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135 results for “forest land”
Data from: Patterns and drivers of recent land cover change on two trailing-edge forest landscapes
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Permeability of Neotropical agricultural lands to a key native ungulate – are well-connected forests important?
<p>Much of what remains of the Earth's tropical forests is embedded within agricultural landscapes, where forest is reduced and fragmented. As native forest ungulates are critical to maintaining forest function, it is imperative to understand how this functional group responds to declines in forest cover and connectivity resulting from agricultural expansion. We addressed this issue by evaluating selection of forest cover and forest connectivity by a key native ungulate of Neotropical forests, the white-lipped peccary (<i>Tayassu pecari </i>Link 1795<i>, </i>Tayassuidae, Cetartiodactyla), in agricultural landscapes of Brazil. We evaluated selection using compositional analysis at two hierarchical levels, landscape and home range. From 2013 to 2019, we GPS-tracked eight white-lipped peccary herds in Southwest Brazil, resulting in a total of 14,460 GPS locations. We found that herds can live in landscapes with a wide range of forest cover (35-81% of home ranges covered by native forest), with significant, but not strong, selection at the landscape level (p = 0.045). Nevertheless, herds strongly select for forest cover within their home ranges (81-97% of locations within native forest; highly significant selection at the home-range level: p = 0.008). As for connectivity, herds significantly select the largest, most connected forest fragments at the landscape level (p=0.04), but not at the home-range level (p=0.07). Our results support that Neotropical forests within agricultural landscapes need to be well-connected in order to preserve this key native ungulate, and maintain long-term forest function.</p>
Data from: Exploiting Poisson additivity to predict fire frequency from maps of fire weather and land cover in boreal forests of Québec, Canada
Predictive models of fire frequency conditional on weather and land cover are essential to assess how future cover-type distributions and weather conditions may influence fire regimes. We modelled the effects of bottom-up variables (e.g. land cover) and top-down variables (e.g. fire weather) simultaneously with data aggregated or interpolated to spatial and temporal units of 100 km2 and 1yr in the boreal forest of Québec, Canada. For models of human-caused fires, we used road density as a surrogate for human access and behaviour. We exploited the additive property of Poisson distributions to estimate cover-type specific fire count rates, which would normally not be possible with data of this spatial resolution. We used piecewise linear functions to model nonlinear relations between fire weather and fire frequency for each cover-type simultaneously. The estimated conditional rates may be considered as expected mean counts per unit area and time. It follows that these rates can be rescaled to arbitrary spatial and temporal extents. Our results showed fire frequency increased nonlinearly as aridity increased and more quickly in disturbed areas than other types. Road density exerted the strongest influence on the frequency of human-caused fires, which were positively correlated with road density. The estimates may be used to parameterize the fire ignition component of spatial simulation models, which often have a resolution different from that at which the data were collected. This is an essential step in incorporating biotic and abiotic feedbacks, land-cover dynamics, and climate projections into ecological forecasting. The insight into the power of Poisson additivity to reveal high-resolution ecological processes from low-resolution data could have applications in other areas of ecology.
Data from: Differences in Al sensitivity affect establishment of Populus genotypes on acidic forest land
Forest lands hold great potential for Populus plantations, but in native boreal forests, soils normally have low pH and thus higher levels of aluminum ions (Al3+ and hydroxides). Aluminum (Al) is one of the major factors limiting plant growth on these soils by inhibiting root growth, thus reducing water and nutrient uptake and slowing growth. There is a large variation in Al resistance both among and within species. In this study, growth responses of greenhouse-grown hybrid aspen (P. tremula × tremuloides) and poplar (P. trichocarpa hybrids) were monitored in relation to changes in Al concentrations. In quartz sand, hybrid aspen was more tolerant to exogenous application of Al than P. trichocarpa hybrids. This difference in Al-tolerance was further confirmed by hematoxylin staining of the roots, with hybrid aspen displaying less staining after Al treatment than poplar clones. When planted on forest land with low pH, hybrid aspen increased growth after planting and showed low mortality. This was not the case for poplar clones; plant height decreased after planting and mortality increased. Together, our results suggest that differences in initial growth and survival on forest land among hybrid aspen and the tested poplar clones may be connected to differences in Al tolerance. Our findings that staining with hematoxylin can identify Al-tolerant Populus genotypes may help identify Al-tolerant genotypes suitable for forest land.
