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Fig. 2 in Systematics of Microhylid Frogs, Genus Oreophryne, from the North Coast Region of New Guinea

Fig. 2. Plantar and palmar aspects of feet and hands of five species of Oreophryne. A.O. biroi, AMNH A83041. B. O. hypsiops, AMNH A83044. C. O. parkeri, BMNH 1955.1.1.17. D. O. geislerorum, AMNH A75041. E. O. brachypus, AMNH A84513. Scale in mm.

Fig. 7 in Systematics of Microhylid Frogs, Genus Oreophryne, from the North Coast Region of New Guinea

Fig. 7. Regressions of internarial span and width of third finger disk on snoutvent length in two samples of Oreophryne from Madang Prov., Papua New Guinea. Squares, O. biroi; crosses, O. hypsiops.

Fig. 6 in Systematics of Microhylid Frogs, Genus Oreophryne, from the North Coast Region of New Guinea

Fig. 6. Regressions of head width and eye diameter on snoutvent length in two samples of Oreophryne from Madang Prov., Papua New Guinea. Squares, O. biroi; crosses, O. hypsiops. The solid spot plots estimated head width of larger syntype of O. biroi (not used in calculating regression).

Fig. 10 in Systematics of Microhylid Frogs, Genus Oreophryne, from the North Coast Region of New Guinea

Fig. 10. Regressions of head width and tibia length on snoutvent length in Oreophryne geislerorum. The solid spots plot the estimated head width and tibia length of the larger syntype of O. biroi.

Fig. 14 in Systematics of Microhylid Frogs, Genus Oreophryne, from the North Coast Region of New Guinea

Fig. 14. Distribution of two species of Oreophryne in Papua New Guinea. Solid circles, O. geislerorum; open circles, O. hypsiops.

Fig. 9 in Systematics of Microhylid Frogs, Genus Oreophryne, from the North Coast Region of New Guinea

Fig. 9. Distribution of four species of Oreophryne in New Guinea and New Britain. Solid circles, O. biroi; open circles, O. brachypus; crosses, O. parkeri. The heavy line marks the course of two expeditions on one of which Ernst Tappenbeck collected the unique specimen of O. wolterstorffi.

Fig. 13 in Systematics of Microhylid Frogs, Genus Oreophryne, from the North Coast Region of New Guinea

Fig. 13. Audiospectrograms of calls of Oreophryne graphed with 59Hz filter. A. O. geislerorum, AMNH A81195, Lae, Morobe Prov., Papua New Guinea, air 23.8°C; one complete call, wave form at right at 2× expansion. B. O. parkeri, MZB 8155, vicinity of Lake Sentani, Papua, air 24.4°C; first 11 notes of a longer call.

Fig. 1. Oreophryne biroi. Left, UPNG 7355, SVL 20.5 in Systematics of Microhylid Frogs, Genus Oreophryne, from the North Coast Region of New Guinea

Fig. 1. Oreophryne biroi. Left, UPNG 7355, SVL 20.5, from Nobanob (Mt. Hanseman), Madang Prov., Papua New Guinea (J. Menzies photo). Right, specimen from series AMS R31031–31035, not measured, from Passam, E. Sepik Prov., Papua New Guinea (H. Cogger photo).

Fig. 3 in Identification and morphological description of tadpoles of the horned frog (Amphibia: Anura: Megophryidae) Pelobatrachus stejenegeri from the southern Philippines

Fig. 3. Dorsal view of live (A) and preserved (B) tadpole of Pelobatrachus stejnegeri showing its oral disc. Scale bar = 15 mm.

Fig. 6 in Identification and morphological description of tadpoles of the horned frog (Amphibia: Anura: Megophryidae) Pelobatrachus stejenegeri from the southern Philippines

Fig. 6. Preserved tadpole of Pelobatrachus stejnegeri. A, dorsal view; B, ventral view; C, lateral view. Scale bar = 12 mm.

