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333 results for “function composition”
A standardized assessment of forest mammal communities reveals consistent functional composition and vulnerability across the tropics
<p class="MsoPlainText">Understanding global diversity patterns has benefitted from a focus on functional traits and how they relate to variation in environmental conditions among assemblages. Distant communities in similar environments often share characteristics, and for tropical forest mammals, this functional trait convergence has been demonstrated at coarse scales (110-200 km resolution), but less is known about how these patterns manifest at fine scales, where local processes (e.g., habitat features and anthropogenic activities) and biotic interactions occur. Here, we used standardized camera trapping data and a novel analytical method that accounts for imperfect detection to assess how the functional composition of terrestrial mammal communities for two traits – trophic guild and body mass – varies across 16 protected areas in tropical forests and three continents, in relation to the extent of protected habitat and anthropogenic pressures. We found that despite their taxonomic differences, communities generally have a consistent trophic guild composition, and respond similarly to these factors. Insectivores were found to be sensitive to the size of protected habitat and surrounding human population density. Body mass distribution varied little among communities both in terms of central tendency and spread, and interestingly, community average body mass declined with proximity to human settlements. Results indicate predicted trait convergence among assemblages at the coarse scale reflects consistent functional composition among communities at the local scale, suggesting that broadly similar habitats and selective pressures shaped communities with similar trophic strategies and responses to drivers of change. These similarities provide a foundation for assessing assemblages under anthropogenic threats and sharing conservation measures.Understanding global diversity patterns has benefitted from a focus on functional traits and how they relate to variation in environmental conditions among assemblages. Distant communities in similar environments often share characteristics, and for tropical forest mammals, this functional trait convergence has been demonstrated at coarse scales (110-200 km resolution), but less is known about how these patterns manifest at fine scales, where local processes (e.g., habitat features and anthropogenic activities) and biotic interactions occur. Here, we used standardized camera trapping data and a novel analytical method that accounts for imperfect detection to assess how the functional composition of terrestrial mammal communities for two traits – trophic guild and body mass – varies across 16 protected areas in tropical forests and three continents, in relation to the extent of protected habitat and anthropogenic pressures. We found that despite their taxonomic differences, communities generally have a consistent trophic guild composition, and respond similarly to these factors. Insectivores were found to be sensitive to the size of protected habitat and surrounding human population density. Body mass distribution varied little among communities both in terms of central tendency and spread, and interestingly, community average body mass declined with proximity to human settlements. Results indicate predicted trait convergence among assemblages at the coarse scale reflects consistent functional composition among communities at the local scale, suggesting that broadly similar habitats and selective pressures shaped communities with similar trophic strategies and responses to drivers of change. These similarities provide a foundation for assessing assemblages under anthropogenic threats and sharing conservation measures.</p>
Uncovering the vertebrate scavenger guild composition and functioning in the Cerrado biodiversity hotspot
<p>Scavenging is widespread among vertebrates, being very important for maintaining certain ecosystem functions. Despite this, the scavenger communities remain poorly known in some biomes, especially in the Neotropics. Our main objective was to describe for the first time the scavenger community and identify the factors affecting scavenging efficiency in the Brazilian <em>Cerrado</em>. We analyzed the effects of vegetation cover, time of carcass placement and carcass weight, on scavenger species richness, individual abundances, carcass detection and consumption times, and carcass consumption rate. We monitored 11 large and 45 small carcasses using automatic cameras. We documented a total of 19 vertebrate scavenging species, four species of vultures and 15 facultative scavengers. We found that carcass size was the most important factor affecting the scavenger assemblage and consumption patterns. Large carcasses