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829 results for “functional response”
Diversity of response and effect traits provides complementary information about avian community dynamics linked to ecological function
<p>Functional diversity metrics based on species traits are widely used to investigate ecosystem functioning. In theory, such metrics have different implications depending on whether they are calculated from traits mediating responses to environmental change (response traits) or those regulating function (effect traits), yet trait choice in diversity metrics is rarely scrutinized. Here, we compile effect and response traits for British bird species supplying two key ecological services – seed dispersal and insect predation – to assess the relationship between functional diversity and both mean and stability of community abundance over time. As predicted, functional diversity correlates with stability in community abundance of seed dispersers when calculated using response traits. However, we found a negative relationship between functional diversity and mean community abundance of seed dispersers when calculated using effect traits. Subsequently, when combining all traits together, we found inconsistent results with functional diversity correlating with reduced stability in insectivores, but greater stability in seed dispersers. Our findings suggest that trait choice should be considered more carefully when applying such metrics in ecosystem management.</p>
Data from: The importance of functional responses among competing predators for avian nesting success
1. The relationship between the rate of predation and prey abundance is an important component of predator-prey dynamics. However, functional responses are less straightforward when multiple predators compete for shared prey. Interactions among competing predators can reduce or enhance effects of predation on prey populations. Because many avian populations experience high rates of nest predation, understanding the role of specific predators on nest mortality will lead to more informed conservation and management strategies which attempt to increase productivity by removing certain predators or managing habitat to limit their impact. 2. Our goal was to evaluate effects of specific predators and the influence of nest abundance on nest mortality. 3. We monitored snowy plover Charadrius nivosus nests across 7 years at two study areas in Utah, USA with remote cameras. We modeled predator-specific hazard rates for nest mortality in a Bayesian framework to assess relationships between competing predators and the role of nest abundance on predator-specific hazard rates. 4. We found that hazard rates for nest mortality by gulls Larus spp. decreased with increasing nest abundance, whereas nest mortality by foxes Vulpes spp. and ravens Corvus corax initially increased, indicating that dietary switching may occur when nests become more abundant. Nest mortalities of specific predators were often not independent and ranged between compensatory (e.g., mammalian mesopredators), and superadditive (e.g., avian predators) across the breeding season. 5. The non-independence between nest mortalities suggests that reductions in some predators may not translate to additive increases in overall nest success. Analyses of cause-specific mortality are rarely applied to avian nests, but examination of interacting impacts among competing predators on nest survival may provide insight into specific drivers of avian population dynamics.
Data from: Quantifying predator dependence in the functional response of generalist predators
A long-standing debate concerns how functional responses are best described. Theory suggests that ratio dependence is consistent with many food web patterns left unexplained by the simplest prey-dependent models. However, for logistical reasons, ratio dependence and predator dependence more generally have seen infrequent empirical evaluation and then only so in specialist predators, which are rare in nature. Here we develop an approach to simultaneously estimate the prey-specific attack rates and predator-specific interference (facilitation) rates of predators interacting with arbitrary numbers of prey and predator species in the field. We apply the approach to surveys and experiments involving two intertidal whelks and their full suite of potential prey. Our study provides strong evidence for predator dependence that is poorly described by the ratio dependent model over manipulated and natural ranges of species abundances. It also indicates how, for generalist predators, even the qualitative nature of predator dependence can be prey-specific.
Data from: Arena size modulates functional responses via behavioral mechanisms
Laboratory-based functional response experiments, in which foraging rates are measured across a range of resource densities, are central for determining trophic interaction strength. Historically these experiments often are performed in arbitrarily sized arenas, with larger sized organisms generally used in larger arenas. However, arena size influences foraging rates and therefore also estimates of the functional response parameters, particularly space clearance rate (attack rate). We hypothesized that non-random movement within arenas by predators and prey may explain this effect. To test this hypothesis, we video-recorded Schizocosa ocreata wolf spiders (predators) and flightless Drosophila melanogaster prey in circular arenas of three different sizes to reveal thigmotactic behavior. We then estimated foraging rates and space clearance rates from feeding trials performed at a single, low prey density in three differently-size arenas in either annular (ring-shaped) or circular arenas. Annular arenas mitigated the effects of predator and prey aggregation and thus controlled the experienced prey density near arena edges. Unlike the circular arenas, annular arenas produced similar foraging rates and space clearance rate estimates across arena sizes, confirming that it is the increased density of prey along edges that generates the previously observed arena size effect. Our results provide a key insight into how animal behavior and experimental design must be considered for the accurate interpretation of foraging rates, both when considering standalone functional responses and when making comparisons across experiments.
