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375 results for “island populations”
Fig. 2 in Population size, distribution and daylight behaviour of Irrawaddy dolphins (Orcaella brevirostris) in Penang Island, Malaysia
Fig. 2. Discovery curve showing the accumulation of new individuals identified during the period of study, related to the effort in hours per month when sighting were recorded. LDF = Left dorsal fin; RDF = Right dorsal fin; OBP = regardless of side.
Fig. 3. A in Population size, distribution and daylight behaviour of Irrawaddy dolphins (Orcaella brevirostris) in Penang Island, Malaysia
Fig. 3. A, individuals with the widest range of distribution during the time of the study; B, distribution of the sightings with the tide level (m) recorded for each sighting.
Fig. 5 in Population size, distribution and daylight behaviour of Irrawaddy dolphins (Orcaella brevirostris) in Penang Island, Malaysia
Fig. 5. The pattern of movement tracked when the Irrawaddy dolphins were feeding. The actual track is that of the boat following the dolphins. Some loops have been tagged as an example of what they look like (see inset). The movement was recorded 400 m from Pantai Kerachut while following a group of dolphins outside the survey path, west Penang.
A population in perpetual motion: highly dynamic roosting behaviour of a tropical island endemic bat
<p>Dataset and R script for the manuscript "<strong>A population in perpetual motion: highly dynamic roosting behaviour of a tropical island endemic bat</strong>". During the embargo period, data is available upon request from the authors (muriel.dietrich@ird.fr).</p>
Phenotypic divergence of traits that mediate antagonistic and mutualistic interactions between island and continental populations of the tropical plant, Tribulus cistoides (Zygophyllaceae)
<p><span><strong>Premise</strong>:</span><span> Island systems have long served as a model for evolutionary processes due to their unique species interactions. Many studies of the evolution of species interactions on islands have focused on endemic taxa. Fewer studies have focused on how antagonistic and mutualistic interactions shape the phenotypic divergence of widespread non-endemic species living on island populations. </span></p> <p><span><strong>Methods</strong>:</span><span> We used the widespread plant <em>Tribulus</em> <em>cistoides</em> (Zygophyllaceae) to test phenotypic divergence in traits that mediate antagonistic interactions with vertebrate granivores (birds) and mutualistic interactions with pollinators and how this is explained by bioclimatic variables. We used both herbarium specimens and field-collected samples to compare phenotypic divergence between continental and island populations. </span></p> <p><span><strong>Results</strong>:</span><span> Fruits from island populations were larger than on continents, but the presence of lower spines on mericarps was lower on islands. The presence of spines was largely explained by environmental variation among islands. Petal length was on average 9% smaller on island than continental populations, an effect that was especially accentuated on the Galápagos Islands. </span></p> <p><span><strong>Conclusions</strong>:</span><span> <em>Tribulus</em> <em>cistoides</em> exhibits phenotypic divergence between island and continental habitats for antagonistic traits (seed defence) and mutualistic traits (floral traits). Further, the evolution of phenotypic traits that mediate antagonistic and mutualistic interactions depended on the abiotic characteristics of specific islands. This study shows the potential of using a combination of herbarium and field samples for comparative studies on a globally distributed species to test phenotypic divergence on island habitats.</span></p>
Virus infections in 20 Plantago lanceolata populations in the Aland Island (2017)
<p>Virus occurrences from individual Plantago lanceolata plant leaves. The methods of collection as well as sample processing, including virus sequencing, are described in <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2023.03.022">Norberg, Susi, et al. (2023) Current Biology</a>.</p>
Data from: Genomic landscapes of divergence among island bird populations: evidence of parallel adaptation but at different loci?
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Phenotypic divergence of traits that mediate antagonistic and mutualistic interactions between island and continental populations of the tropical plant, Tribulus cistoides (Zygophyllaceae)
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Gene drives for vertebrate pest control: realistic spatial modelling of eradication probabilities and times for island mouse populations
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Data from: Adaptive landscape genetics and malaria across divergent island bird populations
Environmental conditions play a major role in shaping the spatial distributions of pathogens, which in turn can drive local adaptation and divergence in host genetic diversity. Haemosporidians, such as plasmodium (malaria) are a strong selective force, impacting survival and fitness of hosts, with geographic distributions largely determined by habitat suitability for their insect vectors. Here, we have tested whether patterns of fine-scale local adaptation to malaria are replicated across discrete, ecologically differing island populations of Berthelot's pipits Anthus berthelotii. We sequenced TLR4, an innate immunity gene that is potentially under positive selection in <i>Berthelot's pipits</i>, and two SNPs previously identified as being associated with malaria infection in a genome-wide association study (GWAS) in Berthelot's pipits in the Canary Islands. We determined the environmental predictors of malaria infection, using these to estimate variation in malaria risk on Porto Santo, and found some congruence with previously identified environmental risk factors on Tenerife. We also found a negative association between malaria infection and a TLR4 variant in Tenerife. In contrast, one of the GWAS SNPs showed an association with malaria risk in Porto Santo, but in the opposite direction to that found in the Canary Islands GWAS. Together, these findings suggest that disease-driven local adaptation may be an important factor in shaping variation among island populations.