Data from: Contrasting impacts of land use change on phylogenetic and functional diversity of tropical forest birds
1.Biodiversity conservation strategies increasingly target maintaining evolutionary history and the resilience of ecosystem function, not just species richness (SR). This has led to the emergence of two metrics commonly proposed as tools for decision making: phylogenetic diversity (PD) and functional diversity (FD). Yet the extent to which they are interchangeable remains poorly understood. 2.We explore shifts in and relationships between FD and PD of bird communities across a disturbance gradient in Borneo, from old-growth tropical forest to oil palm plantation. 3.We show a marked decline in PD, and an increase in phylogenetic mean nearest taxon distance (MNTD) from forest to oil palm, in line with declining SR across the gradient. However, phylogenetic mean pairwise distance (MPD) is constrained by forest logging more than by conversion to oil palm, taking account of SR. 4.The decline in FD across the gradient is less severe than in PD, with all metrics indicating relatively high trait diversity in oil palm despite low SR, although functional redundancy is much reduced. Accounting for SR, levels of functional over- or under-dispersion of bird communities are strongly coupled to habitat disturbance level rather than to any equivalent phylogenetic metric. 5.Policy Implications. We suggest that while phylogenetic diversity (PD) is an improvement on species richness as a proxy for functional diversity (FD), conservation decisions based on PD alone cannot reliably safeguard maximal FD. Thus, PD and FD are related but still complementary. Priority setting exercises should use these metrics in combination to identify conservation targets.
Data from: Wildfire activity and land use drove 20th-century changes in forest cover in the Colorado front range
Recent shifts in global forest area highlight the importance of understanding the causes and consequences of forest change. To examine the influence of several potential drivers of forest cover change, we used supervised classifications of historical (1938–1940) and contemporary (2015) aerial imagery covering a 2932‐km2 study area in the northern Front Range (NFR) of Colorado and we linked observed changes in forest cover with abiotic factors, land use, and fire history. Forest cover in the NFR demonstrated broad‐scale changes 1938–2015 and overall cover increased 7.8%, but there was notable spatial variability and many sites also experienced Forest Loss. Recent (1978–2015) wildfire was the largest single driver of Forest Loss, with fires burning 14.3% of the total study area. Recently burned areas showed net losses of 36.9% forest cover. Reasons for Forest Gain were more complex, with elevation, past mining density, fire history, and topographic heat load index being the strongest predictors of increases in forest cover. Historical mining activity is one of the dominant anthropogenic impacts in ecosystems in the NFR and it had a complex, non‐linear relationship with 20th‐century changes in forest cover. Subalpine stands originating after stand‐replacing fires circa mid‐1800s to early 1900s showed some of the greatest gains in forest cover, indicative of slow and continuous post‐fire recovery through the 20th century. We also investigated factors such as land ownership, road density, forest management activities, and development intensity, which played detectable, but more minor roles in observed change. Twentieth‐century changes in forest cover throughout the NFR are a result of ecological disturbances and anthropogenic influences operating at varying timescales and overlaid upon variability in the abiotic environment.
Data from: Beyond plant-soil feedbacks: mechanisms driving plant community shifts due to land-use legacies in post-agricultural forests
Although biotic legacies of past agricultural practices are widespread and increasing in contemporary ecosystems, our understanding of the mechanisms driving such legacies is still poor. Forest understories on former agricultural land show low frequencies and abundance of typical woodland species when compared with ancient forests. These community shifts have been ascribed to the effects of dispersal limitation. A rarely considered mechanism is that post-dispersal processes driven by plant-associated communities determine the poor performance and recruitment of woodland indicators. Given the strong alterations in soil conditions due to former agricultural practices, we hypothesized that (abiotic) plant–soil feedbacks could be a major factor in community shifts. We addressed this hypothesis by comparing plant-associated communities in the soil and above the ground in ancient and post-agricultural alluvial forests; then, we experimentally tested whether the changes in biotic and abiotic soil properties could affect above-ground herbivore abundance and pressure and plant performance. Ancient and post-agricultural communities clearly differed in composition at different levels of the food web. Besides the plant community, we also observed the differences in the microbial and nematode community with increased abundance of root-feeding nematodes in post-agricultural soils. The composition of the above-ground invertebrate community did not differ in ancient and post-agricultural forest parcels; however, plants growing in post-agricultural sites showed higher abundance of invertebrate herbivores and suffered more herbivory. Nutrient analyses of soil and plants showed that increased levels of phosphorus (and to a lesser extent, nitrogen) made plants more nutritious for insect herbivores. Laboratory experiments further pointed to this mechanism as an explanation of the poorer performance of woodland indicators in post-agricultural woodlands. Our results point to biotic and abiotic plant–soil feedbacks coupled with herbivory as a new mechanism to explain the legacy effects in temperate forests. The modification of the below-ground community and soil abiotic characteristics by previous agricultural activity affects not only the plant growth but also the plant nutrient content in the compared understorey species, making them more susceptible to above-ground herbivory. Our results provide one of the first examples of integrating plant–soil feedback and above- and below-ground interactions to explain land-use legacies.
