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235 results for “host-parasite”
Data for: Temperature and intraspecific variation affect host-parasite interactions
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Data from: Host-parasite coevolution promotes innovation through deformations in fitness landscapes
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Host-parasite relationship in urban environments: A network analysis of hemoparasite infections in Nasua nasua Linnaeus (South American coati)
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Data from: Lousy grouse: comparing evolutionary patterns in Alaska galliform lice to understand host evolution and host-parasite interactions
Understanding both sides of host-parasite relationships can provide more complete insights into host and parasite biology in natural systems. For example, phylogenetic and population genetic comparisons between a group of hosts and their closely associated parasites can reveal patterns of host dispersal, interspecies interactions, and population structure that might not be evident from host data alone. These comparisons are also useful for understanding factors that drive host-parasite coevolutionary patterns (e.g., codivergence or host switching) over different periods of time. However, few studies have compared the evolutionary histories between multiple groups of parasites from the same groups of hosts at a regional geographic scale. Here, we used genomic data to compare phylogenomic and population genomic patterns of Alaska ptarmigan and grouse species (Aves: Tetraoninae) and two genera of their associated feather lice: Lagopoecus and Goniodes. We used whole-genome sequencing to obtain hundreds of genes and thousands of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for the lice and double digest restriction associated DNA sequences to obtain SNPs from Alaska populations of two species of ptarmigan. We found that both genera of lice have some codivergence with their galliform hosts, but these relationships are primarily characterized by host switching and phylogenetic incongruence. Population structure was also uncorrelated between the hosts and lice. These patterns suggest that grouse, and ptarmigan in particular, share habitats and have likely had historical and ongoing dispersal within Alaska. However, the two genera of lice also have sufficient dissimilarities in the relationships with their hosts to suggest there are other factors, such as differences in louse dispersal ability, that shape the evolutionary patterns with their hosts.
Data for: Coevolution fails to maintain genetic variation in a host-parasite model with constant finite population size
<p>Coevolutionary negative frequency-dependent selection has been hypothesized to maintain genetic variation in host and parasites. <br> Despite the extensive literature pertaining to host-parasite coevolution, the dynamics of genetic variation has not been examined in a matching-alleles model (MAM) with a finite population size relative to the expectation under neutral genetic drift alone. The dynamics of the MA coevolution in an infinite population, in fact, suggests that genetic variation in these coevolving populations behaves neutrally. By comparing host heterozygosity to the expectation in a single-species model of neutral genetic drift we find that while this is also largely true in finite populations two additional phenomena arise. First, reciprocal natural selection acting on stochastic perturbations in host and pathogen allele frequencies results in a slight increase or decrease in genetic variation depending on the parameter conditions. Second, following the fixation of an allele in the parasite, selection in the MAM becomes directional, which then rapidly erodes genetic variation in the host. Hence, rather than maintain it, we find that, on average, matching-alleles coevolution depletes genetic variation.</p>
Data for: Feedback between coevolution and epidemiology can help or hinder the maintenance of genetic variation in host-parasite models
<p>Antagonistic coevolution has long been suggested to help maintain host genetic variation. While, ecological and epidemiological feedbacks are known to have important consequences on coevolutionary allele frequency dynamics, their effects on the maintenance of genetic variation remains poorly understood.Here, we extend our previous work on the maintenance of genetic variation in a classic matching-alleles coevolutionary model by exploring the effects of ecological and epidemiological feedbacks, where both allele frequencies and population sizes are allowed to vary over time. We find that coevolution rarely maintains more host genetic variation than expected under neutral genetic drift alone. When and if coevolution maintains or depletes genetic variation relative to neutral drift is determined, predominantly, by two factors: the deterministic stability of the Red Queen allele frequency cycles and the chance of allele fixation in the pathogen, as this results in directional selection and depletion of genetic variation in the host. Compared to purely coevolutionary models with constant host and pathogen population sizes, ecological and epidemiological feedbacks stabilize Red Queen cycles deterministically, but population fluctuations in the pathogen increase the rate of allele fixation in the pathogen, especially in epidemiological models. Our results illustrate the importance of considering the ecological and epidemiological context in which coevolution occurs when examining the impact of Red Queen cycles on genetic variation.</p>