Data from: Deep Divergence between Island Populations in Lichenized Fungi
<p>Macaronesia is characterized by a high degree of endemism and represents a noteworthy system to study the evolutionary history of populations and species. Here, we compare the population-genetic structure in three lichen-forming fungi, the widespread <i>Lobaria pulmonaria</i> and two Macaronesian endemics, <i>L. immixta</i> and <i>L. macaronesica,</i> based on microsatellites. We utilize population genetic approaches to explore population subdivision and evolutionary history of these taxa on the Canary Islands, Madeira, Azores, and the western Iberian Peninsula. A common feature in all species was the deep divergence between populations on the Azores, a pattern expected by the large geographic distance among islands. For both endemic species, there was a major split between archipelagos. In contrast, in the widespread <i>L. pulmonaria</i>, divergent individuals were distributed across multiple archipelagos, suggesting a complex evolutionary history involving repeated migration between islands and mainland.</p>
Character displacement in the midst of background evolution in island populations of Anolis lizards: a spatiotemporal perspective
<p>Negative interactions between species can generate divergent selection that causes character displacement. However, other processes cause similar divergence. We use spatial and temporal replication of island populations of <i>Anolis </i>lizards to assess the importance of negative interactions in driving trait shifts. Previous work showed that the establishment of <i>Anolis sagrei </i>drove resident <i>Anolis carolinensis </i>to perch higher and evolve larger toepads. To further test the interaction's causality and predictability, we resurveyed a subset of islands nine years later. <i>Anolis sagrei</i> had established on one island between surveys. We found that <i>A. carolinensis </i>on this island now perch higher and have larger toepads. However, toepad morphology change on this island was not distinct from shifts on six other islands whose <i>Anolis </i>community composition had not changed. Thus, the presence of <i>A. sagrei </i>only partly explains <i>A. carolinensis </i>trait<i> </i>variation across space and time<i>. </i>We also find that <i>A. </i><i>carolinensis</i> on islands with previously established <i>A. sagrei</i> now perch higher than a decade ago, and that current <i>A. carolinensis </i>perch height is correlated with <i>A. sagrei</i> density. Our results suggest that character displacement likely interacts with other evolutionary processes in this system, and that temporal data are key to detecting such interactions.</p>
Data from: Heterozigosity-fitness correlations in a continental island population of Thorn-tailed Rayadito
<p>Heterozygosity-fitness correlations (HFCs) have been used to monitor the effects of inbreeding in threatened populations. HFCs can also be useful to investigate the potential effects of inbreeding in isolated relict populations of long-term persistence, and to better understand the role of inbreeding and outbreeding as drivers of changes in genetic diversity. We studied a continental island population of thorn-tailed rayadito (<i>Aphrastura spinicauda</i>) inhabiting the relict forest of Fray Jorge National Park, north-central Chile. This population has experienced a long-term, gradual process of isolation since the end of the Tertiary. Using 10 years of field data in combination with molecular techniques, we tested for HFCs to assess the importance of inbreeding depression. If inbreeding depression is important, we predict a positive relationship between individual heterozygosity and fitness-related traits. We genotyped 183 individuals at 12 polymorphic microsatellite loci, and used seven measures of reproductive success and estimates of apparent survival to calculate HFCs. We found weak to moderate statistical support (<i>P</i>-values between 0.05 and 0.01) for a linear effect of female multi-locus heterozygosity (MLH) on clutch size, and non-linear effects on laying date and fledging success. While more heterozygous females laid smaller clutches, non-linear effects indicated that females with intermediate values of MLH started laying earlier and had higher fledging success. We found no evidence for effects of MLH on annual fecundity or on apparent survival. Our results along with the long-term demographic stability of the study population contradict the hypothesis that inbreeding depression occurs in this population.</p>
Virus infections in 27 Plantago lanceolata populations in the Åland Islands in 2015
