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149 results for “field cricket”
Data from: Alternative reproductive tactics arising from a continuous behavioral trait: callers vs. satellites in field crickets
Alternative reproductive tactics may arise when natural enemies use sexual signals to locate the signaler. In field crickets, elevated costs to male calling due to acoustically orienting parasitoid flies create opportunity for an alternative tactic, satellite behavior, where noncalling males intercept females attracted to callers. Although the caller-satellite system in crickets that risk detection by parasitoids resembles distinct behavioral phenotypes, a male's propensity to behave as caller or satellite can be a continuously variable trait over several temporal scales, and an individual may pursue alternate tactics at different times. We modeled a caller-satellite-parasitoid system as a spatially explicit interaction among male and female crickets using individual-based simulation. Males varied in their propensity to call versus behave as a satellite from one night to the next. We varied mortality, density, sex ratio, and female mating behavior, and recorded lifetime number of mates as a function of a male's probability of calling (vs. acting as a satellite) along a gradient in parasitism risk. Frequently, the optimal behavior switched abruptly from being pure caller (call every night) to pure satellite (never call) as parasitism rate increased. However, mixed strategies prevailed even with high parasitism risk under conditions of higher background mortality rate, decreasing density, increasing female-biased sex ratio, and increasing female choosiness. In natural populations, high parasitoid pressure alone would be unlikely to yield fixation of pure satellite behavior.
Data from: Field crickets compensate for unattractive static long-distance call components by increasing dynamic signalling effort
The evolution of multiple sexual signals presents a dilemma since individuals selecting a mate should pay attention to the most honest signal and ignore the rest; however, multiple signals may evolve if, together, they provide more information to the receiver than either one would alone. Static and dynamic signals, for instance, can act as multiple messages, providing information on different aspects of signaller quality that reflect condition at different time scales. While the nature of static signals makes them difficult or impossible for individuals to augment, dynamic signals are much more susceptible to temporary fluctuations in effort. We investigated whether male Texas field crickets, Gryllus texensis, that produce unattractive static signals compensate by dynamically increasing their calling effort. Our findings lend partial support to the compensation hypothesis, as males that called at unattractive carrier frequencies (a static trait) spent more time calling each night (a dynamic trait). Interestingly, this finding was most pronounced in males that called with attractive pulse characteristics (static traits) but did not occur in males that called with unattractive pulse characteristics. Males that signalled with unattractive pulse characteristics (duration and pause) spent less time calling through the night. Our correlative findings on wild caught males suggest that only males that signal with attractive pulse characteristics may be able to afford to pay the costs of both trait exaggeration and increased calling effort to compensate for poor carrier frequencies.
Data from: Sexual signal loss: the link between behavior and rapid evolutionary dynamics in a field cricket
1. Sexual signals may be acquired or lost over evolutionary time, and are tempered in their exaggeration by natural selection. 2. In the Pacific field cricket, Teleogryllus oceanicus, a mutation ("flatwing") causing loss of the sexual signal, the song, spread in < 20 generations in two of three Hawaiian islands where the crickets have been introduced. Flatwing (as well as some normal-wing) males behave as satellites, moving towards and settling near calling males to intercept phonotactic females. 3. From 2005-2012, we surveyed crickets and their responses to conspecific song, noting the morph and number of males and females before and after experimental playbacks. The three Hawaiian islands consistently contained different proportions of flatwing crickets, ranging from about 90% of males on Kauai to 50% on Oahu to rare on the Big Island of Hawaii. 4. Flatwing and normal-wing males do not appear to differ in responsiveness to playback, a behavior that should influence the likelihood of a male encountering a phonotactic female. Instead, male and female crickets from populations in which little to no calling song is perceptible during development tended to seek out callers more readily than crickets that developed in noisier environments. Such increased phonotaxis makes females more likely to find either the caller to which they are responding or to encounter a flatwing (or normal male satellite) that has also been attracted to the song. 5. Our evidence suggests that pre-existing behavioral plasticity (manifest as flexible responses to social – particularly acoustic – information in the environment) is associated with the rapid spread of the flatwing trait. Different social environments select for differential success of flatwing or normal-wing males, which in turn alters the social environment itself.