were dominated by vultures, whereas small carcasses were consumed mainly by facultative scavengers. We also found differences between large and small carcasses in all carcass consumption variables except for detection time. However, we did not find an effect of vegetation cover or time of carcass placement on scavenging patterns. The negligible role of mammals and non-raptor birds in large carcasses is also noteworthy, probably due to the consumption and foraging efficiency of the vultures, and the more frugivorous habits of the mesocarnivores. Our results show a highly diverse and efficient scavenging vertebrate community in the Brazilian <em>Cerrado</em>, and the need to preserve them in the face of the significant habitat transformations suffered by this biodiversity hotspot.</p>
Beyond species richness and community composition: Using plant functional diversity to measure restoration success in jarrah forest
<p>Aim: The importance of restoring ecosystem functions to native systems that have been degraded, damaged or destroyed is increasingly recognised. Yet few studies have measured the effect of restoration efforts on ecosystem functioning or the functional diversity (FD) that underpins it. Here we assessed change in FD of restored assemblages one to 25 years after the onset of post-mine restoration.</p> <p>Location: Northern Jarrah (<i>Eucalyptus marginata</i> Donn ex Sm.) Forest bioregion of south-western Australia.</p> <p>Methods: Functional richness, evenness, divergence and dispersion were derived from five plant functional traits relevant to community reassembly. Effects of three explanatory variables (i.e., age, year restoration was initiated, and time since fire) on six response variables (i.e., four FD indices, species richness, and compositional similarity to nearby reference forest) were analysed using linear mixed models for a dataset with repeated measures of plots through time (n= 810 plots), and linear models for a sub-set of one-time measures of different aged assemblages (i.e., space-for-time approach; n= 490 plots).</p> <p>Results: Functional evenness and functional dispersion increased with age, while functional divergence and functional richness decreased with age. Functional dispersion increased with time since fire, while functional richness decreased with time since fire. Species richness decreased with age, but at 25-years, species richness was comparable to that observed in reference forest. In contrast, similarity showed no relationship with age of restored forest, and at 25-years, similarity of restored forest to reference was low compared with similarity of reference forest to itself. Three of four FD indices had not reached those of reference jarrah forest 25-years after restoration had been initiated.</p> <p>Conclusions: Reassembly of FD suggests importance of environmental filtering and high functional redundancy. A longer time frame may be needed to assess FD of restored assemblages, and in the meantime, species richness is not an adequate surrogate of FD.</p>
Afrotropical secondary forests exhibit fast diversity and functional recovery, but slow compositional and carbon recovery after shifting cultivation
<p>Question: Human disturbance is increasingly affecting forest dynamics across the tropics. Forests can recover via natural secondary succession to pre-disturbance levels of biodiversity, species composition, and ecosystem carbon stocks. Central Africa will be subject to increasingly high shifting cultivation pressure in the next decades, but succession trajectories of these ecosystem properties are still poorly known for the Congo basin. We addressed two questions: (1) how does taxonomic and functional composition and diversity shift? (2) How fast do aboveground carbon stocks recover during secondary succession in tropical forests?</p> <p>Location: Central Congo basin</p> <p><span>Methods: We conducted an inventory of trees (DBH ≥10 cm diameter), measured species traits and soil texture and carbon content in 18 plots, located along six secondary succession stages (i.e. from agricultural to old growth forest sites). We measured tree diameter, height for 20% of trees distributed across diameter classes, wood traits from all species, and leaf traits from species that contributed to 85% of the plot basal area.</span></p> <p>Results: We showed that secondary forests recover relatively fast in terms of tree species diversity, alpha functional diversity, and fine root carbon, with near-old-growth forest values after six decades past disturbance, while floristic composition exhibited slower recovery. Secondary forests only partially shifted from acquisitive to a conservative life-history, with shifts in leaf traits being largely decoupled from wood traits. Only 43% of above-ground carbon recovered after 60 years of forest regrowth, potentially through a slow recovery of the large-sized tree stems that dominate carbon stocks of old-growth forests.</p> <p>Conclusions: Our findings underline the capacity of Afrotropical forests to recover species and alpha functional diversity after clear-cutting through shifting cultivation. Simultaneously, old-growth forests harbors a particular floristic community and store a large quantity of carbon with much longer recovery trajectories, stressing the need for conservation of these forests in the Congo Basin.</p>
