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263 results for “male and female genitalia”
Rapid divergent evolution of internal female genitalia and the coevolution of male genital morphology revealed by micro-computed tomography
<p>Animal genitalia are thought to evolve rapidly and divergently in response to sexual selection. Studies of genital evolution have focused largely on male genitalia, with our understanding of female genital evolution relatively limited. The paucity of work on female genital morphology is likely due to problems faced in quantifying shape variation, due to their composition and accessibility. Here we use a combination of micro-computed tomography, landmark-free shape quantification, and phylogenetic analysis to quantify the rate of female genital shape evolution among 29 species of Antichiropus millipedes, and the coevolution of male genitalia. We found significant variation in female and male genital shape among species. While male genital shape showed significant phylogenetic signal, female genital shape did not. Male genital shape was found to be evolving 1.2 times faster than female genital shape. Female and male genital shapes exhibited strongly correlated evolution, indicating that genital shape changes in one sex are associated with corresponding changes in the genital shape of the other sex. This study adds novel insight into our growing understanding of how female genitalia can evolve rapidly and divergently and highlights the advantages of three-dimensional techniques and multivariate analyses in studies of female genital evolution.</p>
Data from: Correlated divergence of female and male genitalia in replicated lineages with ongoing ecological speciation
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Data from: The coevolution of male and female genitalia in a mammal: a quantitative genetic insight
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Rapid divergent evolution of internal female genitalia and the coevolution of male genital morphology revealed by micro-computed tomography
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Data from: Copulatory function and development shape modular architecture of genitalia differently in males and females
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FIGURES 7–10. Hypsotropa limbella. 7, 8. Adults. a. Head. 9. Female genitalia. 10. Male genitalia. 7, 10 in Review of the tribe Anerastiini (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae: Phycitinae) from Ukraine
FIGURES 7–10. Hypsotropa limbella. 7, 8. Adults. a. Head. 9. Female genitalia. 10. Male genitalia. 7, 10. ♂, Crete. Prep. no. 283/18. 8, 9. ♀, Dalmatia. Prep. no. 282/18.
FIGURES 13–19. Pantheinae spp. Male and female genitalia. 13 in New species of Donda Moore, 1882 and new data on Pantheinae species. Revision of Pantheinae, contribution XIV (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae: Pantheinae)
FIGURES 13–19. Pantheinae spp. Male and female genitalia. 13, Belciana biformis, male. Indonesia, Sumatra, genit. slide GB N4149 (ZSM); 14, Donda hunana. China, Prov. Hunan, female. Paratype, genit. slide HHL-4047-2 (NEFU); 15, D. continentalis, female. China. Paratype, genit. slide HHL-2450-2 (NEFU); 16, Belciana biformis, female. Indonesia, Sumatra, genit. slide GB/ZSM 4158; 17, Anabelcia thai, female. Thailand. Holotype, genit. slide GB7414 (ZSM); 18, A. nepalensis, female. Nepal, genit. slide GB4162 (ZSM).
FIGURES 58–66. P in Three new species of Polana (Varpulana) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Gyponini) from Brazil, with updated key to males and taxonomic notes on the female genitalia
FIGURES 58–66. P. (V.) recurva sp. nov., female terminalia. 58, apical portion of abdomen, ventral view. 59, pygofer and ovipositor, lateral view. 60, first valvifer and first valvula, lateral view. 61, enlarged view of dorsal sculpturing. 62, apical portion of first valvula. 63, second valvula, lateral view. 64, apical portion of second valvula. 65, second valvifer and gonoplac, lateral view. 66, apical portion of gonoplac. Scale bars in mm.
FIGURES 67–72 in Three new species of Polana (Varpulana) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Gyponini) from Brazil, with updated key to males and taxonomic notes on the female genitalia
FIGURES 67–72. Holotypes habitus, dorsal view (left) and lateral view (right). 67, 68, Polana (V.) agualimpa sp. nov., 69, 70, Polana (V.) feitosai sp. nov.,71, 72, Polana (V.) recurva sp. nov., Scale bars = 2.0 mm.