Data from: Structure of a mosaic hybrid zone between the field crickets Gryllus firmus and G. pennsylvanicus
Hybrid zones provide insight into the nature of species boundaries and the evolution of barriers to gene exchange. Characterizing multiple regions within hybrid zones is essential for understanding both their history and current dynamics. Here, we describe a previously uncharacterized region of a well-studied hybrid zone between two species of field crickets, Gryllus pennsylvanicus and G. firmus. We use a combination of mitochondrial DNA sequencing, morphological data, and modeling of environmental variables to identify the ecological factors structuring the hybrid zone and define patterns of hybridization and introgression. We find an association between species distribution and natural habitat; Gryllus pennsylvanicus occupies natural habitat along forest edges and natural clearings, whereas G. firmus occupies more disturbed areas in agricultural and suburban environments. Hybridization and introgression occur across patch boundaries; there is evidence of substantial admixture both in morphological characters and mtDNA, over a broad geographic area. Nonetheless, the distribution of morphological types is bimodal. Given that F1 hybrids are viable and fertile in the lab, this suggests that strong pre-zygotic barriers are operating in this portion of the hybrid zone.
Anthropogenic light and noise affect the life histories of female Gryllus veletis field crickets
<p>Adaptive plasticity often offsets the negative effects of rapid environmental change. However, anthropogenic stressors like noise and artificial light at night (ALAN) are often unlike those environments experienced ancestrally, making the resulting responses of individuals potentially maladaptive or less predictable. Further uncertainty stems from few studies exploring how the two anthropogenic stressors may interact to influence individual responses. Here we reared female Gryllus veletis field crickets in traffic noise, ALAN, both, or neither to assess how each environment impacted their development, mating behaviors, and reproductive output. We found modest to no effect of anthropogenic stressors on development time or adult size, but pronounced effects on adult behaviors. Females reared in noise in any capacity were more responsive to advertising males and mated with them faster, and females reared in any anthropogenic stressor retained spermatophores longer. More significantly, any anthropogenic stressor reduced the lifetime fitness of females through reduced oviposition, hatching success, both, or reduced offspring size at hatching. However, we did not find decreased fitness of females reared with both anthropogenic stressors relative to those reared with just one. Our results highlight how novel anthropogenic stressors may impact populations, but whether individuals can adapt may depend on an interplay between development, mating behaviors, and reproductive output. </p>
FIGURE 4 in Seasonal and geographical adaption of two field crickets in China (Orthoptera: Grylloidea: Gryllidae: Gryllinae: Teleogryllus)
FIGURE 4. RelatiOnsHip between Hind femur lengtH and Original latitude (A T. emma B T. occipitalis THe dOtted line represents tHe female, THe sOlid line represents tHe male).
FIGURE 2 in Description of two smallest field crickets from South America, Laureopsis nauta Jaiswara gen. nov., sp. nov. and Perugryllus estiron Jaiswara gen. nov., sp. nov. (Orthoptera, Grylloidea, Gryllidae, Gryllinae)
FIGURE 2. Genitalia of Laureopsis nauta JaiSwara gen. nov., sp. nov. Male genitalia (A) dorSal view, (B) ventral view, (C) lateral view. Female genitalia (D) dorSal view and (E) ventral view.
FIGURE 1 in Description of two smallest field crickets from South America, Laureopsis nauta Jaiswara gen. nov., sp. nov. and Perugryllus estiron Jaiswara gen. nov., sp. nov. (Orthoptera, Grylloidea, Gryllidae, Gryllinae)
FIGURE 1. Laureopsis nauta JaiSwara gen. nov., sp. nov. (A) male in dorSal view, (B) male in lateral view, (C) female in dorSal view, (D) male forewing, (E) face in front view, (F) female Subgenital plate in dorSal view, (G) male Subgenital plate in dorSal view and (H) male Subgenital plate in lateral view. Scale for male and female body length iS 5mm.
FIGURE 4 in Description of two smallest field crickets from South America, Laureopsis nauta Jaiswara gen. nov., sp. nov. and Perugryllus estiron Jaiswara gen. nov., sp. nov. (Orthoptera, Grylloidea, Gryllidae, Gryllinae)
FIGURE 4. Perugryllus estiron JaiSwara gen. nov., sp. nov. Male genitalia (A) dorSal view, (B) ventral view, (C) lateral view. Female genitalia (D) dorSal view and (E) ventral view.
FIGURE 3 in Description of two smallest field crickets from South America, Laureopsis nauta Jaiswara gen. nov., sp. nov. and Perugryllus estiron Jaiswara gen. nov., sp. nov. (Orthoptera, Grylloidea, Gryllidae, Gryllinae)
FIGURE 3. Perugryllus estiron JaiSwara gen. nov., sp. nov. (A) male in dorSal view, (B) male in lateral view, (C) female in dorSal view, (D) male forewing, (E) face in front view, (F) female Subgenital plate in dorSal view, (G) male Subgenital plate in dorSal view and (H) male Subgenital plate in lateral view. Scale for male and female body length iS 5mm.