Both diversity and functional composition affect productivity and water use efficiency in experimental temperate grasslands
<p>Many experiments have shown that biodiversity promotes ecosystem functioning and stability and that this relationship varies with resource availability. However, we still have a poor understanding of the underlying physiological and ecological mechanisms driving diversity effects and how they may interact with soil nutrient availability.</p> <p>We collected data in a grassland experiment factorially manipulating fertilization, species richness, functional composition (slow-growing <i>vs</i>. fast-growing species), and functional diversity in resource economic traits. We measured aboveground productivity, nitrogen (N) uptake, photosynthesis, and water use efficiency by combining a <sup>15</sup>N labelling approach with productivity, gas exchange, and stable isotope measurements in three years differing in rainfall.</p> <p>We found that sown species richness increased aboveground productivity, N uptake and photosynthesis, suggesting that species richness is the most important driver of ecosystem productivity and nutrient cycling. Similarly, photosynthesis was affected by functional composition but not by functional diversity. Water use efficiency was reduced by sown species richness for communities dominated by slow growing species but not for communities dominated by fast growing species. Fertilization increased productivity, N uptake and water use efficiency. The positive effects of high species richness on ecosystem functions were independent of fertility levels.</p> <p><i>Synthesis</i>. Our results provide evidence that high species richness in temperate grasslands could enhance productivity and reduce the negative impacts of drought events. Multiple factors and community characteristics are important in driving enhanced ecosystem functioning in biodiverse grasslands and seem to affect functioning and stability through different mechanisms.</p>
Reassessment of the proteomic composition and function of extracellular vesicles in the seminal plasma
<p>Seminal plasma contains a high concentration of extracellular vesicles (EVs). The heterogeneity of small EVs or the presence of non-vesicular extracellular matter(NV) pose major obstacles in understanding the composition and function of seminal EVs. In this study, we employed high-resolution density gradient fractionation to accurately characterize the composition and function of seminal EVs and NV. We found that the seminal EVs could be divided into three different subtypes, namely high-density EV (EV-H), medium-density EV (EV-M), and low-density EV (EV-L) after purification using iodixanol,while NV was successfully isolated. EVs and NV display different features in size, shape and expression of some classic exosome markers. Both EV-H and NV could markedly promote sperm motility and capacitation compared with EV-M and EV-L, whereas only the NV fraction induced sperm acrosome reaction. Proteomic analysis results showed that EV-H, EV-M, EV-L, and NV had different protein components and were involved in different physiological functions. Further study showed that EV-M might reduce the production of sperm intrinsic reactive oxygen species (ROS) through Glutathione S-transferase Mu 2 (GSTM2).This study provides novel insights into important aspects of seminal EVs constituents and sounder footing to explore their functional properties in male fertility.</p>
Functional impact of subunit composition and compensation on Drosophila melanogaster nicotinic receptors: Targets of neonicotinoids
<p>Neonicotinoid insecticides target insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) and their adverse effects on non-target insects are of serious concern. We recently found that cofactor TMX3 enables robust functional expression of insect nAChRs in Xenopus laevis oocytes and showed that neonicotinoids (imidacloprid, thiacloprid, and clothianidin) exhibited agonist actions on some nAChRs of the fruit fly (<em>Drosophila melanogaster</em>), honeybee (<em>Apis mellifera</em>) and bumblebee (<em>Bombus terrestris</em>) nAChRs with more potent actions on the pollinator nAChRs. However, other subunits from the nAChR family remain to be explored. We show that the Dα3 subunit co-exists with Dα1, Dα2, Dβ1, and Dβ2 subunits in the same neurons of adult <em>D. melanogaster</em>, thereby expanding the possible nAChR subtypes in these cells alone from 4 to 12. The presence of Dα1 and Dα2 subunits reduced the affinity of imidacloprid, thiacloprid, and