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137 results for “macrophytes”
Eutrophication decreases ecological resilience by reducing species diversity and altering functional traits of submerged macrophytes
<p><span>Positive feedback is key to producing alternative stable states and largely determines ecological resilience in response to external perturbations. Understanding the positive feedback mechanisms in macrophyte-dominated lakes is crucial for resilience-based management and restoration. Based on the field investigation of submerged macrophyte communities in 35 lakes in China, we found that morphological complexity (<em>MC</em>) and morphological plasticity (<em>MP</em>) are correlated with the stoichiometric homeostasis of phosphorus (<em>H<sub>P</sub></em>) and are related to ecosystem structure, functioning, and stability. We also found that the positive feedback strength of lakes dominated by macrophytes is biomass- and diversity-dependent. Eutrophication can decrease the community biomass by decreasing community<em> MC, MP,</em> and <em>H<sub>P</sub></em> and the species diversity through low-light availability, ultimately decreasing the positive feedback strength and resilience of clear-water states. We argue that functional traits and species diversity should be considered to build more resilient ecosystems in future changing environment scenarios.</span></p>
Morphological and transcriptomic responses/acclimations of erect-type submerged macrophyte Hydrilla verticillata both at low-light exposure and light recovery phases
<p><span>Light intensity is a determinant for submerged macrophytes. Little is known about their molecular responses to low-light exposure, despite being more informative and responsive than morphological traits. For erect-type submerged macrophytes, the stem is more crucial relative to the leaf in acclimation to low-light stress, but receives less attention. We determined</span> <span>morphological and stem transcriptomic responses/acclimations of <em>Hydrilla verticillata</em> to extremely and mildly low light (7.2 and 36 μmol photons m<sup>–2</sup> s<sup>–1</sup>, respectively), i.e. EL and ML, with the radiation intensity of 180 μmol photons m<sup>–2</sup> s<sup>–1</sup> as the control. Low-light exposure continued for nine days, followed by a seven-day recovery phase (180 μmol photons m<sup>–2</sup> s<sup>–1</sup>). At the exposure phase, the low-light treatments, in particular the EL, decreased relative growth ratio, but induced greater height and longer stem internode distance and epidermal cell. Such responses/acclimations continued into the recovery phase, despite more or less changes in the magnitude. Transcriptome showed that the photosynthetic system was inhibited at the exposure phase, but the macrophyte adjusted hormone synthesis relating to cell division and elongation. Moreover, the EL activated cell stress responses such as DNA repair. Following light recovery, the macrophyte exhibited strong-light response, although energy metabolism enhanced. Especially, the EL-enriched pathways relating to anthocyanin synthesis at such phase, indicating an activation of photoprotective mechanism. Our findings suggest that negative influences of low light occur at both low-light exposure and recovery phases, but submerged macrophytes would acclimate to light environments. Transcriptome can show the molecular basis of plant responses/acclimations, including but not limited to morphology. This study establishes a bridge connecting morphological and molecular responses/acclimations.</span></p>
Morphological and transcriptomic responses/acclimations of erect-type submerged macrophyte Hydrilla verticillata both at low-light exposure and light recovery phases
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Data from: A macroecological analysis of ecological uniqueness of freshwater macrophyte assemblages across Europe and North America
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Data from: A literature synthesis resolves litter intrinsic constraints on fungal dynamics and decomposition across standing dead macrophytes
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Data from: Snail communities increase submerged macrophyte growth by grazing epiphytic algae and phytoplankton in a mesocosm experiment
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Data for: Interactive effects of light and snail herbivory rather than nutrient loading determine early establishment of submerged macrophytes
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Macroinvertebrate and environmental responses to dredging and submerged macrophytes transplantation
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Data for: Spatial and environmental factors shape multiple facets of macrophyte β-diversity in tropical freshwaters, revealing dispersal and adaptive patterns
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Computer code for a model describing the emergence of a long transient regular spatial pattern from interaction of competing aquatic macrophytes and a biocontrol agent
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Eutrophication decreases ecological resilience by reducing species diversity and altering functional traits of submerged macrophytes
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Data from: Warming conditions reduce the impacts of an aquatic invasive macrophyte across a latitudinal gradient
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Nestedness theory suggests wetland fragments with large areas and macrophyte diversity benefit waterbirds
