported to have evolved a reduced flight-to-light response. Yet, the specific mechanism remained unknown, and was hypothesized to involve either changes in visual perception or general flight ability or overall mobility traits. Here, we test whether spindle ermine moths from urban and rural populations—with known differences in flight-to-light response—differ in flight-related morphological traits. Urban individuals were found to have on average smaller wings than rural moths, which in turn correlated with a lower probability of being attracted to an artificial light source. Our finding supports the reduced mobility hypothesis, which states that reduced mobility in urban areas is associated with specific morphological changes in the flight apparatus.</p>
Data From: Shifts in morphological covariation and evolutionary rates across multiple acquisitions of the trap-jaw mechanism in Strumigenys
<p class="MsoNormal">A long-standing question in comparative biology is how the evolution of biomechanical systems influence morphological evolution. The need for functional fidelity implies that the evolution of such systems should be associated with tighter morphological covariation, which may promote or dampen rates of morphological evolution. I examine this question across multiple evolutionary origins of the trap-jaw mechanism in the genus <em>Strumigenys</em>. Trap-jaw ants have latch-mediated, spring actuated systems that amplify the power output of their mandibles. I use Bayesian estimates of covariation and evolutionary rates to test the hypotheses that the evolution of this high-performance system is associated with tighter morphological covariation in the head and mandibles relative to non-trap-jaw forms and that this leads to shifts in rates of morphological evolution. Contrary to these hypotheses, there is no evidence of a large-scale shift to higher covariation in trap-jaw forms while different traits show both increased and decreased evolutionary rates between forms. These patterns may be indicative of many-to-one mapping and/or mechanical sensitivity in the trap-jaw LaMSA system. Overall, it appears that the evolution of trap-jaw forms in <em>Strumigenys</em> did not require a correlated increase in morphological covariation, partly explaining the proclivity with which the system has evolved.</p>
Data from: Evolutionary radiation strategy revealed in the Scarabaeidae with evidence of continuous spatiotemporal morphology and phylogenesis
<p>Evolutionary biology faces the important challenge of determining how to interpret the relationship between selection pressures and evolutionary radiation. The lack of morphological evidence on cross-species research adds to difficulty of this challenge.</p> <p>We proposed a new paradigm for evaluating the evolution of branches through changes in characters on continuous spatiotemporal scales, for better interpreting the impact of biotic/abiotic drivers on the evolutionary radiation. It reveals a causal link between morphological changes and selective pressures: consistent deformation signals for all tested characters on timeline, which provided strong support for the evolutionary hypothesis of relationship between scarabs and biotic/abiotic drivers; the evolutionary strategies under niche differentiation, which were manifested in the responsiveness degree of functional morphological characters with different selection pressure.</p> <p>This morphological information-driven integrative approach sheds light on the mechanism of macroevolution under different selection pressures and is applicable to more biodiversity research.</p>
Fig. 10 in Ecophenotypic plasticity versus evolutionary trends-morphological variability in Upper Jurassic bivalve shells from Portugal
Fig. 10. Box plot of rib numbers in Arcomytilus. Numbers in squared brackets refer to Fig. 2.