Data from: Breeding bird species diversity across gradients of land use from forest to agriculture in Europe
Loss, fragmentation and decreasing quality of habitats have been proposed as major threats to biodiversity world-wide, but relatively little is known about biodiversity responses to multiple pressures, particularly at very large spatial scales. We evaluated the relative contributions of four landscape variables (habitat cover, diversity, fragmentation and productivity) in determining different components of avian diversity across Europe. We sampled breeding birds in multiple 1-km2 landscapes, from high forest cover to intensive agricultural land, in eight countries during 2001−02. We predicted that the total diversity would peak at intermediate levels of forest cover and fragmentation, and respond positively to increasing habitat diversity and productivity; forest and open-habitat specialists would show threshold conditions along gradients of forest cover and fragmentation, and respond positively to increasing habitat diversity and productivity; resident species would be more strongly impacted by forest cover and fragmentation than migratory species; and generalists and urban species would show weak responses. Measures of total diversity did not peak at intermediate levels of forest cover or fragmentation. Rarefaction-standardized species richness decreased marginally and linearly with increasing forest cover and increased non-linearly with productivity, whereas all measures increased linearly with increasing fragmentation and landscape diversity. Forest and open-habitat specialists responded approximately linearly to forest cover and also weakly to habitat diversity, fragmentation and productivity. Generalists and urban species responded weakly to the landscape variables, but some groups responded non-linearly to productivity and marginally to habitat diversity. Resident species were not consistently more sensitive than migratory species to any of the landscape variables. These findings are relevant to landscapes with relatively long histories of human land-use, and they highlight that habitat loss, fragmentation and habitat-type diversity must all be considered in land-use planning and landscape modeling of avian communities.
Data from: Comparing forest structure and biodiversity on private and public land: secondary tropical dry forests in Costa Rica
Secondary forests constitute a substantial proportion of tropical forestlands. These forests occur on both public and private lands and different underlying environmental variables and management regimes may affect post‐abandonment successional processes and resultant forest structure and biodiversity. We examined whether differences in ownership led to differences in forest structure, tree diversity, and tree species composition across a gradient of soil fertility and forest age. We collected soil samples and surveyed all trees in 82 public and 66 private 0.1‐ha forest plots arrayed across forest age and soil gradients in Guanacaste, Costa Rica. We found that soil fertility appeared to drive the spatial structure of public vs. private ownership; public conservation lands appeared to be non‐randomly located on areas of lower soil fertility. On private lands, areas of crops/pasture appeared to be non‐randomly located on higher soil fertility areas while forests occupied areas of lower soil fertility. We found that forest structure and tree species diversity did not differ significantly between public and private ownership. However, public and private forests differed in tree species composition: 11 percent were more prevalent in public forest and 7 percent were more prevalent in private forest. Swietenia macrophylla, Cedrela odorata, and Astronium graveolens were more prevalent in public forests likely because public forests provide stronger protection for these highly prized timber species. Guazuma ulmifolia was the most abundant tree in private forests likely because this species is widely consumed and dispersed by cattle. Furthermore, some compositional differences appear to result from soil fertility differences due to non‐random placement of public and private land holdings with respect to soil fertility. Land ownership creates a distinctive species composition signature that is likely the result of differences in soil fertility and management between the ownership types. Both biophysical and social variables should be considered to advance understanding of tropical secondary forest structure and biodiversity.