Ecology directs host-parasite coevolutionary trajectories across Daphnia-microparasite populations
<p>Host-parasite interactions often fuel coevolutionary change. However, parasitism is one of a myriad of possible ecological interactions in nature. Biotic (<i>e.g., </i>predation) and abiotic (<i>e.g., </i>temperature) variation can amplify or dilute parasitism as a selective force on hosts and parasites, driving population variation in (co)evolutionary trajectories. We dissected the relationships between wider ecology and coevolutionary trajectory using 16 ecologically complex <i>Daphnia magna-Pasteuria ramosa</i> ponds seeded with an identical starting host (<i>Daphnia</i>) and parasite (<i>Pasteuria</i>) population. We show, using a time-shift experiment and outdoor population data, how multivariate biotic and abiotic ecological differences between ponds caused coevolutionary divergence. Wider ecology drove variation in host evolution of resistance, but not parasite infectivity; parasites subsequently coevolved in response to the changing complement of host genotypes, such that parasites adapted to historically resistant host genotypes. Parasitism was a stronger interaction for the parasite than for its host, likely because the host is the principal environment and selective force, whereas for hosts, parasite-mediated selection is one of many sources of selection. Our findings reveal the mechanisms through which wider ecology creates coevolutionary hotspots and coldspots in biologically realistic arenas of host-parasite interaction, and sheds light on how the ecological theatre can affect the (co)evolutionary play.</p>
Bayesian inference of ancestral host-parasite interactions under a phylogenetic model of host repertoire evolution
<p>Intimate ecological interactions, such as those between parasites and their hosts, may persist over long time spans, coupling the evolutionary histories of the lineages involved. Most methods that reconstruct the coevolutionary history of such interactions make the simplifying assumption that parasites have a single host. Many methods also focus on congruence between host and parasite phylogenies, using cospeciation as the null model. However, there is an increasing body of evidence suggesting that the host ranges of parasites are more complex: that host ranges often include more than one host and evolve via gains and losses of hosts rather than through cospeciation alone. Here, we develop a Bayesian approach for inferring coevolutionary history based on a model accommodating these complexities. Specifically, a parasite is assumed to have a host repertoire, which includes both potential hosts and one or more actual hosts. Over time, potential hosts can be added or lost, and potential hosts can develop into actual hosts or vice versa. Thus, host colonization is modeled as a two-step process that may potentially be influenced by host relatedness. We first explore the statistical behavior of our model by simulating evolution of host-parasite interactions under a range of parameter values. We then use our approach, implemented in the program RevBayes, to infer the coevolutionary history between 34 Nymphalini butterfly species and 25 angiosperm families. Our analysis suggests that host relatedness among angiosperm families influences how easily Nymphalini lineages gain new hosts.</p>
Ectopical expression of bacterial collagen-like protein supports its role as adhesin in host-parasite coevolution
<div> <div> <div> <div> <p>For a profound understanding of antagonistic coevolution, it is necessary to identify the coevolving genes. The bacterium Pasteuria and its host, the microcrustacean Daphnia, are a well-characterized paradigm for co-evolution, but the underlying genes remain largely unknown. A genome-wide association study suggested a Pasteuria collagen-like protein 7 (Pcl7) as a candidate mediating parasite attachment and driving its coevolution with the host. Since Pasteuria ramosa cannot currently be genetically manipulated, we used Bacillus thuringiensis to express a fusion protein of a Pcl7 carboxy- terminus from P. ramosa and the amino-terminal domain of a B. thuringiensis collagen-like protein (CLP). Mutant B. thuringiensis (Pcl7-Bt) spores but not wild-type B. thuringiensis (WT-Bt) spores, attached to the same site of susceptible hosts as P. ramosa. Furthermore, Pcl7-Bt spores attached readily to susceptible host genotypes, but only slightly to resistant host genotypes. These findings indicated that the fusion protein was properly expressed and folded and demonstrated that indeed the C-terminus of Pcl7 mediates attachment in a host genotype-specific manner. These results provide strong evidence for the involvement of a CLP in the coevolution of Daphnia and P. ramosa and open new avenues for genetic epidemiological studies of host–parasite interactions.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div>
Inhibition of gut digestive proteases by cyanobacterial diets decreases infection in a Daphnia host-parasite system