Stepwise shifts underlie evolutionary trends in morphological complexity of the mammalian vertebral column
<p>A fundamental concept in evolutionary biology is that life tends to become more complex through geologic time, but empirical examples of this phenomenon are controversial. One debate is whether increasing complexity is the result of random variations, or if there are evolutionary processes which actively drive its acquisition, and if these processes act uniformly across clades. The mammalian vertebral column provides an opportunity to test these hypotheses because it is composed of serially-repeating vertebrae for which complexity and organization can be readily measured. Here we test seven competing hypotheses for the evolution of vertebral complexity by incorporating fossil data from the mammal stem lineage into evolutionary models. Based on these data, we reject Brownian motion (a random walk) and uniform increasing trends in favor of stepwise shifts for explaining increasing complexity. We hypothesize that clade-specific adaptations associated with increased aerobic capacity in non-mammalian cynodonts may have provided impetus for increasing vertebral complexity in mammals.</p>
Supporting data for: Evolutionary drivers, morphological evolution and diversity dynamics of a surviving mammal clade: cainotherioids at the Eocene-Oligocene transition
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>The Eocene-Oligocene transition (EOT) represents a period of global environmental changes particularly marked in Europe and coincides with a dramatic biotic turnover. Here, using an exceptional fossil preservation, we document and analyse the diversity dynamics of a mammal clade, Cainotherioidea (Artiodactyla), that survived the EOT and radiated rapidly immediately after. We infer their diversification history from Quercy Konzentrat-Lagerstätte (South-West France) at the species level using Bayesian birth-death models. We show that cainotherioid diversity fluctuated through time, with extinction events at the EOT and in the late Oligocene, and a major speciation burst in the early Oligocene. The latter is in line with our finding that cainotherioids had a high morphological adaptability following environmental changes throughout the EOT, which likely played a key role in the survival and evolutionary success of this clade in the aftermath. Speciation is positively associated with temperature and continental fragmentation in a time-continuous way, while extinction seems to synchronize with environmental change in a punctuated way. Within-clade interactions negatively affected the cainotherioid diversification, while inter-clade competition might explain their final decline during the late Oligocene. Our results provide a detailed dynamic picture of the evolutionary history of a mammal clade in a context of global change.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Anguimorpha as a model group for studying the comparative heart morphology among Lepidosauria: Evolutionary window on the ventricular septation
<p>The group Anguimorpha represents one of the most unified squamate clades in terms of body plan, ecomorphology, ecophysiology and evolution. On the other hand, the anguimorphs vary between different habitats and ecological niches. Therefore, we focused on the group Anguimorpha to test a possible correlation between heart morphology and ecological niche with respect to phylogenetic position in Squamata with <em>Sphenodon</em>, <em>Salvator</em>, and <em>Pogona</em> as the outgroups. The chosen lepidosaurian species were investigated by microCT. Generally, all lepidosaurs had two well-developed atria with complete interatrial septum and one ventricle divided by ventricular septa to three different areas. The ventricles of all lepidosaurians had a compact layer and abundant trabeculae. The compact layer and trabeculae were developed in accordance with the particular ecological niche of the species; the trabeculae in nocturnal animals with low metabolism, such as <em>Sphenodon, Heloderma</em> or <em>Lanthanotus</em>, were more massive. On the other hand, athletic animals, such as varanids or <em>Salvator</em>, had ventricle compartmentalization divided by three incomplete septa. A difference between varanids and <em>Salvator</em> was found in compact layer thickness: thicker in monitor lizards and possibly linked to their mammalian-like high blood pressure, and the level of ventricular septation. In summary: heart morphology varied among clades in connection with the ecological niche of particular species and it reflects the phylogenetic position in the model clade Anguimorpha. In the absence of fossil evidence, this is the closest approach to understanding heart evolution and septation in clades with different cardiac compartmentalization levels. </p>
Data from: Morphological integration during postnatal ontogeny: Implications for evolutionary biology