FIGURES 18–23 in A new species of land flatworm (Platyhelminthes: Continenticola) from areas of Araucaria Forest in southern Brazil
FIGURES 18–23. Cratera steffeni sp. nov.: (18) detail of prostatic vesicle of paratype MZU PL.00176 in horizontal section; (19) detail of penis papilla of the holotype in sagittal section; (20) detail of male atrium of the holotype in sagittal section; (21) detail of vagina and ovovitelline ducts in paratype MZU PL.00176 in horizontal section; (22) detail of vagina and common ovovitelline duct of the holotype in sagittal section; (23) detail of female atrium of the holotype in sagittal section. Anterior tip to the left (Figs. 19–20; 22–23) or to the bottom (Figs. 18 and 21). (cov) common glandular ovovitelline duct; (ej) ejaculatory duct; (fa) female atrium; (ma) male atrium; (ov) ovovitelline ducts; (p) penis papilla; (pv) prostatic vesicle; (sc) secretory cells; (sg) shell glands; (sv) spermiducal vesicle; (v) vitellaria; (va) vagina.
FIGURES 1–5 in A new species of land flatworm (Platyhelminthes: Continenticola) from areas of Araucaria Forest in southern Brazil
FIGURES 1–5. Cratera steffeni sp. nov.: (1–2) colour pattern of a fixed specimen (paratype MZU PL.00178) in dorsal view; (3) eyes pattern of a fixed specimen (paratype MZU PL.00177) in dorsal view; (4) detail of eyes pattern in the anterior extremity of the holotype; (5) detail of the median third of the body of the holotype. Anterior tip to the left (Figs. 1–3) or to the top (Figs. 4–5). (ca) copulatory apparatus; (db) dorsal band; (e) eyes; (ph) pharynx; (ps) paramarginal stripes.
FIGURES 16–17 in A new species of land flatworm (Platyhelminthes: Continenticola) from areas of Araucaria Forest in southern Brazil
FIGURES 16–17. Cratera steffeni sp. nov.: (16) copulatory apparatus of the holotype in sagittal section; (17) copulatory apparatus of paratype MZU PL.00176 in horizontal section. Anterior tip to the left. The arrow indicates the approximate position of the common muscle coat. (cmc) common muscle coat; (ej) ejaculatory duct; (fa) female atrium; (go) gonopore; (ma) male atrium; (ov) ovovitelline ducts; (p) penis papilla; (pv) prostatic vesicle; (sc) secretory cells; (sg) shell glands; (va) vagina.
FIGURES 14–15 in A new species of land flatworm (Platyhelminthes: Continenticola) from areas of Araucaria Forest in southern Brazil
FIGURES 14–15. Cratera steffeni sp. nov.: (14) sagittal composite reconstruction of the copulatory apparatus of the holotype; (15) diagrammatic horizontal composite reconstruction of the copulatory apparatus of paratype MZU PL.00176. Anterior tip to the left. (cmc) common muscle coat; (cov) common glandular ovovitelline duct; (ej) ejaculatory duct; (fa) female atrium; (go) gonopore; (ma) male atrium; (ov) ovovitelline ducts; (p) penis papilla; (pv) prostatic vesicle; (sc) secretory cells; (sg) shell glands; (sv) spermiducal vesicle; (va) vagina.
FIGURES 6–13 in A new species of land flatworm (Platyhelminthes: Continenticola) from areas of Araucaria Forest in southern Brazil
FIGURES 6–13. Cratera steffeni sp. nov., holotype: (6) anterior region of the body in transverse section; (7) detail of the anterior region of the body in transverse section; (8) pre-pharyngeal region in transverse section; (9) detail of body margin of the pre-pharyngeal region in transverse section; (10) detail of the dorsal surface of the pre-pharyngeal region in transverse section; (11) detail of the ventral surface of the pre-pharyngeal region in transverse section; (12) pharynx in sagittal section (anterior tip to the left); (13) ovary in sagittal section (anterior tip to the left). (de) dorsal epidermis; (di) dorsal insertion; (dm) dorsal cutaneous musculature; (e) eyes; (es) esophagus; (gm) glandular margin; (i) intestine; (im) internal musculature; (lu) pharyngeal lumen; (m) mouth; (mm) mesenchymal muscles; (n) nerve cord; (o) ovary; (om) outer musculature; (ov) ovovitelline duct; (pp) pharyngeal pouch; (sc) secretory cells; (sp) sensory pit; (t) testes; (v) vitellaria; (ve) ventral epidermis; (vi) ventral insertion; (vm) ventral cutaneous musculature.