clothianidin for nAChRs expressed in <em>Xenopus laevis</em> oocytes, whereas the Dα3 subunit enhanced it. RNAi targeting <em>Dα1</em>, <em>Dα2,</em> or <em>Dα3</em> in adults reduced expression of targeted subunits but commonly enhanced <em>Dβ3</em> expression. Also, <em>Dα1</em> RNAi enhanced <em>Dα7</em> expression, <em>Dα2</em> RNAi reduced <em>Dα1</em>, <em>Dα6</em>, and <em>Dα7</em> expression and <em>Dα3</em> RNAi reduced <em>Dα1</em> expression while enhancing <em>Dα2</em> expression, respectively. In most cases, RNAi treatment of either <em>Dα1</em> or <em>Dα2</em> reduced neonicotinoid toxicity in larvae, but <em>Dα2</em> RNAi enhanced neonicotinoid sensitivity in adults reflecting the affinity-reducing effect of <em>Dα2</em>. Substituting each of <em>Dα1</em>, <em>Dα2</em>, and <em>Dα3</em> subunits by <em>Dα4</em> or <em>Dβ3</em> subunit mostly increased neonicotinoid affinity and reduced efficacy. Therefore, <span>functional expression studies and RNAi targeting of subunits show that neonicotinoid action and toxicity involve the integrated actions of multiple nAChR subunit combinations, counseling caution in interpreting toxicity to insects by subunit gene modification alone.</span></p>
The data table of eleven invasive species in Hungary and Romania: Invasive species' cover, invasive species' traits, basic characteristics, trait composition, functional diversity indices and soil parameters of recipient plant communities
<p>We studied 11 widespread herbaceous invasive alien species of East-Central Europe and their 16 impact metrics (resident plant communities' ecological characteristics, trait composition, functional diversity, and soil parameters) by sampling invaded and similar, uninvaded sites (space-for-time substitution method). Our aim was to (1) investigate the detailed ecological impacts of invasive plants on native plant communities; (2) explore the type of cover-impact relationships across impact metrics and their consistency across species; (3) study whether the cover-impact relationship depends on functional traits of invasive species. We present the data table with the 11 invasive species: the status of the sites (invaded, uninvaded), the cover of invasive species at plot level, the invasive species traits (lifespan, height, SLA, seed mass, clonal spread, flowering duration), community characteristics (species richness and diversity, native vegetation cover and bare ground cover at plot level), trait composition of native plant communities (native vegetation height, CWM height, CWM SLA, CWM seed mass, CWM clonal spread), functional diversity (functional richness, functional evenness, functional divergence, functional distance, RaoQ) and soil properties (N, P, organic C, pH).</p>
Soil protist functional composition shifts with atmospheric nitrogen deposition in subtropical forests
<p><span>1. </span><span>Soil protist plays a key role in ecological functions through predation and parasitism. However, little is known about how nitrogen (N) deposition and seasonal variations influence soil protist function in forest soils. </span></p> <p><span>2. </span><span>Here, we assessed firstly the impacts of N deposition (control, 50 kg N ha<sup>-1</sup> yr<sup>-1</sup>, 100 kg </span><span>N ha<sup>-1</sup> yr<sup>-1</sup></span><span>, and 150 kg </span><span>N ha<sup>-1</sup> yr<sup>-1</sup></span><span>) on the functional composition of the soil protist community in summer and winter, using amplicon sequencing of environmental DNA from a subtropical natural forest. </span></p> <p><span>3. </span><span>We found that soil protists were dominated by consumers (42.6–51.6%), followed by parasites (32.9–40.9%) and phototrophs (3.2–13.1%), implying a predominant role of consumers and potential top-down effects on the other trophic groups in subtropical forest soils. The functional composition of soil protists was greatly influenced by N deposition, but these responses were dependent on seasonal variations. The diversity of phototrophs was lower in summer than in winter. Instead, an opposite pattern was observed for consumers, resulting in a significantly higher protist diversity in summer than in winter, which indicates a greater sensitivity of soil protists to seasonal variations. Furthermore, low and high N deposition simplified the structural complexity of soil protist communities, suggesting a nonlinear response of the protist structural stability to N deposition.</span></p> <p><span>4. <em>Synthesis and applications.</em></span><span><em> </em>This study provides unprecedented evidence that season variation plays an important role in regulating responses of soil protist functional composition to N deposition, and highlights the nonlinear effects of rising N deposition levels on the soil food web. </span></p>
FIG. 2 in Changes in functional and taxonomic diversity and composition of corticolous lichens in an altitudinal gradient in Colombia
FIG. 2. — Continuation.