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Hidden hybridization and habitat differentiation ina Mediterranean macrophyte, the euryhaline genus Ruppia
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>In many aquatic plant taxa, classification and identification based on morphology has always been difficult. Molecular markers revealed that the complexity in several of these aquatic taxa could be addressed to recurrent hybridization events and cryptic species diversity. The submerged macrophyte genus <i>Ruppia</i> is one of these aquatic genera with a complex taxonomy due to the absence of clear distinguishable traits and several hybridization events. Two species co-exist throughout Europe, <i>R. maritima</i> and <i>R. spiralis </i>(previously known as <i>R. cirrhosa</i>), but recent molecular studies also found several indications of hybridization, introgression and chloroplast capture between these species. However, the full extent and frequency of hybridization and introgression in this genus has not been studied so far, nor is it clear how these hybrid lineages can co-exist locally with their parental species. In this paper, we wanted to detect whether a single coastal wetland where both species co-exist can act as a <i>Ruppia</i> hybrid zone. As a case study, we chose the Camargue, a Mediterranean coastal wetland that harbours a wide diversity in aquatic habitats, especially in terms of salinity and hydro regime. We sampled several <i>Ruppia</i> populations within this wetland. To identify each sample and reconstruct the local genetic structure of the two parental species and their hybrids, we used both chloroplast and nuclear microsatellite markers. Afterwards, we tested whether different species had different habitat preferences. Our results confirmed that <i>R. maritima</i> and <i>R. spiralis </i>are two strongly divergent species with different reproductive ecologies and different habitat preferences. This prevents frequent hybridization and consequently we could not detect any trace of a recent hybridization event. However, we found several populations of later-generation hybrids, including a population of <i>R. maritima x hybrid </i>backcrosses. These hybrid populations occupy a different habitat and are genetically distinct from their parental species, although they tend to be morphological similar to parental <i>R. maritima</i>. Although hybridization and introgression in <i>Ruppia </i>is less frequent than we expected, the taxonomy of <i>Ruppia</i> is complicated due to ancient hybridizations and several back-crossings. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Data from: Submerged macrophytes affect the temporal variability of aquatic ecosystems
<p>1. Submerged macrophytes are important foundation species that can strongly influence the structure and functioning of aquatic ecosystems, but only little is known about the temporal variation and the timescales of these effects (i.e. from hourly, daily, to monthly).</p> <p>2. Here, we conducted an outdoor experiment in replicated mesocosms (1000 L) where we manipulated the presence and absence of macrophytes to investigate the temporal variability of their ecosystem effects. We measured several parameters (chlorophyll-a, phycocyanin, dissolved organic matter [DOM], and oxygen) with high-resolution sensors (15 min intervals) over several months (94 days from spring to fall), and modelled metabolic rates of each replicate ecosystem in a Bayesian framework. We also implemented a simple model to explore competitive interactions between phytoplankton and macrophytes as a driver of variability in chlorophyll-a.</p> <p>3. Over the entire experiment, macrophytes had a positive effect on mean DOM concentration, a negative effect on phytoplankton biomass, and either a weak or no effect on mean metabolic rates, DOM composition, and conductivity. We also found that macrophytes increased the variance of DOC composition and metabolic rates, and, at some times of the observed period, increased the variance of phytoplankton biomass and conductivity. The observation that macrophytes decreased the mean but increased the variance of phytoplankton biomass was consistent with the model that we implemented.</p> <p>4. Our high-resolution time series embedded within a manipulative experiment reveal how a foundation species can affect ecosystem properties and processes that have characteristically different timescales of response to environmental variation. Specifically, our results show how macrophytes can affect short-term dynamics of algal biomass, while also affecting the seasonal buildup of DOM and the variance of ecosystem metabolism.</p>
Negative correlations between native macrophyte diversity and water hyacinth abundance are stronger in its introduced than in its native range