Fig. 7 in Identification and morphological description of tadpoles of the horned frog (Amphibia: Anura: Megophryidae) Pelobatrachus stejenegeri from the southern Philippines

Fig. 7. Tadpole of Pelobatrachus stejnegeri observed at night attaching to wood debris in its habitat.

Fig. 5 in Identification and morphological description of tadpoles of the horned frog (Amphibia: Anura: Megophryidae) Pelobatrachus stejenegeri from the southern Philippines

Fig. 5. Live tadpole of Pelobatrachus stejnegeri. A, dorsal view; B, ventral view; C, lateral view. Scale bar = 12 mm.

opencc-zeroDec 2023View details →

Species and sex specific chemical composition in a concealed gland from an internal gland-like tissue of an African frog family

Intraspecific chemical communication in frogs is understudied and the few published cases are limited to externally visible and male-specific breeding glands. Frogs of the family Odontobatrachidae, a West African endemic complex of five morphologically cryptic species, have large, fatty gland-like strands along their lower mandible. We investigated the general anatomy of this strand and analyzed its chemical composition. We found the strand to be present in males and females of all species. The strand varies in markedness, with well-developed strands usually found in reproductively active individuals. Although the strands are situated under the skin, they are connected to particular skin sections, the vocal sac in male frogs and a respective area in females. Gas-chromatography/mass spectrometry and multivariate analysis revealed, that the strands contain sex- and species-specific chemical profiles, which are consistent across geographically distant populations. The profiles varied between reproductive and non-reproductive individuals. Our results indicate that the gland-like strand in the Odontobatrachidae comprise a so far overlooked type of breeding related organ, potentially a gland, that most likely plays a role in the mating and/or breeding behavior of the five Odontobatrachus species. Our results highlight the relevance of multimodal signaling in anurans, and indicate that chemical signaling may not be restricted to sexually dimorphic, apparent skin glands.

opencc-zeroDec 2023View details →

Genomic footprints of (pre) colonialism: Population declines in urban and forest túngara frogs coincident with historical human activity

Urbanisation is rapidly altering ecosystems, leading to profound biodiversity loss. To mitigate these effects, we need a better understanding of how urbanisation impacts dispersal and reproduction. Two contrasting population demographic models have been proposed that predict that urbanisation either promotes (facilitation model) or constrains (fragmentation model) gene flow and genetic diversity. Which of these models prevails likely depends on the strength of selection on specific phenotypic traits that influence dispersal, survival, or reproduction. Here, we a priori examined the genomic impact of urbanisation on the Neotropical túngara frog (Engystomops pustulosus), a species known to adapt its reproductive traits to urban selective pressures. Using whole-genome resequencing for multiple urban and forest populations we examined genomic diversity, population connectivity and demographic history. Contrary to both the fragmentation and facilitation models, urban populations did not exhibit substantial changes in genomic diversity or differentiation compared to forest populations, and genomic variation was best explained by geographic distance rather than environmental factors. Adopting an a posteriori approach, we additionally found both urban and forest populations to have undergone population declines. The timing of these declines appears to coincide with extensive human activity around the Panama Canal during the last few centuries rather than recent urbanisation. Our study highlights the long-lasting legacy of past anthropogenic disturbances in the genome and the importance of considering the historical context in urban evolution studies as anthropogenic effects may be extensive and impact non-urban areas on both recent and older timescales.

opencc-zeroDec 2023View details →

Data from: movement or plasticity: acoustic responses of a torrent frog to stream geophony