Data from: Plant demographic and functional responses to management intensification: a long-term study in a Mediterranean rangeland
1. Understanding how functional traits, which are key for plant functioning, relate to demographic parameters of populations is central to tackle pending issues in plant ecology such as the forecast of the fate of populations and communities in a changing world, the quantification of community assembly processes or the improvement of species distribution models. We addressed this question in the case of species from a Mediterranean rangeland of southern France. 2. Changes in species abundance in response to management intensification (fertilization and increased grazing pressure) were followed over a 28-year period. Probabilities of presence, and elasticities of the changes in the probability of space occupancy to colonization and survival, which are analogues of demographic parameters, were calculated for 53 species from the time series of abundance data using a space occupancy model. Nine quantitative traits pertaining to resource use, plant morphology, regeneration and phenology were measured on these species and related to demographic parameters. 3. The long-term dynamics of species in response to management intensification was associated with major changes in functional traits and strategies. Changes in the probability of occurrence – analogous to population growth rate - were correlated with traits describing the fast-slow continuum of leaf functioning. The elasticity of population growth rate to colonization was significantly related to reproductive plant height and seed mass, and to a lower extent, to leaf carbon isotopic ratio. 4. Synthesis. The functional response of species to management intensification corresponds to a shift along the second axis of a recently identified global spectrum of plant form and function, which maps, to some extent, onto the fast-slow continuum of life-history strategies. By contrast, the elasticity of colonization relates to the global spectrum axis capturing the size of organs. Seed mass contributes to this axis and is assumed to relate to one of the important traits structuring the reproductive strategy axis of life histories as well, namely net reproductive rate. While this mapping between functional and life-history traits is appealing, further tests in contrasting types of communities are required to assess its degree of generality.
Tree seedling functional traits mediate plant-soil feedback survival responses across a gradient of light availability
<p>Though not often examined together, both plant-soil feedbacks (PSFs) and functional traits have important influences on plant community dynamics and could interact. For example, seedling functional traits could impact seedling survivorship responses to soils cultured by conspecific versus heterospecific adults. Furthermore, levels of functional traits could vary with soil culturing source. In addition, these relationships might shift with light availability, which can affect trait values, microbe abundance, and whether mycorrhizal colonization is mutualistic or parasitic to seedlings.</p> <p>To determine the extent to which functional traits mediate PSFs via seedling survival, we conducted a field experiment. We planted seedlings of four temperate tree species across a gradient of light availability and into soil cores collected beneath conspecific (sterilized and live) and heterospecific adults. We monitored seedling survival twice per week over one growing season, and we randomly selected subsets of seedlings to measure mycorrhizal colonization and phenolics, lignin, and NSC levels at three weeks.</p> <p>Though evidence for PSFs was limited, <em>Acer saccharum</em> seedlings exhibited positive PSFs (i.e., higher survival in conspecific than heterospecific soils). In addition, soil microbes had a negative effect on <em>A. saccharum</em> and <em>Prunus serotina</em> seedling survival, with reduced survival in live versus sterilized conspecific soil. In general, we found higher trait values (measured amounts of a given trait) in conspecific than heterospecific soils and higher light availability. Additionally, <em>A. saccharum</em> survival increased with higher levels of phenolics, which were higher in conspecific soils and high light.<em> Quercus alba</em> survival decreased with higher AMF colonization.</p> <p>We demonstrate that functional trait values in seedlings as young as three weeks vary in response to soil source and light availability. Moreover, seedling survivorship was associated with trait values for two species, despite both drought and heavy rainfall during the growing season that may have obscured survivorship-trait relationships. These results suggest that seedling traits could have an important role in mediating the effects of local soil source and light levels on seedling survivorship and thus plant traits could have an important role in PSFs.</p>
