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152 results for “gigantism”
FIG. 22 in New Fossil Giant Panda Relatives (Ailuropodinae, Ursidae): A Basal Lineage of Gigantic Mio-Pliocene Cursorial Carnivores
FIG. 22. Chronology of Agriotheriini (Ailuropodinae, Ursidae).
FIG. 4 in New Fossil Giant Panda Relatives (Ailuropodinae, Ursidae): A Basal Lineage of Gigantic Mio-Pliocene Cursorial Carnivores
FIG. 4. Dental terminology of bear dentitions used in this study (from Jiangzuo et al., 2019).
Supplementary file for "Primitive magnetotaxis in 1.88 Ga gigantic magnetofossils"
<p>Gigantic magnetofossils' occurrence is very restricted along the geological records. Distinguishing them from ordinary nanoscopic magnetotactic organisms, the biosynthesized iron oxides these organisms produce are micrometric, and the biological function of synthesizing such large grains is still unknown. We approach the problem by micromagnetic modeling synthetic chains of gigantic magnetofossils built based on 3D-Ptychographic data of Precambrian (1.88 Ga) fossils.</p> <p>In this dataset, we include the meshes used in our simulations (.pat files), Python scripts, MERRILL scripts, and outputs achieved from the simulations (.out files).</p>
Gigantic animal cells suggest organellar scaling mechanisms across a 50-fold range in cell volume
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Gigantic genomes of salamanders indicate body temperature, not genome size, is the driver of global methylation and 5-methylcytosine deamination in vertebrates
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Softening the steps to gigantism in sauropod dinosaurs through the evolution of a pedal pad
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Island biogeography predicts skull gigantism and shape variation in meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus) through ecological release and allometry
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Data from: Giant mice on small islands: Biogeographic and ecological differences contribute to gigantism in island populations
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Data from: Cranial remains of Ramsayia magna from the Late Pleistocene of Australia and the evolution of gigantism in wombats (Vombatidae; Marsupialia)
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DNA gains and losses in gigantic genomes do not track differences in transposable element-host silencing interactions
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Figure 5 in Goliath frogs build nests for spawning - the reason for their gigantism?
Figure 5. Conraua goliath at nest sites; (a) adult sitting at the edge of nest 16 (compare text and Supplementary Material); (b) eggs attached to cleaned nest ground; (c) tadpole in advanced developmental stage, the white dots above its head and at the left margin, are new eggs.
Figure 2 in Goliath frogs build nests for spawning - the reason for their gigantism?
Figure 2. Study site at Mpoula River near Penja in West Cameroon (inset figure), and Goliath Frog nest sites (red dots) along the river; the river discharges southwards.
Distribution. Philippines on Batan, Sabtang, Calayan, Luzon, Lubang, Mindoro, Tablas, Sibuyan, Catanduanes, Gigantes, Maripipi, Leyte, Panay, Negros, Cebu, Camotes, Bohol, Camiguin, Mindanao, Busuanga, Palawan, Dondonay, andjolo Is; probably throughout the other islands of the archipelago as well. in Rhinolophidae
Distribution. Philippines on Batan, Sabtang, Calayan, Luzon, Lubang, Mindoro, Tablas, Sibuyan, Catanduanes, Gigantes, Maripipi, Leyte, Panay, Negros, Cebu, Camotes, Bohol, Camiguin, Mindanao, Busuanga, Palawan, Dondonay, andjolo Is; probably throughout the other islands of the archipelago as well.
Figure 2 in Gigantism and comparative life-history parameters of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs
Figure 2 Logistic growth curves for Tyrannosaurus and three related tyrannosaurids.Note that the exponential stages (the regions of maximal slope) are similar in duration but differ in slope (that is, growth rates). Regression equations (mass in kg, age in years) are as follows: T. rex, mass = {5,551/[1 + e‾0.57(age ‾ 16.1)]} + 5, r 2 = 0.953; D. torosus, mass = {1,728/[1 + e‾0.44(age ‾ 12.1)]} + 5, r 2 = 0.992; G. libratus, mass = {1,234/[1 + e‾0.38(age ‾ 12.4)]} + 5, r 2 = 0.950; A. sarcophagus, mass = {1,218/[1 + e‾0.43(age ‾ 14.1)]} + 5; r 2 = 0.985.
Data from: Ecological explanations to island gigantism: dietary niche divergence, predation and size in an endemic lizard
Although rapid evolution of body size on islands has long been known, the ecological mechanisms behind this island phenomenon remain poorly understood. Diet is an important selective pressure for morphological divergence. Here we investigate if selection for novel diets has contributed to the multiple independent cases of island gigantism in the Skyros wall lizard (Podarcis gaigeae) and if diet, predation, or both factors best explain island gigantism. We combined data on body size, shape, bite force, and realized and available diets to address this. Several lines of evidence suggest that diet has contributed to the island gigantism. The larger islet lizards have relatively wider heads and higher bite performance in relation to mainland lizards than would be expected from size differences alone. The proportions of consumed and available hard prey are higher on islets than mainland localities, and lizard body size is significantly correlated with the proportion of hard prey. Furthermore, the main axis of divergence in head shape is significantly correlated with dietary divergence. Finally, a model with only diet and one including diet and predation regime explain body size divergence equally well. Our results suggest that diet is an important ecological factor behind insular body size divergence, but could be consistent with an additional role for predation.