<ul> <li>Human alteration of natural habitats may change the processes governing species interactions in wild communities. Wild populations are increasingly impacted by agricultural intensification, yet it is unknown whether this alters biodiversity mediation of disease dynamics.</li> <li>We investigated the association between plant diversity (species richness, diversity) and infection risk (virus richness, prevalence) in populations of <i>Plantago lanceolata</i> in natural landscapes as well as those occurring at the edges of cultivated fields. Altogether 27 <i>P. lanceolata</i> populations were surveyed for population characteristics and sampled for PCR detection of five recently characterized viruses.</li> <li>We find that plant species richness and diversity correlated negatively with virus infection prevalence. Virus species richness declined with increasing plant diversity and richness in natural populations while in agricultural edge populations' species richness was moderately higher, and not associated with plant richness. This difference was not explained by changes in host richness between these two habitats, suggesting potential pathogen spill-over and increased transmission of viruses across the agro-ecological interface. Host population connectivity significantly decreased virus infection prevalence.</li> <li>We conclude that human use of landscapes may change the ecological laws by which natural communities are formed with far reaching implications for ecosystem functioning and disease.</li> </ul>
Data from: Genomic variation, population history and within-archipelago adaptation between island bird populations
<p>Oceanic island archipelagos provide excellent models to understand evolutionary processes. Colonisation events and gene flow can interact with selection to shape genetic variation at different spatial scales. Landscape-scale variation in biotic and abiotic factors may drive fine-scale selection within islands, while long-term evolutionary processes may drive divergence between distantly related populations. Here, we examine patterns of population history and selection between recently diverged populations of the Berthelot's pipit (Anthus berthelotii), a passerine endemic to three North Atlantic archipelagos. First we use demographic trees and f3 statistics to show that genome-wide divergence across the species range is largely shaped by colonisation and bottlenecks, with evidence of very weak gene flow between populations. Then, using a genome scan approach, we identify signatures of divergent selection within-archipelagos at SNPs in genes potentially associated with craniofacial development and DNA repair. We did not detect within-archipelago selection at the same SNPs as were detected previously at broader spatial scales between archipelagos, but did identify signatures of selection at loci associated with similar biological functions. These findings suggest that similar ecological factors may repeatedly drive selection between recently separated populations, as well as at broad spatial scales across varied landscapes. </p>
Highland islands: assessing gene flow among populations of an aquatic highland endemic
<p>A variety of hierarchical gene flow models have been proposed to explain the distribution of genetic variation in aquatic environments. These models, including the Stream Hierarchy (SH), Death Valley (DV), Headwater (HW), and Widespread Gene flow (WG) models, provide testable hypotheses that focus on the degree of within-basin or within-stream network connectivity and an organism's dispersal abilities. We tested these models using <em>Tlaloc hildebrandi</em> (Profundulidae, Cyprinodontiformes), a freshwater fish endemic to the highlands of the Grijalva and Usumacinta River basins in southern Mexico. Data from ultraconserved elements (UCEs) showed that although <em>T. hildebrandi</em> was recovered as monophyletic, the sub-basins were not. We generated single nucleotide polymorphisms from the UCEs to analyse the data in a population genetic framework. These results differed between analyses such that two (STRUCTURE analysis) or three (DAPC analysis) genetic groupings were recovered. Overall, the results of this study provide support for the SH model. Some individuals from the Jataté sub-basin, however, conformed to the HW model, due to historical connections among headwater streams and rivers of the Jataté and Amarillo–Chenalhó clades/clusters. The greatest degree of gene flow has occurred from the Grijlava to the Usumacinta basins, two geographically proximate basins that have been hypothesized to have had previous connections.</p>
Role of individual and population heterogeneity in shaping dynamics of multi-pathogen shedding in an island endemic bat
<p>Dataset for the manuscript "<strong>Role of individual and population heterogeneity in shaping dynamics of multi-pathogen shedding in an island endemic bat</strong>", including information of the bat samples and infection data.</p>
Genomic associations with poxvirus across divergent island populations in Berthelot's pipit