Vocalization is the main form of communication in many animals, including frogs, which commonly emit advertisement calls to attract females and maintain spacing. In noisy environments such as streams, mechanisms to maximize signaling efficiency may include vocal plasticity and/or movement of individuals to quieter sections, but which strategy is used is still uncertain. We investigated the influence of stream geophony on the advertisement call of the torrent frog Hylodes perere in the Atlantic Rainforest, southeastern Brazil. In a mark-recapture study, we tested if males remain in their territories and thus adjust their advertisement calls to maximize their communication. We ran mixed linear and generalized models to verify the relation of call parameters and stream geophony, body size and environmental temperature. We found that males remained in the same location across time, increased call intensity in noisier environments but did not reduce call effort. Males also increased the dominant frequency in these situations, suggesting a modulation in this parameter. Our results indicate that territoriality is an important factor to males to increase call intensity to surpass stream noise instead of repositioning along the stream. However, because call effort was maintained, we suggest that sexual selection is crucial in this system, favoring males that better detect others and adjust their call efficiency. This is the first study to evaluate simultaneously frog movements and adaptations to geophony, which contributes to the investigation of the concomitant environmental and sexual selective pressures in species that communicate in noisy environments.

opencc-zeroFeb 2024View details →

Evidence for individual vocal recognition in a pair-bonding poison frog, Ranitomeya imitator

Individually distinctive vocalizations are widespread in nature, although the ability of receivers to discriminate these signals has only been explored through limited taxonomic and social lenses. Here, we asked whether anuran advertisement calls, typically studied for their role in territory defense and mate attraction, facilitate recognition and preferential association with partners in a pair-bonding poison frog (Ranitomeya imitator). Combining no- and two-stimulus choice playback experiments, we evaluated behavioral responses of females to male acoustic stimuli. Virgin females oriented to and approached speakers broadcasting male calls independent of caller identity, implying that females are generally attracted to male acoustic stimuli outside the context of a pair bond. When pair-bonded females were presented with calls of a mate and a stranger, they showed significant preference for calls of their mate. Moreover, behavioral responses varied with breeding status: females with eggs were faster to approach stimuli than females that were pair-bonded but did not currently have eggs. Our study suggests a potential role for individual vocal recognition in the formation and maintenance of pair bonds in a poison frog and raises new questions about how acoustic signals are perceived in the context of monogamy and biparental care.

Fig. 14 in First record of Metapolystoma (Monogenea: Polystomatidae) from Boophis tree frogs in Madagascar, with the description of five new species

Fig. 14. Bayesian tree inferred from the analysis of concatenated 18S, 28S and COI gene sequences. Node values indicate Bayesian posterior probabilities.

Fig. 10 in First record of Metapolystoma (Monogenea: Polystomatidae) from Boophis tree frogs in Madagascar, with the description of five new species

Fig. 10. Ventral view of Metapolystoma theroni n. sp. holotype. Abbreviations: eg, egg; gb, genital bulb; gc, genito–intestinal canal; ha, hamuli; hp, haptor; ic, intestinal caecum; mg, Mehlis gland; mo, mouth; oc, oncomiracidium; od, oviduct; oi, oo ¨–vitelline canal; o¨o, o¨otype; os, false oral sucker; ov, ovarium; ph, pharynx; su, sucker; sv, semen vesicle; te, testis; ut, uterus; va, vagina; vc, vaginal canal; vd, vas deferens; vi, vitelline; vl, vitelline duct; vv, vitello–vaginal canal.

Fig. 11. Metapolystoma theroni n in First record of Metapolystoma (Monogenea: Polystomatidae) from Boophis tree frogs in Madagascar, with the description of five new species

Fig. 11. Metapolystoma theroni n. sp. from Boophis madagascariensis. a, marginal hooklets 1 (top), 2–7 (middle) and 8 (bottom) from holotype and paratypes; b, hamuli from holotype; c, hamulus development; d, genital crown from holotype.

Fig. 12 in First record of Metapolystoma (Monogenea: Polystomatidae) from Boophis tree frogs in Madagascar, with the description of five new species

Fig. 12. Ventral view of Metapolystoma multiova n. sp. holotype. Abbreviations: eg, egg; gb, genital bulb; gc, genito–intestinal canal; ha, hamuli; hp, haptor; ic, intestinal caecum; mo, mouth; oc, oncomiracidium; od, oviduct; os, false oral sucker; ov, ovarium; ph, pharynx; su, sucker; te, testis; va, vagina; vi, vitelline; vv, vitello–vaginal canal.