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FIGURE 5 in Endemism and long distance dispersal in the waterfleas of Easter Island

FIGURE 5. Ovalona pascua sp. nov. adult female postabdomen shape (variation, four specimens from different localities, from top to bottom Hanga Tuu Hata, Vai-Atara, Teravaka, Hanga Rao), compared to three species of the circumtropical O. pulchella-complex and to O. weinecki. O. cambouei after Sinev (2001b), O. glabra after Sinev (2001a), O. pulchella after Sinev (2001b) and O. weinecki after Van Damme & Dumont (2008a). Not to scale.

FIGURE 4 in Endemism and long distance dispersal in the waterfleas of Easter Island

FIGURE 4. Ovalona pascua sp. nov. Adult male postabdomen and shape in comparison to selected species (B). A, postabdomen, complete, loc. pool North of Hanga Roa village, West of Easter Island, Chile, coll. by H.J. Dumont and K. Martens, 18.VIII.1990. B, comparison O. pascua sp. nov adult male postabdomen shape, three specimens from different localities (top, after Dumont & Martens (1996), centre, pool at Hanga Rao, bottom, pool at Hanga Tuu Hata) compared to three species of the circumtropical O. pulchella-complex and to O. weinecki. O. cambouei after Sinev (2015), O. glabra after Sinev (2001a), O. pulchella after Sinev (2001b), O. weinecki after Frey (1988). Not to scale (B).

FIGURE 1 in Endemism and long distance dispersal in the waterfleas of Easter Island

FIGURE 1. Ovalona pascua sp. nov., adult parthenogenetic female, loc. pool North of Hanga Roa village, West of Easter Island, Chile, coll. by H.J. Dumont and K. Martens, 18.VIII.1990. A, habitus. B, labral keel, lateral view. C, antennule/A1. D, antenna/A2. E, head pores. F, postabdomen, lateral view. G, postabdomen, postanal portion, detail with marginal denticles and lateral fascicles.

FIGURE 2 in Endemism and long distance dispersal in the waterfleas of Easter Island

FIGURE 2. Ovalona pascua sp. nov. (A–E), loc. pool North of Hanga Roa village, West of Easter Island, Chile, coll. by H.J. Dumont and K. Martens, 18.VIII.1990. Ovalona weinecki (F), loc. freshwater pool, Heard Island, Antarctica, Coll. H.J.G. Dartnall, The Natural History Museum, London (1993.62–71). A, Ovalona pascua sp. nov. Adult parthenogenetic female, habitus. B, ephippial female, habitus. C, ephippium with dormant embryo. D, adult male, habitus. E, adult male, postabdomen. F, Ovalona weinecki (Studer, 1878), adult parthenogenetic female, habitus. Scale bars 100µm (A–D & F) and 50µm (D).

FIGURE 3 in Endemism and long distance dispersal in the waterfleas of Easter Island

FIGURE 3. Ovalona pascua sp. nov. Adult parthenogenetic female, loc. pool North of Hanga Roa village, West of Easter Island, Chile, coll. by H.J. Dumont and K. Martens, 18.VIII.1990. Thoracic structures. A, first Limb/P1, ODL and IDL omitted. B, outer (ODL) and inner distal lobe (IDL). C, second limb/P2. D–H, third limb/P3 exopodite (D–E) and endite (F–H). I–K, fourth Limb/P4 exopodite (I) and endite (J) with flaming torch setae (K). L–M. fifth limb exopodite (L) and inner portion without setules (M).

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2021View details →

Data from: Schneider et al. (2021). Predominantly eastward long-distance dispersal in pantropical Ochnaceae inferred from ancestral range estimation and phylogenomics. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution.

The data contains (a) DNA sequence alignments of concatenated nuclear loci, near-complete plastid genomes and plastid genomes with sites removed at a 10% gap threshold; (b) maximum clade credibility trees obtained from divergence time estimation in BEAST with each of the alignments; (c) area codings and the input tree (nuclear DNA only) for the ancestral area analysis in BioGeoBears.

opencc-zeroJan 2022View details →

A global analysis of mosses reveals low phylogenetic endemism and highlights the importance of long-distance dispersal