A Functional Response in Resource Selection Links Multi-Scale Responses of a Large Carnivore to Human Mortality Risk
<p>This repository contains code and data to reproduce results from the manuscript 'A Functional Response in Resource Selection Links Multi-Scale Responses of a Large Carnivore to Human Mortality Risk'. </p>
Inter- and intraspecific selection in alien plants: how population growth, functional traits and climate responses change with residence time
<p><strong>Aim: </strong>When alien species are introduced to new ranges, climate or trait mismatches may initially constrain their population growth. However, inter- and intraspecific selection in the new environment should cause population growth rates to increase with residence time. Using a species-for-time approach, we test whether with increasing residence time (a) negative effects of climatic mismatches between the species' new and native range on population growth weaken, and (b) functional traits converge towards values that maximize population growth in the new range.</p> <p><strong>Location:</strong> Germany.</p> <p><strong>Time period: </strong>12,000 years BP to present.</p> <p><strong>Major taxa studied: </strong>46 plant species of the Asteraceae family.</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> We set up a common-garden mesocosm-experiment using annual plant species with a wide range of residence times (7-12,000 years) and followed their population dynamics over two years. We calculated climatic distance between the common garden and the species' native range. We also measured key functional traits of each species to analyse trait-demography relationships and test trait convergence with increasing residence time.</p> <p><strong>Results: </strong>We found no support for the hypothesis that negative effects of climatic mismatches on population growth weaken with residence time. However, seed mass had a clear negative effect on population growth. As expected under such strong directional selection between or within species, increasing residence time led seed mass to converge to low values that increase population growth. Accordingly, population growth tended to increase with residence time.</p> <p><strong>Main conclusions: </strong>We identify trait but not climatic mismatches as important constraints on population growth of invaders. Understanding how inter- and intraspecific selection shapes functional traits of alien species should improve the predictability of future invasions and help understanding limits to the population growth and spread of invaders already present. In a broader context, this study contributes to the conceptual integration of invasion biology with community, functional, and population ecology.</p>
Human ISMRMRD datasets for "MaxGIRF: Image Reconstruction Incorporating Concomitant Field and Gradient Impulse Response Function Effects"
<p>Human axial and sagittal ISMRMRD datasets for "MaxGIRF: Image Reconstruction Incorporating Concomitant Field and Gradient Impulse Response Function Effects".</p> <p>Code to process and reconstruct the data is available here: <a href="https://github.com/usc-mrel/lowfield_maxgirf">https://github.com/usc-mrel/lowfield_maxgirf</a></p>
Phantom ISMRMRD datasets for "MaxGIRF: Image Reconstruction Incorporating Concomitant Field and Gradient Impulse Response Function Effects"
<p>Phantom ISMRMRD datasets for "MaxGIRF: Image Reconstruction Incorporating Concomitant Field and Gradient Impulse Response Function Effects".</p> <p>Code to process and reconstruct the data is available here: <a href="https://github.com/usc-mrel/lowfield_maxgirf">https://github.com/usc-mrel/lowfield_maxgirf</a></p>
Data from: Price equations for understanding the response of ecosystem function to community change
<p>Biodiversity-ecosystem function research in natural ecosystems would benefit from new theoretical and analytical tools that match common characteristics of observational community data. To this end, we developed a novel, abundance-based version of the ecological Price equation in both discrete and continuous forms. As part of the presentation of this new method, we conducted two demonstration analyses.</p> <p>The first analysis focuses on pollination of watermelon by wild bees. We net-collected wild pollinator specimens from standard areas of flowering watermelon crop at 16 replicated farms in 2012. We also measured how many pollen grains each bee species deposited per visit. These per-visit pollen deposition rates were estimated as a genus-level property, as is common for landscape pollination studies. To determine total pollination for each bee species at each site, we multiplied pollinator visitation rates and per-visit pollen deposition. The attached data includes site by species matrices for the abundance (watermelon_com.csv) and per-capita pollen deposition (watermelon_fun.csv) of bee species.