<p><span>Aim: </span>We tested the hypothesis that the diversity and abundance of aquatic macrophytes are negatively related with <i>Eichhornia crassipes</i> abundance in its introduced range, but not in its native range. </p> <p><span>Location: </span><span>Upper Parana River Floodplain, Brazil and Southeast China</span></p> <p><span>Methods: </span>We sampled aquatic macrophytes patches in Brazil (native range) and China (introduced range) along a biomass gradient of <i>E. crassipes</i>. For each patch, we obtained values of species richness and aquatic macrophytes percentage cover, as response variables in regression models. We also used species accumulation curves to quantify the total plot diversity in dominated and non-dominated plots for both countries. Finally, we compared the influence of <i>E. crassipes</i> dominance on community composition and beta diversity with Permanova and Permdisp, respectively.</p> <p><span>Results: </span>The regression analyses revealed a negative correlation between macrophyte richness and cover and <i>E. crassipes</i> biomass only in the introduced range. The cumulative number of species decreased at a higher extent in plots dominated by <i>E. crassipes</i> in China, compared to Brazil. Also, species composition changed and beta diversity decreased in the dominated plots in China, but not in Brazil.</p> <p><span>Main conclusions: </span>The reduction of all diversity attributes related to <i>E. crassipes</i> probably results from its engineer species role, which decreases littoral region habitat heterogeneity and affects rare species in the introduced range. Differences between countries may be associated with impacts of water hyacinth on native macrophytes since this plant grows very fast and is highly competitive. Although less probable, biotic resistance at the establishment phase of water hyacinth in sites with higher number of native species is also a possibility. Regardless of the main mechanism explaining our patterns, it is suggested that invasion by water hyacinth is a cause for concern for its higher impacts in the introduced ranges than the native ranges.</p>
Data from: No biotic homogenisation across decades but consistent effects of landscape position and pH on macrophyte communities in boreal lakes
<p>It has been predicted that spatial beta diversity shows a decreasing trend in the Anthropocene due to increasing human impact, causing biotic homogenisation. We aimed to discover if vascular aquatic macrophyte communities show different spatial patterns in beta diversity in relation to land use and environmental characteristics in different decades from 1940s to 2010s. We aimed to discover if spatial structures differ between species-, phylogeny- and functional-based beta diversity. We used presence-absence data of aquatic macrophytes from five decades from small boreal lakes. We utilized generalised dissimilarity modelling to analyse spatial patterns in beta diversity in relation to environmental gradients. We found that lake elevation and pH were the most important variables in each decade, while land use was not particularly important in shaping beta diversity patterns. We did not find signs of a decreasing trend in spatial beta diversity in our study area during the past 70 years. We did not find signs of either biotic homogenisation or biotic differentiation (taxonomic, phylogenetic or functional). Vascular aquatic macrophyte communities showed only slightly different beta diversity patterns in relation to human impact across decades. The patterns of different facets of beta diversity diverged only slightly from each other. Lake position in the landscape, reflecting both natural connectivity and lake characteristics, explained the patterns found in beta diversity, probably because our study area has faced only modest changes in land use from 1940s to 2010s when compared globally. Our study highlights the fact that biotic homogenisation is not an unambiguous process acting similarly at all spatial and temporal scales or in different environments and different organism groups.</p>
Data from: Functional traits of marine macrophytes predict primary production
The relationship between community structure and the functioning of ecosystems is the subject of ongoing debate. Biological or functional trait-based approaches that capture life strategy, morphology and behavioural characteristics have received far less attention than taxonomic diversity in this context, despite their more intuitive link to ecosystem functioning. Macrophyte primary production underpins aquatic food webs, regulates benthic and pelagic ecosystems and is a key aspect of the global carbon cycle. This study spans a range of aquatic biomes across Europe and aims to examine potential for predicting primary production of macrophyte communities based on the functional traits of species and identify the traits that are the most informative indicators of macrophyte production. Macrophyte primary production was assessed based on the oxygen production of the whole community, linked to biomasses of selected biological traits derived of its component species and analysed using the novel boosted regression trees modelling technique. Results showed that functional traits derived from macrophyte community data explained most of the variation in primary production of macrophyte communities without the need to incorporate environmental data on the habitats. Macrophyte primary production was influenced by a combination of tolerance, morphology and life habit traits; however tolerance traits contributed most of variability in macrophyte primary production when all traits were analysed jointly. This study also showed the existence of trait clustering as the studied trait categories were not fully independent; strong interlinkages between and within trait categories emerged. Our study suggests that functional trait analysis captures different aspects of ecosystem functioning and thereby enables assessing primary production of macrophyte communities over geographically distinct areas without extensive taxonomic and environmental data. This could result in a novel framework through which a simplification of the general procedure of production estimations and comparisons across environmental gradients can be achieved.