Data from: Gigantic lion, (Panthera leo), from the Pleistocene of Natodomeri, eastern Africa
The partial skull of a lion from Natodomeri, northwest Kenya is described. The Natodomeri sites are correlated with Member I of the Kibish Formation, dated to between 195 ka and ∼205 ka. The skull is remarkable for its very great size, equivalent to the largest cave lions (<i>Panthera spelaea</i>) of Pleistocene Eurasia and much larger than any previously known lion from Africa, living or fossil. We hypothesize that this individual represents a previously unknown population or subspecies of lion present in the late Middle and Late Pleistocene of eastern Africa rather than being an indication of climate-driven size increase in lions of that time. This raises questions regarding the extent of our understanding of the pattern and causes of lion evolution in the Late Pleistocene.
Data from: Independent evolution of baleen whale gigantism linked to Plio-Pleistocene ocean dynamics
Vertebrates have evolved to gigantic sizes repeatedly over the past 250 Myr, reaching their extreme in today's baleen whales (Mysticeti). Hypotheses for the evolution of exceptionally large size in mysticetes range from niche partitioning to predator avoidance, but there has been no quantitative examination of body size evolutionary dynamics in this clade and it remains unclear when, why or how gigantism evolved. By fitting phylogenetic macroevolutionary models to a dataset consisting of living and extinct species, we show that mysticetes underwent a clade-wide shift in their mode of body size evolution during the Plio-Pleistocene. This transition, from Brownian motion-like dynamics to a trended random walk towards larger size, is temporally linked to the onset of seasonally intensified upwelling along coastal ecosystems. High prey densities resulting from wind-driven upwelling, rather than abundant resources alone, are the primary determinant of efficient foraging in extant mysticetes and Late Pliocene changes in ocean dynamics may have provided an ecological pathway to gigantism in multiple independent lineages.
Uninterrupted growth in a non-polar hadrosaur explains the gigantism among duck-billed dinosaurs
<p>Duck-billed dinosaurs (Hadrosauridae) were the most common ornithopods of the Late Cretaceous. Second only to sauropods and in many cases exceeding the sizes of the largest land mammals (such as indricotheres or proboscideans), they represent the largest terrestrial herbivores that walked the Earth. Despite their gigantic sizes, diversity, and abundance, their growth strategies remain poorly understood. Herein, we examine the bone microstructure of several Mongolian hadrosauroids of varied adult sizes. The small and middle-sized species have lines of arrested growth (LAGs). On the other hand, one of the largest duck-billed dinosaurs, <i>Saurolophus angustirostris</i>, shows an uninterrupted growth, comparable with other big hadrosaurs for which the lack of cyclical growth arrests was interpreted as a result of living in the polar region. Since both of the studied taxa inhabited warmer, continental, monsoon-influenced environments of the Late Cretaceous Mongolia, we propose that the absence of LAGs is not a climatic-driven condition but rather connected with the animal's size (i.e., ontogeny). Our results show that hadrosaurs, similar to sauropods changed their growth dynamics from cyclical to continuous during their evolution, which made it possible for them to achieve comparable body sizes.</p>
Data from: Trepostomate bryozoans from the upper Katian (Upper Ordovician) of Morocco: gigantism in high latitude Gondwana platforms
A study of the Upper Ordovician trepostomate bryozoans belonging to the families Amplexoporidae and Monticuliporidae, from the eastern Anti-Atlas of Morocco, is presented here. They occur in the marly to fine-grained limestone, intermediate unit of the Khabt-el-Hajar Formation, late Katian in age, representing outer-ramp depositional environments. They inhabited the highest paleolatitude known for a bryozoan fauna during the Ordovician, estimated at more than 65–70ºS. A total of 11 species of the genera Anaphragma, Atactoporella, Homotrypa, Monotrypa, Monticulipora, and Prasopora are described. Three species are already known from the equatorial-tropical paleocontinents of Baltica, Laurentia, and Siberia: Anaphragma mirabile, Monotrypa jewensis, and Prasopora falesi. Four new taxa are described:Anaphragma undulata, Atactoporella moroccoensis, Monticulipora globulata, and Monticulipora irregularis. The two species of Anaphragma and the one of Atactoporella display significantly larger zoarial sizes than congeneric species, representing gigantism among bryozoans. Polar gigantism is rejected for the two species of Anaphragma as is gigantism related to photosynthetic endosymbionts. An alternative proposal for their giant size is their long zoarial life span due to their well-balanced, robust branching form, with a relatively wide basal supporting surface, adapted to unconsolidated substrates in environments below wave base. Their great stability in outer-ramp environments, with infrequent storms, would allow the zoaria to grow for an extended time and reach large sizes before being overturned and buried. Atactoporella moroccoensis, has both zoaria and zooecia gigantic, suggesting a hypothesis of polar gigantism.
Data from: Late Paleozoic fusulinoidean gigantism driven by atmospheric hyperoxia
Atmospheric hyperoxia, with pO2 in excess of 30%, has long been hypothesized to account for late Paleozoic (360-250 million years ago) gigantism in numerous higher taxa. However, this hypothesis has not been evaluated statistically because comprehensive size data have not been compiled previously at sufficient temporal resolution to permit quantitative analysis. In this study, we test the hyperoxia-gigantism hypothesis by examining the fossil record of fusulinoidean foraminifers, a dramatic example of protistan gigantism with some individuals exceeding 10 cm in length and exceeding their relatives by six orders of magnitude in biovolume. We assembled and examined comprehensive regional and global, species-level datasets containing 270 and 1823 species, respectively. A statistical model of size evolution forced by atmospheric pO2 is conclusively favored over alternative models based on random walks or a constant tendency toward size increase. Moreover, the ratios of volume to surface area in the largest fusulinoideans are consistent in magnitude and trend with a mathematical model based on oxygen transport limitation. We further validate the hyperoxia-gigantism model through an examination of modern foraminiferal species living along a measured gradient in oxygen concentration. These findings provide the first quantitative confirmation of a direct connection between Paleozoic gigantism and atmospheric hyperoxia.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.