</p> <p>The second analysis focuses on changes in total community biomass of stream invertebrates collected from 25 sites along a strong, continuous pollution gradient. These data were previously published by Pomeranz et al. (2019), accessible at the Dryad link given below. Specimens were individually measured and assigned to one of six functional groups. Finer taxonomic resolution is available in the original study, but we use functional groups here to get enough data to effectively model. The attached data includes site by functional group matrices for the abundance (stream_inverts.csv) and per-capita biomass (stream_invert_size.csv) of stream invertebrate functional groups, and a third .csv which describes the level of pollution at each site (steam_data.csv).</p> <p>The code is a single R code file which produces the results and figures found in the manuscript. We have also included a README and several .csv files (those described above) that need to be read in.</p> <p>These data may be useful for other analyses of variation in ecosystem function across sites. We stress that the stream invertebrate data were collected by Pomeranz et al. (2019) and they should be cited for any use those data. The relevant link to access their data is: https://datadryad.org/stash/dataset/doi:10.5061/dryad.v6g985s</p>
Do alternative resources dampen functional responses of native but not alien gammarids?
<p>While aquatic invasive predators are among the most impactful trophic groups, we lack understanding of whether alternative food resources mediate adverse predatory effects and stabilise native prey communities. Here, we use comparative functional responses to examine the influence of alternative food resources (Fucus sp.) on predator-prey interaction strengths from three gammarid crustaceans, with one native (<em>Gammarus locusta</em>) and two existing and emerging invasive (<em>Gammarus tigrinus, Pontogammarus maeoticus</em>, respectively) species, towards larval chironomid prey. All gammarids exhibited Type II functional responses, irrespective of the presence of alternative seaweed disks. <em>Fucus </em>sp. disks significantly reduced predation rates overall, however, significant reductions in maximum feeding rates (i.e. functional response magnitudes) were only evident in the native species and not for the two invaders. Our results thus may suggest that alternative resources dampen the predatory interaction strength of native but not invasive alien species, concerning these three study organisms. This potentially exacerbates impacts of invasive predators relative to natives in diverse communities. Studies should increasingly consider alternative resources when quantifying ecological impacts of current and future invasive alien species compared to natives.</p>
Figure 2 in Functional and numerical responses of the predatory mite Amblyseius aerialis (Acari: Phytoseiidae) toAceria guerreronis (Acari: Eriophyidae)
Figure 2 Mean number of eggs laid byAmblyeius aerialis females provided with different densities
Figure 3 in Functional and numerical responses of the predatory mite Amblyseius aerialis (Acari: Phytoseiidae) toAceria guerreronis (Acari: Eriophyidae)
Figure 3 Average oviposition rates (eggs/female ± SE) byAmbyseius aerialis females given different
Data for: A linear response framework for simulating bosonic and fermionic correlation functions on quantum computers
<p>Response functions are a fundamental aspect of physics; they represent the link between experimental observations and the underlying quantum many-body state. However, this link is often under-appreciated, as the Lehmann formalism for obtaining response functions in linear response has no direct link to experiments. Within the context of quantum computing, and by using a linear response framework, we restore this link by making the experiment an inextricable part of the quantum simulation. This method can be frequency- and momentum-selective, avoids limitations on operators that can be directly measured, and is ancilla-free. As prototypical examples of response functions, we demonstrate that both bosonic and fermionic Green's functions can be obtained, and apply these ideas to the study of a charge-density-wave material on {\emph{ibm\_auckland}}. The linear response method provides a robust framework for using quantum computers to study systems in physics and chemistry.</p>
Functional responses in habitat selection as a management tool to evaluate agri-environment schemes for farmland birds