Data from: Submerged macrophytes mitigate direct and indirect insecticide effects in freshwater communities
Understanding how ecological interactions mitigate the impacts of perturbations such as pesticides in biological communities is an important basic and applied question for ecologists. In aquatic ecosystems, new evidence from microcosm experiments suggests that submerged macrophytes can buffer cladocerans from pulse exposures to the widely used insecticide malathion, and that mitigation increases with macrophyte density. However, whether these results scale up to more complex aquatic communities where ecological interactions such as competition can alter toxicity is unknown. Further, macrophyte abilities to mitigate different insecticide exposure scenarios (i.e. single versus repeated pulses) have never been tested. To address these gaps, we performed a factorial mesocosm experiment examining the influence of four macrophyte treatments (0, 10, 50, or 100 Elodea Canadensis shoots planted per mesocosm) crossed with three malathion exposure scenarios (no insecticide, single pulse, repeated pulses) on aquatic communities containing zooplankton, phytoplankton, periphyton, two snail species, and larval amphibians. In the absence of macrophytes, single malathion pulses caused short-term declines in cladoceran abundance followed by their rapid recovery, which precluded any indirect effects (i.e. trophic cascades). However, repeated malathion pulses caused cladoceran extinctions, resulting in persistent phytoplankton blooms and reduced abundance of one snail species. In contrast, with macrophytes present, even at low density, malathion had no effect on any taxa. We also discovered novel effects of macrophytes on the benthic food web. In the two highest macrophyte treatments, we observed trends of reduced periphyton biomass, decreased abundance of one snail species, and decreased amphibian time to and mass at metamorphosis. To our knowledge, this is the first evidence of negative submerged macrophyte effects on amphibians, a taxa of global conservation concern. Our findings suggest that facilitating macrophytes could be an important strategy for buffering freshwater communities from insecticides, though consideration of their impacts on animal species is necessary.
Data from: Functional traits for carbon access in macrophytes
Understanding functional trait distributions among organisms can inform impacts on and responses to environmental change. In marine systems, only 1% of dissolved inorganic carbon in seawater exists as CO2. Thus the majority of marine macrophytes not only passively access CO2 for photosynthesis, but also actively transport CO2 and the more common bicarbonate (HCO3-, 92% of seawater dissolved inorganic carbon) into their cells. Because species with these carbon concentrating mechanisms (CCMs) are non-randomly distributed in ecosystems, we ask whether there is a phylogenetic pattern to the distribution of CCMs among algal species. To determine macrophyte traits that influence carbon uptake, we assessed 40 common macrophyte species from the rocky intertidal community of the Northeast Pacific Ocean to a) query whether macrophytes have a CCM and b) determine the evolutionary history of CCMs, using ancestral state reconstructions and stochastic character mapping based on previously published data. Thirty-two species not only depleted CO2, but also concentrated and depleted HCO3-, indicative of a CCM. While analysis of CCMs as a continuous trait in 30 families within Phylum Rhodophyta showed a significant phylogenetic signal under a Brownian motion model, analysis of CCMs as a discrete trait (presence or absence) indicated that red algal families are more divergent than expected in their CCM presence or absence; CCMs are a labile trait within the Rhodophyta. In contrast, CCMs were present in each of 18 Ochrophyta families surveyed, indicating that CCMs are highly conserved in the brown algae. The trait of CCM presence or absence was largely conserved within Families. Fifteen of 23 species tested also changed the seawater buffering capacity, or Total Alkalinity (TA), shifting DIC composition towards increasing concentrations of HCO3- and CO2 for photosynthesis. Manipulating the external TA of the local environment may influence carbon availability in boundary layers and areas of low water mixing, offering an additional mechanism to increase CO2 availability.
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