Roles of Forests in Moderating the Diurnal Cycle of Land-Atmosphere Interactions
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Forest land under different scenarios of future global change
<p>Forest loss is one of the most threats to biodiversity, forested lands drive a key role in the climate earth system that also affects species diversity and ecosystem services (Vale et al. 2021). Therefore, several initiatives had been driven to map land-use time series, mainly projections into the future (Chen et al. 2020 and reference therein). The availability of those products is valuable for earth science, ecology, conservation, and other research fields once land-use land-cover data are important predictors of species occurrence and biodiversity threat (Ruiz-Benito et al. 2020., Valet et al. 2021) </p> <p>A recent land-use product called <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41597-020-00669-x">GCAM-Demeter</a> presents the highest global spatial resolution (0.05 º) until now (Chen et al. 2020). It provided current and future projections (2015-2100) under different scenarios of climate change (Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) and Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) ) and according to the most recent framework of Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6 (CMIP6). The data in each year include grid-explicit fraction (in percent) of each of the 32 plant functional types (PFTs) that are widely used in current Earth system models. The complete dataset is available in five General Circulation Models (GCMs): gfdl, hadgem, ipsl, miroc, and noresm. Also includes the mean and standard deviation of those GCMs (Chen et al. 2020).</p> <p>Although the valuable contribution of the GCAM-Demeter to provide those data, it is compressed in NetCDF format, a complex file format that needs management to become usable in several analyses, especially in ecology and biodiversity analyses (Vale et al., 2021 and reference therein). Here I managed the outputs of the mean of five GCMs (harmonized projection) based on the sum analysis of plant functional types considering:</p> <p>1- Global Extent at 0.05-degree resolution </p> <p>2- Years 2020, 2030 and 2050</p> <p>3- SSPs and RCP as follow: SSP1_RCP2, SSP2_RCP45, SSP4_RCP6, SSP5_RCP85</p> <p>The goals are to assess quantitatively the forest lands under different scenarios of global change and make these data available in the Tag Image File Format (TIFF) which is a more friendly and useable format to incorporate in several spatial analyses, mainly in ecology and biodiversity studies for conservation purposes.</p> <p><strong>Methods</strong></p> <p>I downloaded the GCAM-Demeter NetCDF files (the outputs of the mean of five GCMs and the first version, i.e the harmonized projection) freely available at <a href="https://release.datahub.pnnl.gov/released_data/1190">DataHub</a> (Chean et al. 2020). I selected, extracted, and performed the sum analysis of plant functional types (codes PTF1 to PTF11- described in README attached) considering:</p> <p>1- Global Extent at 0.05-degree resolution </p> <p>2- Years 2020, 2030 and 2050</p> <p>3- SSPs and RCP as follow: SSP1_RCP2, SSP2_RCP45, SSP4_RCP6, SSP5_RCP85</p> <p>The data manipulation and analysis were done using ncdf4 and raster packages in the R environment (R Core Team 2020, Pierce 2019; Hijmans et al. 2020). The outputs range from 0 to 100 and can be identified by their file name, for example: 2020_SSP5_RCP85_Forest_GCAM-Demeter_GCMsMean_Harmonized.tif . Also, outputs are provided in the Tag Image File Format (TIFF) which is a more friendly and useable format (Vale et al. 2021 and references therein). The methods and the quantitative results for forested areas are detailed better in the <a href="https://github.com/Tai-Rocha/Forest_Scenarios.github.io">GitHub repository</a> .</p> <p><strong>Acknowledgments</strong>.</p> <p>This initiative was possible due to the high-quality data maintained and made publicly available by GCAM-Demeter authors. Also, the study was developed within the scope of the Earth System Modeling Program funded by CAPES (Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel - Grant No. 88887.373031/2019-00) </p> <p> </p> <p><strong>References</strong></p> <p>Chen, M., Vernon, C. R., Graham, N. T., Hejazi, M., Huang, M., Cheng, Y., & Calvin, K. (2020). Global land use for 2015–2100 at 0.05 resolution under diverse socioeconomic and climate scenarios. <em>Scientific Data</em>, <em>7</em>(1), 1-11. </p> <p>Hijmans, R. J. (2020). raster: Geographic Data Analysis and Modeling (R package version 3.3-13)[Computer software]. <em>Retrieved form https://CRAN. R-project. org/package= raster</em>.</p> <p>Pierce, D. (2019). ncdf4: Interface to Unidata netCDF (Version 4 or earlier) Format Data Files. R package version 1.16.</p> <p>Ruiz-Benito P, Vacchiano G, Lines ER, Reyer CP, Ratcliffe S, Morin X, Hartig F, Mäkelä A, Yousefpour R, Chaves JE, Palacios-Orueta A. Available and missing data to model impact of climate change on European forests. Ecological Modelling. 2020 Jan 15;416:108870.</p> <p>Team, R. C. (2020). R: A language and environment for statistical computing.</p> <p>Vale, M. M., Lima-Ribeiro, M. S., & Rocha, T. C. (2021). GLOBAL LAND-SE AND LAND-COVER DATA: HISTORICAL, CURRENT AND FUTURE SCENARIOS. Biodiversity Informatics, 16, 2021, pp. 28-38.</p> <p> </p> <p> </p>