FIGURE 42. Egg hatch from single field collected G in Crickets of the genus Gryllus in the United States (Orthoptera: Gryllidae: Gryllinae)
FIGURE 42. Egg hatch from single field collected G. firmus (S13-65) from near Schulenburg, TX, showing a mixed egg diapause pattern.
FIGURE 1c–d in Gryllus mandevillus (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) is a valid field cricket species
FIGURE 1c–d. Holotype male of Gryllus mandevillus. Fig. 1c. Right tegmen. Note darker lateral (right side) field. Arrow indicates stridulatory file vein. Fig. 1d. File, right tegmen, red dots are positioned at every tenth tooth to facilitate counting. Scale in mm.
FIGURE 1a–b in Gryllus mandevillus (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) is a valid field cricket species
FIGURE 1a–b. Holotype male of Gryllus mandevillus. Fig. 1a. Dorsal view. Fig. 1b. Lateral view, right tegmen removed, arrow pointing to now visible hind wing.
FIGURE 3. A in Recognizing taxonomic units in the field-The case of the crickets Oecanthus dulcisonans Gorochov 1993, and O. pellucens (Scopoli, 1763) (Orthoptera: Gryllidae): implications for their distribution and conservation in Southern Europe
FIGURE 3. A, ventral view of Oecan- FIGURE 4. Oscillograms and sonograms of Oecanthus dulcisothus pellucens (p) and O. dulcisonans nans (A,C,E,G,I) and O. pellucens (B,D,F,H,J). AB, oscillograms (d). B, details of the sternum of both of 10 seconds of calling song at 21ºC in identical housing condispecies (p) and (d). tions. CD, one second oscillogram including a full echeme of O.
FIGURE 1 in Recognizing taxonomic units in the field-The case of the crickets Oecanthus dulcisonans Gorochov 1993, and O. pellucens (Scopoli, 1763) (Orthoptera: Gryllidae): implications for their distribution and conservation in Southern Europe
FIGURE 1. Epiphallus of Oecanthus dulcisonans FIGURE 2. Differences in tegmen length between from Almería, Spain (da, above; db, below) and O. pel- O. dulcisonans and O. pellucens. Line in box reprelucens from Toledo, Spain (p, above; pb, below). senting the median, extreme of the boxes, quartile
Figure 5 in Testing concordance in species boundaries using acoustic, morphological, and molecular data in the field cricket genus Itaropsis (Orthoptera: Grylloidea, Gryllidae: Gryllinae)
Figure 5. Phylogeny of Itaropsis obtained from Bayesian analysis of combined morphological, mitochondrial, and nuclear data sets. Abbreviations as in Figure 4.
Figure 4 in Testing concordance in species boundaries using acoustic, morphological, and molecular data in the field cricket genus Itaropsis (Orthoptera: Grylloidea, Gryllidae: Gryllinae)
Figure 4. Phylogenetic trees of Itaropsis resulting from analysis of morphological and molecular data. A, cladogram obtained with morphological characters (one tree, length 120 steps, CI 41, RI 51); B, phylogenetic tree obtained from Bayesian analysis of mitochondrial data sets for 19 terminals; C, phylogenetic tree obtained from Bayesian analysis of nuclear data sets for 17 terminals. Abbreviations: B, Bombay–Bangalore cluster; K, Kadari cluster; V, Valparai cluster.
Figure 3 in Testing concordance in species boundaries using acoustic, morphological, and molecular data in the field cricket genus Itaropsis (Orthoptera: Grylloidea, Gryllidae: Gryllinae)
Figure 3. Dendrogram based on four song features: call duration, syllable duration, syllable period and dominant frequency for individuals of the five song types of Itaropsis. Closed circles, Valparai chirper; closed triangles, Kadari chirper; open triangles, Kadari triller; open squares, Bangalore triller; open circles, Bombay triller.
Figure 1 in Testing concordance in species boundaries using acoustic, morphological, and molecular data in the field cricket genus Itaropsis (Orthoptera: Grylloidea, Gryllidae: Gryllinae)
Figure 1. Map showing the four sampling sites for Itaropsis in peninsular India (black dots), together with the localities where the presence of Itaropsis has been acknowledged in the past (grey squares) and main biogeographical units (Palghat gap, Palk strait). Cricket picture courtesy of Ashok Kumar Mallik, CES, IISc, Bangalore, India.
Supplementary material 2 from: Wang N, Huang H, Ma L-B (2022) The intraspecific variation of morphology and coloration of field crickets: a taxonomic revision of Chinese Gymnogryllus Saussure, 1877 and Phonarellus Gorochov, 1983 (Orthoptera, Gryllidae, Gryllini). ZooKeys 1129: 85-107. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1129.87706
The area to total area ratio of the black area of the posterior femora of 42 specimens of the P. minor
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