<p>The folder "functional_responses.zip" contains data analyzed for "Functional responses in habitat selection as a management tool to evaluate agri-environment schemes for farmland birds"</p> <p>The raw LPIS/IACS data are owned by the Saxon State Ministry for Energy, Climate Protection, Environment and Agriculture; they hold sensitive information and hence cannot be made publicly available. They can be requested from the agency for research purposes.</p> <p>Processed data are retrievable from .RDATA in "rdata_mixed_model" and "rdata_functional_responses" folders.</p> <p>"rscript" folder contains R functions of JAGS codes (jags_code.R), data processing (process.R), utility functions (utils.R), and figures (figure_all.R or figure_all_by_sp.R).</p> <p>Dg: Common whitethroat (Curruca communis)</p> <p>Fl: Eurasian skylark (Alauda arvensis)</p> <p>G: Yellowhammer (Emberiza citrinella)</p> <p>Ga: Corn bunting (Emberiza calandra)</p> <p> </p> <p>If you have questions regarding data, please contact ryo.ogawa@uni-bonn.de.</p>
Drier tropical forests are susceptible to functional changes in response to a long-term drought
<p>Maps created and resulting data from analysis in changes in community weighted mean of traits. The raw trait data and forest census data used are available from their sources in www.<a href="http://gem.tropicalforests.ox.ac.uk/">gem.tropicalforests.ox.ac.uk</a> and ForestPlots.net.</p>
Fig. 4 in Predation functional response and life table parameters of Orius sauteri (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) feeding on Megalurothrips usitatus (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)
Fig. 4. Age-stage survival rate (sxj) of Orius sauteri on Megalurothrips usitatus at 26 °C.
Data from: Plant community responses to long-term fertilization: changes in functional group abundance drive changes in species richness
Declines in species richness due to fertilization are typically rapid and associated with increases in aboveground production. However, in a long-term experiment examining the impacts of fertilization in an early successional community, we found it took 14 years for plant species richness to significantly decline in fertilized plots, despite fertilization causing a rapid increase in aboveground production. To determine what accounted for this lag in the species richness response, we examined several potential mechanisms. We found evidence suggesting the abundance of one functional group—tall species with long-distance (runner) clonality—drove changes in species richness, and we found little support for other mechanisms. Tall runner species initially increased in abundance due to fertilization, then declined dramatically and were not abundant again until later in the experiment, when species richness and the combined biomass of all other functional groups (non-tall runner) declined. Over 86 % of the species found throughout the course of our study are non-tall runner, and there is a strong negative relationship between non-tall runner and tall runner biomass. We therefore suggest that declines in species richness in the fertilized treatment are due to high tall runner abundance that decreases the abundance and richness of non-tall runner species. By identifying the functional group that drives declines in richness due to fertilization, our results help to elucidate how fertilization decreases plant richness and also suggest that declines in richness due to fertilization can be lessened by controlling the abundance of species with a tall runner growth form.
Data from: Functional response of subordinate species to intraspecific trait variability within dominant species
1. Dominant species can act as a biotic filter in structuring plant communities by constraining the establishment and survival of subordinate species. The effect of intraspecific trait variability of dominant species on the functional response of subordinate species, however, is not well understood. 2. We quantified intraspecific variation in four functional traits of 26 subordinate species established in an experimental grassland established with two population sources (i.e., cultivars and local ecotypes) of three dominant grasses (Sorghastrum nutans, Andropogon gerardii, and Schizachyrium scoparium) and three pools of subordinate species (each from one origin) within each of the dominant grass source treatments. 3. Twenty of the 26 subordinate species exhibited intraspecific trait variability for one trait or more in response to dominant species population source, and variation among population sources of the dominant species was non-random. Dominant grass population source affected intraspecific variability in functional traits of multiple subordinate species. Cultivar sources of the dominant grasses and some of the subordinate species that established with them had higher and generally more variable functional leaf area and leaf nitrogen content compared to local ecotypes of the dominant grasses and the subordinate species that established with them. 4. Synthesis. This study provides evidence that intraspecific trait variability in dominant species acts as an inner, biotic filter to constrain niche availability and dimensionality affecting trait variation of subordinate species during community assembly.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.