The legacies of land-clearance and trophic downgrading accumulate to affect structure and function of kelp forests
<p>Aotearoa New Zealand is the last major landmass settled by people, and therefore provides a recent record of ecological legacy effects in the coastal zone. Large-scale land clearances of forests accelerated over the last century, affecting the concentration of suspended sediments, light environment and nutrient composition on rocky reefs, and consequently the distribution, abundance and composition of algal forests. Environmental effects were compounded in many places by overfishing and long-term declines of large predatory species, often leading to proliferation and extensive grazing by sea urchins. Here we examine these processes in three biogeographic regions that have been differentially affected by ecological legacy effects. The study was based on the depth-specific associations between sea urchins (<em>Evechinus chloroticus</em>) and the common kelp (<em>Ecklonia radiata</em>) from multiple sites within each region, some of which were sampled over two decades within no-take marine reserves and in actively fished areas. Satellite-derived estimates of water column properties were used as proxies for the relative effects of coastal sedimentation on kelp forest habitats. We then used an information-theoretic framework to assess the relative factor weightings of marine reserve effects on urchin density, total suspended solids and regional urchin density on the depth-specific density of <em>E. radiata</em>. Fishing effects were significant within and outside of reserves in the Northern and Central regions, but the effect-sizes were by far strongest in the Northern region. In the Central region characterised by extensive land clearance and forestry combined with high coastal retention of water, the concentration of total suspended solids had a major influence on the depth distribution of kelp, confining it to shallow water (<10m depth) in small patches where urchins did not overgraze. These patterns are in sharp contrast to the small marine reserve effects and deep distribution of <em>E. radiata</em> in the Southern region, which has intact native forested catchments, comparatively low fishing pressure and a large regional network of marine reserves. The results highlight important differences in how centuries-old legacies of land clearance and exploitation affect regional-scale dynamics of sea urchins and kelp, and define the appropriate spatial scale of ecosystem-based management of kelp forest habitats.</p>
FIGURE 11 in Increasing diversity of land planarians (Platyhelminthes: Geoplanidae) in the Interior Atlantic Forest with the description of two new species and new records from Argentina
FIGURE 11. Paraba multicolor. (A–F) Sagittal sections of the reproductive system: copulatory apparatus (MLP-He 6471-3) (A), opening of the sperm duct into the prostatic vesicle (MLP-He 6471-3) (B), proximal portion of the prostatic vesicle (MLP- He 6471-3) (C), detail of the male system (MLP-He 6471-2) (D), ovary (MLP-He 6471-3) (E), detail of the female atrium (MLP-He 6471-2) (F). Scale bars: A, D: 500µm; B, E: 200µm; C, F: 100µm.
FIGURE 10 in Increasing diversity of land planarians (Platyhelminthes: Geoplanidae) in the Interior Atlantic Forest with the description of two new species and new records from Argentina
FIGURE 10. Paraba multicolor. Schematic reconstruction of the copulatory apparatus, in sagittal view (MLP-He 6471-3). Scale bar: 1mm.
FIGURE 12 in Increasing diversity of land planarians (Platyhelminthes: Geoplanidae) in the Interior Atlantic Forest with the description of two new species and new records from Argentina
FIGURE 12. Obama ladislavii. (A–B) Photographs of live specimens in dorsal view: MLP-He 7413 (A), MLP-He 7414 (B) (arrow indicates the position of the gonopore). (C) Schematic reconstruction of the copulatory apparatus, in sagittal view (MLP-He 7017). Asterisk indicates the position of cyanophil granular secretion in the middle sagittal plane. (D–H) Sagittal sections of the reproductive system (MLP-He 7017) (asterisk indicates the position of cyanophil granular secretion): copulatory apparatus (D), detail of the proximal portion of the prostatic vesicle (E), detail of the distal portion of the prostatic vesicle (F), para-sagittal section at the level of the male atrium (G), detail of the ascending section of one of the ovovitelline ducts (H). Scale bars: A, B: 10mm, C, D, G: 500µm; E, F, H: 100µm.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.