FIGURES 45–57. P in Three new species of Polana (Varpulana) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Gyponini) from Brazil, with updated key to males and taxonomic notes on the female genitalia
FIGURES 45–57. P. (V.) recurva sp. nov., holotype male. 45, head and thorax, dorsal view. 46, head, ventral view. 47, head and thorax, lateral view. 48, forewing. 49, sternite VIII, ventral view. 50, valve, ventral view. 51, pygofer, valve, and subgenital plate, lateral view. 52, apex of pygofer, ventral view. 53, subgenital plate, ventral view. 54, style and connective, dorsal view. 55, style, lateral view. 56, aedeagus, lateral view. 57, aedeagus posterior view. Scale bars in mm.
FIGURES 1–13. P in Three new species of Polana (Varpulana) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Gyponini) from Brazil, with updated key to males and taxonomic notes on the female genitalia
FIGURES 1–13. P. (V.) agualimpa sp. nov., holotype male. 1, head and thorax, dorsal view. 2, head, ventral view. 3, head and thorax, lateral view. 4, forewing. 5, sternite VIII, ventral view. 6, valve, ventral view. 7, pygofer, valve, and subgenital plate, lateral view. 8, apex of pygofer, ventral view. 9, subgenital plate, ventral view. 10, style and connective, dorsal view. 11, style, lateral view. 12, aedeagus, lateral view. 13, aedeagus posterior view. Scale bars in mm.
FIGURES 36–44. P in Three new species of Polana (Varpulana) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Gyponini) from Brazil, with updated key to males and taxonomic notes on the female genitalia
FIGURES 36–44. P. (V.) feitosai sp. nov., female terminalia. 36, apical portion of abdomen, ventral view. 37, pygofer and ovipositor, lateral view. 38, first valvifer and first valvula, lateral view. 39, enlarged view of dorsal sculpturing. 40, apical portion of first valvula. 41, second valvula, lateral view. 42, apical portion of second valvula. 43, second valvifer and gonoplac, lateral view. 44, apical portion of gonoplac. Scale bars in mm.
FIGURES 14–22. P in Three new species of Polana (Varpulana) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Gyponini) from Brazil, with updated key to males and taxonomic notes on the female genitalia
FIGURES 14–22. P. (V.) agualimpa sp. nov., female terminalia. 14, apical portion of abdomen, ventral view. 15, pygofer and ovipositor, lateral view. 16, first valvifer and first valvula, lateral view. 17, enlarged view of dorsal sculpturing. 18, apical portion of first valvula. 19, second valvula, lateral view. 20, apical portion of second valvula. 21, second valvifer and gonoplac, lateral view. 22, apical portion of gonoplac. Scale bars in mm.
FIGURE 5 in Redescription of the female, male, larva and pupa of Sabethes (Sabethoides) glaucodaemon (Dyar & Shannon) (Diptera: Culicidae) and description of the female genitalia
FIGURE 5. Pupa of Sabethes glaucodaemon. (A) Cephalothorax; (B) metanotum and abdomen. Abbreviations: CT, cephalothorax; GL, genital lobe; Mtn, metanotum; P, paddle; I–VIII, abdominal segments (terga on left; sterna on right); 1–14, setal numbers.
FIGURE 4 in Redescription of the female, male, larva and pupa of Sabethes (Sabethoides) glaucodaemon (Dyar & Shannon) (Diptera: Culicidae) and description of the female genitalia
FIGURE 4. Male genitalia of Sabethes glaucodaemon. (A) Paraprocts; (B) tergum VIII; (C) sternum VIII; (D) tergum and sternum IX. Abbreviations: Ppr, paraproct; S-VIII, sternum VIII; S-IX, sternum IX; Te-VIII, tergum VIII; Te-IX, tergum IX.