Data for: A size-based perspective on the decoupling between compositional and functional changes in planktonic communities
<p><span>Recent studies have shown a decoupling in the way community composition and functions respond to environmental changes</span><span>. A common pattern observed is that aggregated functions at the community level are more stable than community composition, which is likely the result of functional compensatory dynamics driven by interspecific differences in response to environmental change. However, the mechanisms by which these patterns emerge remain largely unexplored. Here, we investigated in a mesocosm experiment for four weeks the compositional and functional responses of edible phytoplankton (<64µm) and cladoceran zooplankton communities to climate warming (</span><span>a constant increase of +3.5°C plus heat wave</span><span>) and eutrophication (nutrient additions) from a size-based perspective. Our results show that warming increases small-sized taxa and decreases large-sized taxa within both phytoplankton and zooplankton community composition. We found that such opposite responses of different-sized taxa contributed to the stability of planktonic community functions and thereby resulted in a decoupling between compositional and functional changes. We also found that nutrient additions increased the abundance of all-sized algal taxa, while phytoplankton community function remained stable. Nutrient additions did not alter the zooplankton community, neither compositionally nor functionally. Under the combined stress of warming and nutrient additions, the compositional and functional responses of planktonic communities were mainly driven by warming. In a broader perspective, our findings reveal a size-dependent compensation mechanism and suggest that functional stability relies on compensatory effects among different-sized taxa, and it is therefore important that communities host a large range of taxa differing in size to withstand an increasingly more variable environment in the future.</span></p>
Taxonomic and functional biogeographies of soil bacterial communities across the Tibet plateau are better explained by abiotic conditions than distance and plant community composition
<p><span>The processes governing soil bacteria biogeography are still not fully understood. It remains unknown how the importance of environmental filtering and dispersal differs between bacterial taxonomic and functional biogeography, and whether their importance is scale-dependent. We sampled soils across the Tibet plateau, with distances among plots ranging from 20 m to 1,550 km. Taxonomic composition of bacterial community was characterized by 16S amplicon sequencing and functional community composition by qPCR targeting 9 functional groups involved in N dynamics. Factors representing climate, soil, and plant community were measured to assess different facets of environmental dissimilarity. Both bacterial taxonomic and functional dissimilarities were more related to abiotic dissimilarity than biotic (vegetation) dissimilarity or distance. Taxonomic dissimilarity was mostly explained by differences in soil pH and mean annual temperature (MAT), while functional dissimilarity was linked to differences in soil N and P availabilities and N:P ratio. Soil pH and MAT remained the main determinants of taxonomic dissimilarity across spatial scales. In contrast, the explanatory variables of N-related functional dissimilarity varied across the scales, with soil moisture and organic matter having the highest role across short distances (<~330 km), and available P, N:P ratio and distance being important over long distances (>~660 km). Our results demonstrate how biodiversity dimension (taxonomic versus functional aspects) and spatial scale influence the factors driving soil bacterial biogeography.</span></p>
EXErcise Regimen Designed to Improve Functional Mobility, Body Composition, and Strength After Treatment for Breast CA
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT05747209. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.
Effect of GLP1 Receptor Agonists on Physical Function, Body Composition, and Markers of Aging in Older Adults
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT05786521. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.
Effects of Lovaza on Lipoprotein Composition and Function in Mild Hypertriglyceridemia
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT00959842. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.
Calorie Restriction and Changes in Body Composition, Disease, Function, and Quality of Life in Older Adults
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT00955903. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 4.
Composition & Function of Sarcoplasmic Reticulum in Persons With the Metabolic Syndrome
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT02122666. IPD Sharing: UNDECIDED. Countries: 1. Publications: 7.
Assessment of Body Composition and Physical Function
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT05784571. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 2.
Does fortune follow function? Exploring how consumer preferences drive the functional trait composition of the global songbird trade
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Both diversity and functional composition affect productivity and water use efficiency in experimental temperate grasslands
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
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