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Data from: The species richness pattern of vascular plants along a tropical elevational gradient and the test of elevational Rapoport's rule depend on different life‐forms and phytogeographic affinities
The research about species richness pattern and elevational Rapoport's rule (ERR) have been carried out mostly in the temperate regions in the recent years and scarcely in the tropical mountains; meanwhile, it is unclear whether the ERR is consistent among different life‐forms and phytogeographic affinities. Here, we compiled a database of plant species of Mount Kenya, a tropical mountain of East Africa, and divided these species into twelve groups depending on the life‐form and phytogeographic affinity of each species. We inspected the species richness pattern of each group along the elevation gradient and also tested ERR of each group using Stevens' method. Our results showed that species richness of the total species showed a positively skewed (hump‐shaped) pattern along the elevation gradient and different life‐forms and phytogeographic affinities showed similar hump‐shaped patterns as the total species. The average elevation range size of the total species and herbaceous species showed increasing patterns along the elevation gradient, while lycophytes and ferns, and woody species showed an obvious downward trend after peaking in the high elevation regions. We concluded that the widely distributed herbaceous species which also have broad elevation range sizes are more applicable to ERR, while the narrowly distributed woody species with small elevation range sizes occurring in the higher elevations could reverse ERR. Therefore, we concluded that the ERR is not consistent among different organisms in the same region.
FIGURE11. Life stages of Platynaspis variegata Crotch: a, b, d–i. larva; c. adult, nominate form; j–m. darker variant (Image credits: Dr Rojeet Thangjam, CAU, Imphal). in A review of Platynaspini (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian subcontinent, including description of a new genus from north-eastern India and Bangladesh
FIGURE11. Life stages of Platynaspis variegata Crotch: a, b, d–i. larva; c. adult, nominate form; j–m. darker variant (Image credits: Dr Rojeet Thangjam, CAU, Imphal).
FIGURE 23 in A review of growth form and plant duration (life cycle) in Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) in an evolutionary and classificatory framework
FIGURE 23. The most common whole-plant morphology found in Kalanchoe is generally expressed through a little-varying body plan that consists of a leafy, usually unbranched, stem that lengthens considerably into a stem-peduncle continuum at flowering maturity, and a terminally-borne inflorescence. Photograph: Gideon F. Smith.
FIGURE 17 in A review of growth form and plant duration (life cycle) in Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) in an evolutionary and classificatory framework
FIGURE 17. The kalanchoes with round to obovate, soup plate-sized and -shaped leaves, i.e., those included in the southern and southtropical African K. sect. Raveta, generally have rather short internodes in the juvenile phase, so giving rise to a pseudo-rosulate architecture where a leaf cluster resembles a rosette carried close to the ground. Kalanchoe luciae is shown here. Photograph: Gideon F. Smith.
FIGURE 20 in A review of growth form and plant duration (life cycle) in Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) in an evolutionary and classificatory framework
FIGURE 20. Kalanchoe bracteata is a much-branched, shrubby representative of the 'woody clade' of K. subg. Kalanchoe. Photograph: Gideon F. Smith.
FIGURE 14 in A review of growth form and plant duration (life cycle) in Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) in an evolutionary and classificatory framework
FIGURE 14. The stems of medium-sized, unbranched, herbaceous kalanchoes sometimes die acropetally, i.e., from the bottom upwards, as here in the case of Kalanchoe pinnata. The upper part of the stem-peduncle continuum is still green and carries flowers while the lower part is desiccated. Photograph: Gideon F. Smith.
FIGURE 12 in A review of growth form and plant duration (life cycle) in Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) in an evolutionary and classificatory framework
FIGURE 12. The weevil Sternuchopsis sedi lays its eggs in the stems of, especially, a range of Kalanchoe species—K. sexangularis in this case—where the hatched larvae feed on the soft, internal tissues. Photograph: Gideon F. Smith.
FIGURE 8 in A review of growth form and plant duration (life cycle) in Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) in an evolutionary and classificatory framework
FIGURE 8. Kalanchoe klopperae (long-peduncled, orange-flowered material in the centre of the image) growing as a lithophyte in the very thin, humic soils that accumulated in depressions on the surface of a granitic rock near Mbombela, Mpumalanga, South Africa. Photograph: Gideon F. Smith.