<p>How covariance patterns of phenotypes change during development is fundamental for a broader understanding of evolution. There is compelling evidence that mammalian cranium covariance patterns change during ontogeny. However, it is unclear to what extent variation in covariance patterns during ontogeny can impact the response to selection. To tackle this question we explored: i) the extent to which covariance patterns change during postnatal ontogeny; ii) in which ontogenetic stages covariance patterns differ the most, and iii) the extent to which the phenotypic covariance pattern at different ontogenetic stages can be explained by the same processes determining additive genetic covariance. We sampled postnatal ontogenetic series for both marsupials, and placentals. Within each ontogenetic series, we compared covariance matrices (<strong>P</strong>-matrices) at different ontogenetic stages. Furthermore, we compared these <strong>P</strong>-matrices to two target matrices [adult <strong>P</strong>-matrix and an additive genetic covariance matrix (<strong>G</strong>-matrix)]. Our results show that for all ontogenetic series, covariance patterns from weaning onward are conserved and probably shaped by the same processes determining the <strong>G</strong>-matrix. We conclude that irrespective of eventual differences in how selection operates during most of postnatal ontogeny, the net response to such pressures will probably not be affected by ontogenetic differences in the covariance pattern.</p>
Data for: Morphological covariance and onset of foot prehensility as indicators of integrated evolutionary dynamics in the herons (Ardeidae)
<p>The ultimate form an organism attains is based, in part, on the rate and timing of developmental trajectories and on compensatory relationships between morphological traits. For example, there is often an inverse correlation between the relative size of an organism's head and the length of its legs. Avian examples with disproportionately small heads and long legs include ostriches (Struthionidae), flamingos (Phoenicopteridae), cranes (Gruidae), stilts (Recurvirostridae), and storks (Ciconiidae). To determine whether a possible compensatory relationship exists between relative head size and hind-limb length in a typically long-legged family of birds—the Ardeidae—we measured skull dimensions (length, width, and height of cranium, and total skull length, including culmen) and skeletal hind-limb dimensions (femur, tibiotarsus, and tarsometatarsus) of the 12 North American species (north of Mexico) and of 12 additional taxa, including the morphologically divergent Agamia and Cochlearius. Our analyses reveal a negative allometric relationship between head size and leg length. For example, <em>Ardea</em> species exhibit the smallest relative head sizes and the longest legs, while <em>Butorides</em>, <em>Nycticorax</em>, <em>Nyctanassa</em>, and <em>Cochlearius</em> have among the largest heads relative to hind-limb length. Furthermore, both positive and negative allometries occur in paired comparisons between the three hind-limb bones, resulting in tall morphotypes having disproportionately short femurs while small morphotypes exhibit long femurs; this relationship has implications for foraging behavior. Moreover, long legs of <em>Ardea</em> apparently derive from an extended growth period, or hypermorphosis, while relatively short legs of <em>Butorides</em> result from growth truncation. The latter are thus morphologically paedomorphic features that, paradoxically, permit a functional precociality of the hind limbs: early onset of prehensile ability of the feet for grasping branches, which nestlings retain into adulthood, later expressed in foraging mode. This developmentally accelerated prehensile function in small species may be attributed, in part, to selection for predator avoidance in the early nestling stage.</p>
Many ways to build an angler: diversity of feeding morphologies in a deep-sea evolutionary radiation
<p>Almost nothing is known about the diets of bathypelagic fishes, but functional morphology can provide useful tools to infer ecological processes. Here we quantify variation in jaw and tooth morphologies across anglerfishes (Lophiiformes), a clade spanning shallow and deep-sea habitats. Deep-sea ceratioid anglerfishes are believed to be dietary generalists due to the presumed necessity of opportunistic feeding in the food-limited bathypelagic zone. However, we found unexpected diversity in the trophic morphologies of ceratioid anglerfishes. Ceratioid jaws span a functional continuum ranging from species with numerous stout teeth, a relatively slow but forceful bite, and high jaw protrusibility at one extreme (characteristics shared with benthic anglerfishes), to species with large fang-like teeth, a fast but weak bite, and low jaw protrusibility at the other (including a unique "wolftrap" phenotype). Our finding of high morphological diversity seems to be at odds with ecological generality, reminiscent of Liem's paradox (morphological specialization allows organisms to have broader niches). Another possible explanation is that diverse ceratioid morphologies may yield similar trophic success (many-to-one mapping of morphology to diet), allowing diversity to arise through neutral evolutionary processes. Our results highlight that there are many ways to be a successful predator in the deep sea.</p>
Evolutionary history and genetic diversity of apomictic allopolyploids in Hieracium s.str. (Asteraceae): morphological versus genomic features
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Evolutionary stasis, ecophenotypy, and environmental controls on ammonite morphology in the Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) Western Interior Seaway, USA
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
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The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
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