<p>Secondary metabolites produced by primary producers have a wide range of functions as well as indirect effects outside the scope of their direct target. Research suggests that protease inhibitors produced by cyanobacteria influence grazing by herbivores and may also protect against parasites of cyanobacteria. In this study we asked whether those same protease inhibitors produced by cyanobacteria also can influence interactions of herbivores with their parasites. </p> <p>We used the <em>Daphnia-Metschnikowia</em> zooplankton host-fungal parasite system to address this question because it is well-documented that cyanobacteria protease inhibitors suppress trypsin and chymotrypsin in the gut of <em>Daphnia</em>, and because it is known that <em>Metschnikowia</em> infects via the gut. We tested the hypothesis that <em>Daphnia</em> gut proteases are necessary for <em>Metschnikowia</em> spores to be released from their asci. We then also tested whether diets that decrease trypsin and chymotrypsin activity in the guts of <em>Daphnia</em> lead to lower levels of infection.</p> <p>Our results show that chymotrypsin promotes release of the fungal spores from their asci. Moreover, a diet that strongly inhibited chymotrypsin activity in <em>Daphnia</em> decreased infection levels, particularly in the most susceptible <em>Daphnia</em> clones.</p> <p>Our results support the growing literature that cyanobacterial diets can be beneficial to zooplankton hosts when challenged by parasites and uncover a mechanism that contributes to the protective effect of cyanobacterial diets. Specifically, we demonstrate that host chymotrypsin enzymes promote dehiscence of <em>Metschnikowia</em> spores; when cyanobacteria inhibit activity of chymotrypsin in hosts, this most likely traps the spore inside the ascus, preventing the parasite from puncturing the gut and beginning the infection process, and reduced the proportion of <em>Daphnia</em> infected.</p> <p>This study illustrates how secondary metabolites of phytoplankton can protect herbivores against their own enemies.</p>
Data from: Host-parasite dynamics shaped by temperature and genotype: quantifying the role of underlying vital rates
<p>1. Global warming challenges the persistence of local populations, not only through heat-induced stress, but also through indirect biotic changes. We study the interactive effects of temperature, competition and parasitism in the water flea <i>Daphnia magna</i>.</p> <p>2. We carried out a common garden experiment monitoring the dynamics of <i>Daphnia</i> populations along a temperature gradient. Halfway through the experiment, all populations became infected with the ectoparasite <i>Amoebidium parasiticum</i>, enabling us to study interactive effects of temperature and parasite dynamics. We combined Integral Projection Models with epidemiological models, parameterized using the experimental data on the performance of individuals within dynamic populations. This enabled us to quantify the contribution of different vital rates and epidemiological parameters to population fitness across temperatures and <i>Daphnia</i> clones originating from two latitudes.</p> <p>3. Interactions between temperature and parasitism shaped competition, where Belgian clones performed better under infection than Norwegian clones, mainly due to higher survival. Infected <i>Daphnia</i> populations performed better at higher than at lower temperatures, mainly due to an increased host capability of reducing parasite loads. Temperature strongly affected individual vital rates, but effects largely cancelled out on a population-level. In contrast, parasitism strongly reduced fitness through consistent negative effects on all vital rates. As a result, temperature-mediated parasitism was more important than the direct effects of temperature in shaping population dynamics. Both the outcome of the competition treatments and the observed extinction patterns support our modeling results.</p> <p>4. Our study highlights that shifts in biotic interactions can be equally or more important for responses to warming than direct physiological effects of warming, emphasizing that we need to include such interactions in our studies to predict the competitive ability of natural populations experiencing global warming.</p>
Host-parasite interactions between a copepod (Pharodes tortugensis) and small reef-associated gobies (Coryphopterus) in the British Virgin Islands
<p>The effects of parasitic copepods on free-living hosts are infrequently documented, and the copepod Pharodes tortugensis has remained virtually unstudied since described. For the first time, we document its host range in the British Virgin Islands (BVI), the prevalence and intensity of infections on wild hosts, and its impacts on host morphology and performance. Infections were observed on four benthic gobies in the BVI (<em>Coryphopterus glaucofraenum</em>, <em>C. venezuelae</em>, <em>C. dicrus</em> and <em>C. eidolon</em>) but not on other host species previously reported from other parts of the western Atlantic. Infected gobies were widespread in the BVI (detected at 33 of 52 sites, prevalence from 1–25%) but extremely rare elsewhere in the Caribbean (detected at 2 of 16 sites, prevalence <0.006%). As is typical of macroparasite infections, <em>P. tortugensis</em> was over-dispersed in BVI host populations (mean intensity = 4.7, range = 1–17). Infections were most common in juvenile and female hosts, and rarely found in larger male hosts. The copepods attach in the branchial chamber of the goby; female copepods show high attachment fidelity to