FIGURE 16. Some kalanchoes, for example a in A review of growth form and plant duration (life cycle) in Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) in an evolutionary and classificatory framework
FIGURE 16. Some kalanchoes, for example a group of Malagasy species with a shrubby growth form, such as Kalanchoe fedtschenkoi, have densely clustered, thin, brittle stems that, with age, become somewhat woody, with some even developing a distinct, peeling bark. Photograph: Gideon F. Smith.
FIGURE 22 in A review of growth form and plant duration (life cycle) in Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) in an evolutionary and classificatory framework
FIGURE 22. Perfectly viable bulbils developing in the notches on the leaf margins of Kalanchoe fedtschenkoi. The ease with which these bulbils become rooted where they fall has contributed to the species becoming established in places well away from its natural habitat in Madagascar (see Smith & Figueiredo 2017b). Photograph: Gideon F. Smith.
FIGURE 10. A in A review of growth form and plant duration (life cycle) in Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) in an evolutionary and classificatory framework
FIGURE 10. A number of species of Kalanchoe, such as K. rotundifolia, here growing at the Boknesrivier mouth, Eastern Cape province, South Africa, are low-growing, soft-stemmed, herbaceous plants. Photograph: Gideon F. Smith.
FIGURE 7 in A review of growth form and plant duration (life cycle) in Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) in an evolutionary and classificatory framework
FIGURE 7. Caudiciform succulence (water storage in the root-stem continuum) is rare in Kalanchoe, but at least to some degree found in the geographically very widespread, biennial K. laciniata. Photograph: Gideon F. Smith.
FIGURE 19 in A review of growth form and plant duration (life cycle) in Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) in an evolutionary and classificatory framework
FIGURE 19. With age the initially smooth, herbaceous, climbing stems, as here, of Kalanchoe scandens Perrier de la Bâthie (1928: 28) become brittle with a flaky bark. Note the apically recurved leaves and spinulescent outgrowths at the node that facilitate the scrambling habit of this, and related, species included in K. [subg. Bryophyllum sect. Invasores] ser. Vilana. Photograph: Gideon F. Smith.
FIGURE 6 in A review of growth form and plant duration (life cycle) in Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) in an evolutionary and classificatory framework
FIGURE 6. Distinctly woody stems are found only in the case of some representatives of the 'woody clade', which is restricted to Madagascar, recognised in K. subg. Kalanchoe. Photograph: Gideon F. Smith.
FIGURE 5 in A review of growth form and plant duration (life cycle) in Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) in an evolutionary and classificatory framework
FIGURE 5. In the case of Kalanchoe tubiflora, where the leaves are borne in whorls of three rather than being decussately arranged, the leaf blade margin has been reduced to the tip of the leaf. The leaves are narrow, cylindrical, and carry numerous small, perfectly formed bulbils towards the leaf apices. Photograph: Gideon F. Smith.
FIGURE 13 in A review of growth form and plant duration (life cycle) in Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) in an evolutionary and classificatory framework
FIGURE 13. Several kalanchoes, such as Kalanchoe prolifera, have a single, herbaceous, often green stem that can be very sturdy and reach a height of well over 1 m. Photograph: Gideon F. Smith.
FIGURE 18 in A review of growth form and plant duration (life cycle) in Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) in an evolutionary and classificatory framework
FIGURE 18. The stems of the African Kalanchoe humilis, a perennial creeper, are weak and will sprawl over rocks and along the ground. Photograph: Gideon F. Smith.
FIGURE 3. Kalanchoe pinnata, a in A review of growth form and plant duration (life cycle) in Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) in an evolutionary and classificatory framework
FIGURE 3. Kalanchoe pinnata, a phyllo-bulbiliferous species, easily becomes established, even invasive, in mild-climate parts of the world, well away from its natural Malagasy habitat. Photograph: Gideon F. Smith.
FIGURE 4 in A review of growth form and plant duration (life cycle) in Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) in an evolutionary and classificatory framework
FIGURE 4. Material of Kalanchoe blossfeldiana with irregular, white to creamy white borders to the round to ovate leaves, is generally sold under the moniker 'Variegata' in the horticultural trade. Photograph: Gideon F. Smith.
FIGURE 1 in A review of growth form and plant duration (life cycle) in Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) in an evolutionary and classificatory framework
FIGURE 1. Kalanchoes are variously annual or perennial succulents that survive the dry season and droughts predominantly through accumulating water in their leaves. The small-shrubby Kalanchoe pumila is shown here. Photograph: Gideon F. Smith.
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