Aim: Digitization of herbarium specimens and DNA sequencing efforts in the past decade have enabled integrative analyses of patterns of diversity and endemism in a phylogenetic context. Here, we compare the best available floristic databases to a comprehensive specimen database to examine spatial patterns of moss phylogenetic assembly. We test the hypotheses that 1) mosses exhibit phylogenetic regionalization, 2) islands contain significantly high phylogenetic diversity, and 3) that moss phylogenetic endemism is low on a global scale. Location: Global Taxon: Mosses Methods: We developed a phylogeny of 3,654 moss species using 25 markers and compiled a global specimen database from online repositories. We calculated floristic and phylogenetic measures of diversity and endemism and performed randomizations to test for significant deviations from expectations. We use rarefaction and extrapolation to alleviate substantial differences in sampling effort across the globe. We used both phylogenetic and floristic methods to test for spatial regionalization. We compare our specimen-based results to those obtained using a floristic dataset. Results: Phylogenetic diversity is more robust to missing data than species richness. Mean phylogenetic distance was significantly higher than expected in areas with high species richness, indicating that reported richness in these areas is likely a product of repeated colonization. Phylogenetic endemism is low globally. Phylogenetic regionalizations cluster into a Holarctic/Holantarctic temperate region, a pantropical region, and a region composed of Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa. Main Conclusions: Future efforts for collecting, sequencing, and databasing moss species should focus on the tropics, particularly Africa and Southeast Asia. We provide further evidence to support several important theories developed in moss biogeography, including the role of long-distance dispersal in shaping floristic patterns, the dominance of anagenesis in driving patterns of island diversity, and the role of climatic instability in driving patterns of assembly in the Holarctic.

Figure 2 in No sex-related dispersal limitation in a dioecious, oceanic long-distance traveller: the bull kelp Durvillaea antarctica

Figure 2: Durvillaea antarctica: frequency of holdfasts with different numbers of stipes, and with only vegetative stipes, only male stipes, only female stipes, and both sexes within one holdfast. Samples collected at (A) 33 beaches on the coast of Chile between 28°S and 42°S (n=1044 stranded holdfasts during the winters 2013, 2014 and 2015), and (B) two sites near the northern distribution limit of D. antarctica (n =56 holdfasts from Puerto Oscuro and n=62 holdfasts from Totoralillo Sur).

Figure 5 in No sex-related dispersal limitation in a dioecious, oceanic long-distance traveller: the bull kelp Durvillaea antarctica

Figure 5: Durvillaea antarctica: average (mean±SD) concentration (% dry wt) of phlorotannins in blade samples of different sexual stage and locality, Puerto Oscuro and Totoralillo Sur. Different letters above the columns indicate differences between sexual stages significant at p =0.05. Numbers of stipes from each site and sexual stage are listed at the bottom of each column.

Figure 1 in No sex-related dispersal limitation in a dioecious, oceanic long-distance traveller: the bull kelp Durvillaea antarctica

Figure 1: Study area and spatial distribution of the stranded and benthic D. antarctica in central Chile. PTOS, Puerto Oscuro; TOT, Totoralillo Sur.

Figure 4 in No sex-related dispersal limitation in a dioecious, oceanic long-distance traveller: the bull kelp Durvillaea antarctica

Figure 4: Durvillaea antarctica: average (mean±SD) concentration (mg/g wet wt) of pigments in blade samples of different sexual stage and locality, Puerto Oscuro and Totoralillo Sur. Different letters above the columns indicate differences between sexual stages significant at p =0.05. Numbers of stipes from each site and sexual stage are listed at the bottom of each column.

Figure 3 in No sex-related dispersal limitation in a dioecious, oceanic long-distance traveller: the bull kelp Durvillaea antarctica

Figure 3: Durvillaea antarctica: average (mean±SD) colour values of algal samples of different sexual stages and from two localities, Puerto Oscuro and Totoralillo Sur. Different letters above the columns indicate differences between sexual stages significant at p=0.05. Numbers of stipes from each site and sexual stage are listed at the bottom of each column.

opennotspecifiedSep 2011View details →

Fig. 3 in Systematics of Cuscuta chinensis species complex (subgenus Grammica, Convolvulaceae): evidence for long-distance dispersal and one new species

Fig. 3 Phylogenetic relationships among species of the Cuscuta chinensis (C. c.) complex obtained from maximum likelihood (ML) analyses of individual trnL-F (a) and ITS (b) as well as combined datasets (c), all under the HKY + G model of DNA evolution. Asterisks indicate nodes that collapsed in a strict consensus of equally

opennotspecifiedSep 2011View details →

Fig. 1 a–i in Systematics of Cuscuta chinensis species complex (subgenus Grammica, Convolvulaceae): evidence for long-distance dispersal and one new species

Fig. 1 a–i Morphology of dissected calyx in species of Cuscuta chinensis complex. a,d Cuscuta chinensis var. chinensis. b,e C. chinensis var. applanata. c,f C. alata. g C. potosina. h C. azteca. i C. yucatana. Bars 1 mm

opencc-zeroDec 2018View details →

Data from: Phylogeography of Bornean land snails suggests long-distance dispersal as a cause of endemism