<p><span>Understanding the mechanisms and genes that enable animal populations to adapt to pathogens is important from an evolutionary, health and conservation perspective. Berthelot's pipit (<em>Anthus berthelotii</em>) experiences extensive and consistent spatial heterogeneity in </span><span>avian pox infection pressure across its range of island populations</span><span>, thus providing an excellent system with which to examine how pathogen-mediated selection drives spatial variation in immunogenetic diversity. Here we test for evidence of genetic variation associated with avian pox at both an individual and population-level. At the individual level, we find no evidence that variation in MHC class I and TLR4 (both known to be important in recognising viral infection) was associated with pox infection within two separate populations. However, using genotype-environment association (Bayenv) in conjunction with genome-wide (ddRAD-seq) data, we detected strong associations between population-level avian pox prevalence and allele frequencies of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at a number of sites across the genome. These sites were located within genes </span><span>involved in cellular </span><span>stress signalling and immune responses, many of which have previously been associated with responses to viral infection in humans and other animals. Consequently, our analyses indicates that pathogen-mediated selection may play a role in shaping genomic variation among relatively recently colonised island bird populations and highlights the utility of genotype-environment associations for identifying candidate genes potentially involved in host-pathogen interactions.</span></p>
Data from: Genetic patterns of Magnolia in the Lesser Antilles: Stepwise colonisation leading to highly inbred island 'populations'
<p>Aim: Test for genetic signatures of island biogeographic patterns, using a slowly evolving, recent colonist with a low dispersal capability in an island chain without linear chronosequence; evaluate the multiple-endemic status of the species; and quantify genetic diversity of extant island populations.</p> <p>Location: The Lesser Antilles (Caribbean).</p> <p>Taxon: Magnolia dodecapetala (Magnoliaceae).</p> <p>Methods: Genetic diversity was characterised using Sanger sequencing of 21 individuals amplified for 11 DNA markers, plus microsatellite data of 195 individuals genotyped with 19 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. Sanger sequencing data were used to construct a Bayesian phylogenetic hypothesis, while SSR markers were used to run approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) demographic analyses and calculate population statistics.</p> <p>Results: Both types of molecular data support stepwise colonization, decoupled from known island ages. The ABC analyses support a north to south migration while the Sanger sequencing data indicates a mixture of island progression rule and stepping stone dispersal. The SSR data show strong genetic structuring per island and significant inbreeding in all populations except in Saint Lucia. The lowest genetic diversity is found in the population from Saint Vincent. A high amount of genetic linkage occurs in a subpopulation from Dominica.</p> <p>Main conclusions: Biogeographic patterns for the complex geological setting of the Lesser Antilles are uncovered using a slowly evolving study species. All genetic data support treating each island as distinct Management Units for conservation and call for a re-evaluation of the species limits. Inbreeding threatens the survival of island populations and the populations of Saint Vincent and Dominica represent conservation priorities.</p>
High-density genomic data reveal fine-scale population structure and pronounced islands of adaptive divergence in lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) from Lake Michigan
<p>Understanding patterns of genetic structure and adaptive variation in natural populations is crucial for informing conservation and management. Past genetic research using 11 microsatellite loci identified six genetic stocks of lake whitefish (<em>Coregonus clupeaformis</em>) within Lake Michigan, USA. However, ambiguity in genetic stock assignments suggested those neutral microsatellite markers did not provide adequate power for delineating lake whitefish stocks in this system, prompting calls for a genomics approach to investigate stock structure. Here, we generated a dense genomic dataset to characterize population structure and investigate patterns of neutral and adaptive genetic diversity among lake whitefish populations in Lake Michigan. Using Rapture sequencing, we genotyped 829 individuals collected from 17 baseline populations at 197,588 SNP markers after quality filtering. Although the overall pattern of genetic structure was similar to the previous microsatellite study, our genomic data provided several novel insights. Our results indicated a large genetic break between the northwestern and eastern sides of Lake Michigan, and we found a much greater level of population structure on the eastern side compared to the northwestern side. Collectively, we observed five genomic islands of adaptive divergence on five different chromosomes. Each island displayed a different pattern of population structure, suggesting that combinations of genotypes at these adaptive regions are facilitating local adaptation to spatially heterogenous selection pressures. Additionally, we identified a large linkage disequilibrium block of ~8.5 Mb on chromosome 20 that is suggestive of a putative inversion but with a low frequency of the minor haplotype. Our study provides a comprehensive assessment of population structure and adaptive variation that can help inform management of Lake Michigan's lake whitefish fishery and highlights the utility of incorporating adaptive loci into fisheries management. </p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.