the ventral surface of the chamber, while male copepods attached most often to the first two gill arches and in the branchial chamber adjacent to the female. Infections caused substantial damage to the host's branchial chamber and gill filaments. Parasitized gobies also had larger livers and smaller gonads than unparasitized individuals of similar length. The changes in organ mass of infected gobies were not sizeable enough to affect total body mass, and host condition (the body-length vs. body-mass relationship) was similar for gobies with and without infections. Parasitized gobies were, however, significantly smaller in body mass at a given age, reflecting slower overall growth. Effects of <em>P. tortugensis</em> on individual hosts were broadly similar to those of other parasitic copepods that infect fish gills and, for unknown reasons, the BVI appears to be a persistent hotspot of infections on these goby hosts.</p>
Diverse host-parasite interactions mediate seasonal ecosystem linkages
<p>Nematomorph parasites manipulate terrestrial arthropods, such as crickets and ground beetles, to enter streams where the parasites reproduce. These manipulated arthropods become a substantial prey subsidy for stream salmonids, causing cross-ecosystem energy flow. Diverse nematomorph-arthropod interactions are known to underlie the energy flow. However, whether and how they can mediate the magnitude and temporal attributes of energy flow remains largely unknown. Here, we investigated whether distinct species or phylogenetic groups of nematomorphs respectively manipulate different arthropod hosts, and how the diverse nematomorph-arthropod interactions, if any, mediate seasonal prey subsidy for stream salmonids. We found that distinct phylogenetic groups of <em>Gordionus</em> and <em>Gordius</em> nematomorphs infected ground beetle and orthopteran hosts, respectively. The <em>Gordionus</em> nematomorphs led their ground beetle hosts to enter streams in spring, subsidizing salmonid individuals during that season. By contrast, the <em>Gordius</em> nematomorphs manipulated orthopterans in autumn, causing the prey subsidy for salmonid individuals during that time. Maintaining the two distinct nematomorph-arthropod interactions, thus, resulted in the parasite-mediated prey subsidy in both spring and autumn in the study streams. Manipulative parasites are common, and they often associate with a range of host lineages, suggesting that similar effects of diverse host-parasite interactions on energy flow might be widespread in nature.</p>
Size matters: The effects of polystyrene nanoplastics on parasite transmission in the Daphnia-Metschnikowia host-parasite system
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Data from: Using DNA barcoding to identify host-parasite interactions between cryptic species of goby (Coryphopterus: Gobiidae, Perciformes) and parasitic copepods (Pharodes tortugensis: Chondracanthidae, Cyclopoida)
<p>Previous work, using morphological characters, identified a generalist copepod parasite (<i>Pharodes tortugensis</i>) at high prevalence on two common gobies (C<i>oryphopterus glaucofraenum</i> and <i>C. dicrus</i>) in the British Virgin Islands (BVI). DNA barcoding subsequently revealed <i>C. glaucofraenum</i> to be three morphologically similar species (<i>C. glaucofraenum</i>, <i>C. venezuelae</i> and <i>C. tortugae</i>), casting doubt on host identities in the BVI and the classification of the parasite as a single species. Mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) data from 67 gobies in the BVI showed that, in addition to <i>C. dicrus</i>, host gobies were a mix of <i>C. glaucofraenum</i> and <i>C. venezuelae,</i> while <i>C. tortugae</i> was unexpectedly absent from the study area. COI data (n = 70) indicated that the copepod infecting all three hosts was a single species, almost certainly <i>P. tortugensis</i>. The pharodes–coryphopterus interaction has a strong impact on host dynamics in the BVI, and a revised understanding of these dynamics must account for any differences among the three newly confirmed hosts in transmission of, and susceptibility to, the shared parasite. No other infected hosts were discovered at our sites, but <i>P. tortugensis</i> is reportedly widespread and infects 12 additional host species elsewhere. Further DNA barcoding is thus needed to test whether <i>P. tortugensis</i> is truly a widespread generalist, or instead represents a group of more specialized cryptic species.</p>
Data from: Genomic sequence capture of haemosporidian parasites: methods and prospects for enhanced study of host-parasite evolution
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The cost of travel: how dispersal ability limits local adaptation in host-parasite interactions
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Data from: Host-parasite dynamics shaped by temperature and genotype: quantifying the role of underlying vital rates
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Ectopical expression of bacterial collagen-like protein supports its role as adhesin in host-parasite coevolution
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Data for: Feedback between coevolution and epidemiology can help or hinder the maintenance of genetic variation in host-parasite models
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Allen Brain Atlas
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