Aim: Islands are often hotspots of endemism due to their isolation, making colonization a rare event, and hence facilitating allopatric speciation. Dispersal usually occurs between nearby locations according to a stepping-stone model. We aimed to reconstruct colonization and speciation processes in an endemic-rich system of land-based islands that does not seem to follow the obvious stepping-stone model of dispersal. Location: Five land-based habitat archipelagos of limestone outcrops in the floodplain of the Kinabatangan River in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo. Methods: We studied the phylogeography of three species complexes of endemic land snails, using multiple genetic markers. We calculated genetic distances between populations, applied BEAST2 to reconstruct phylogenies for each taxon, and subsequently reconstructed ancestral ranges using 'BIOGEOBEARS'. Results: We found spatial genetic structure among nearby locations to be highly pronounced for each taxon. Genetic correlation was present at small spatial scales only, and disappeared at distances of five kilometres and above. Most archipelagos have been colonized from within the region multiple times over the past three million years, in 78% of cases as a result of long-distance dispersal or dispersal from non-adjacent limestone outcrops. The flow of the main geographical feature within the region, the Kinabatangan River, did not play a role. Main conclusions: Phylogeographic structure in these Bornean land snails has only partly been determined by small-scale dispersal, where it leads to isolation-by-distance, but mostly by long-distance dispersal. Our results demonstrate that island endemic taxa only very locally follow a simple stepping-stone model, whilst dispersal to non-adjacent islands, and especially long-distance dispersal, is most important. This leads to the formation of highly localized, isolated "endemic populations" forming the onset of a complex radiation of endemic species.

opennotspecifiedOct 2012View details →

Figure 3 in Long distance dispersal and evolution of talitrids (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Talitridae) in the northeast Atlantic islands

Figure 3. Dispersal and evolution in two "Darwinian" islands, A and B. Solid lines represent dispersal in wrack or driftwood; dashed lines indicate dispersal by synanthropic means.

opennotspecifiedOct 2012View details →

Figure 2 in Long distance dispersal and evolution of talitrids (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Talitridae) in the northeast Atlantic islands

Figure 2. Habitus drawings of male talitrids. (A) Macarorchestia roffensis from Chatham Ness, UK, body length (BL) 5.4 mm; (B) Macarorchestia remyi from Principina a Mare, Italy, BL 11.0 mm; (C) Orchestia gammarellus from Chittick Beach, Canada, BL 15.5 mm.

opennotspecifiedOct 2012View details →

Figure 1 in Long distance dispersal and evolution of talitrids (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Talitridae) in the northeast Atlantic islands

Figure 1. Map of the northeast Atlantic study area, showing oceanic surface currents. Upper arrows: North Atlantic Drift (part of the Gulf Stream); lower arrows: Canaries Current. Note: Based on World Atlas, 1979.

opencc-zeroAug 2021View details →

What drives diversification in a pantropical plant lineage with extraordinary capacity for long-distance dispersal and colonisation?

Aim: Colonisation of new areas may entail shifts in diversification rates linked to biogeographic movement (dispersification), which may involve niche evolution if species were not pre-adapted to the new environments. Scleria (Cyperaceae) includes c. 250 species and has a pantropical distribution suggesting an extraordinary capacity for long-distance dispersal and colonisation. We investigate patterns of diversification in Scleria, and whether they are coupled with colonisation events, climate niche shifts or both. Location: Tropics and subtropics. Taxon: Nutrushes Scleria (Cyperaceae). Methods: We used molecular data from three DNA regions sequenced for 278 accessions representing 140 Scleria taxa (53% of species) to develop a chronogram, model ancestral ranges, and measure rates of diversification. Integrating data from 12,978 digitised and georeferenced herbarium records, we investigated niche evolution. Results: High dispersal rates in Scleria, a genus with multiple dispersal syndromes, make reconstruction of ancestral areas at deep nodes in the phylogeny highly equivocal. Main dispersal and colonisation events involve movements from South to Central America (c. 19), from Africa to Madagascar (c. 12), from Asia to Oceania (c. 7), from Africa to South America (c. 7) and Central America to South America (c. 6). Two main shifts in diversification rates happened during the warm period of the Miocene. Main conclusions: Dispersification from South America to Africa without climate niche shift seems to explain the diversification shift in section Hypoporum implying that species were pre-adapted. Shifts in climate niche evolution predate the second shift in diversification rates suggesting lineages were pre-adapted prior to biogeographic movements. Within subgenus Scleria, colonisations of Asia and Madagascar by sections Elatae and Abortivae, respectively, are coupled with niche shifts suggesting that these colonisations involved climate niche adaptation.