FIGURE 3 in Redescription of the female, male, larva and pupa of Sabethes (Sabethoides) glaucodaemon (Dyar & Shannon) (Diptera: Culicidae) and description of the female genitalia
FIGURE 3. Male of Sabethes glaucodaemon. (A) Habitus; (B) gonocoxite and gonostylus, mesal view; (C) gonocoxite and gonostylus, mesal view, insert: higher magnification showing cockscomb-like membranous process; (D) aedeagus, parameres and basal pieces, insert: higher magnification showing submedian and apical tergal arms. Abbreviations: A–E, C and M, lobes of gonostylus; BML, basal mesal lobe; Gc, gonocoxite; Gs, gonostylus; fp, fimbriated process of lobe C; tms, tergomesal setae of gonocoxite.
→ Fig. 5. Hypanthracos meridionalis Grazia & Campos, 1996: A–F: male terminalia: A – D: dorsal; B – E: posterior: C – F: ventral; G – I: male genitalia: G: dorsal; H: lateral; I: ventral; J: female terminalia; K: female receptaculum seminis and ausenwand. Scale bars: A – F = 1.0 mm; G – I: 0.01 mm; J – K = 0.5 mm. in Systematics of the Mecocephala group (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) based on a phylogenetic perspective: Inclusion of Hypanthracos, description of three new genera, and redescription of Ogmocoris
→ Fig. 5. Hypanthracos meridionalis Grazia & Campos, 1996: A–F: male terminalia: A – D: dorsal; B – E: posterior: C – F: ventral; G – I: male genitalia: G: dorsal; H: lateral; I: ventral; J: female terminalia; K: female receptaculum seminis and ausenwand. Scale bars: A – F = 1.0 mm; G – I: 0.01 mm; J – K = 0.5 mm.
Data from: Both male and female novel traits promote the correlated evolution of genitalia between the sexes in an arthropod
The correlated evolution of genitalia between sexes has been demonstrated in many taxa. However, it remains unclear whether female rather than male genitalia can play a key role in the correlated evolution of male and female genitalia. We conducted an extensive cross-population analysis of the divergence patterns of genital structures, weights of whole genital organs and the bodies of both sexes, and male genital length in a group of xystodesmid millipedes showing diverse genital morphologies. We demonstrate that the correlated evolution of male and female genitalia toward exaggerated states has occurred in the millipedes, which have evolved novel traits in both males (forceps-like gonopods) and females (retractable bellows). Enlargement and elongation of forceps-like gonopods may be advantageous in sperm competition, whereas enlargement and elongation of the bellows may facilitate acceptance/rejection of insemination for ensuring the female's fitness. These male and female genital parts have affected the correlated evolution in the opposite sex, resulting in diversification and exaggeration of genital morphology. Our study suggests that evolutionary novel traits in not only males but also in females could play an important role in the correlated evolution of genitalia between the sexes.
FIGURES 15. Male genitalia and tergite 2. 1 in Notes on the functional morphology of terminalia from Prorates ballmeri Nagatomi and Liu (Diptera: Scenopinidae: Proratinae) collected while in copula, with a description of the previously unknown female
FIGURES 15. Male genitalia and tergite 2. 1, Lateral view of the male aedeagal apparatus showing only the left distiphallus tip, dorsal bridge and gonocoxal apodeme removed; 2, Dorsal view of gonocoxite and aedeagal apparatus; 3, Ventral view of gonocoxite; 4, Dorsal view of tergite 9, cerci, and hypoproct; 5, Dorsal view of tergite 2 with patch of modified setae. Cordlike phallus and dorsal bridge shown in gray to help clarify structures. Measure bar a is for all genitalia, measure bar b is for tergite 2 only. bp, basiphallus; cp, cordlike phallus; db, dorsal bridge; dp, distiphallus; eap, ejaculatory apodeme; ga, gonocoxal apodeme; gdp, gonocoxal dorsal process; gs, gonostylus; hp, hanging bell phallus.
FIGURES 3A–C. Diamesa spp., female genitalia. A–B in New species of Diamesa (Diptera: Chironomidae) from Tibet: conspecific males and females associated with mitochondrial DNA
FIGURES 3A–C. Diamesa spp., female genitalia. A–B, Diamesa sp. Himalaya1 in ventral and lateral view. C, Diamesa sp. Himalaya2 in ventral view.
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