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169 results for “mass extinction”

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dryad36/100

Data from: Gradual warming prior to the end-Permian mass extinction

The biggest known mass extinction in the history of animal life occurred at the Permian-Triassic boundary and has often been linked to global warming. Previous studies suggested that a geologically rapid (less than 40 kyr) temperature increase of more than 10°C occurred simultaneously with the main extinction pulse. This hypothesis is challenged by geochemical and palaeontological data indicating profound environmental perturbations and a temperature rise prior to the main extinction. Using Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS), we measured oxygen isotope ratios from Changhsingian (Late Permian) ostracods of northwestern Iran. Our data show that ambient seawater temperature began to rise at least 300 kyr prior to the main extinction event. Gradual warming by approximately 12°C was probably responsible for initial environmental degradation that eventually culminated in the global end-Permian mass extinction.

opencc-zeroJun 2022View details →

zenodo36/100

Data for Han et al., 2022, PNAS, "Low dinosaur biodiversity in central China 2 million years prior to the end-Cretaceous mass extinction"

This zip file contains data presented in the PNAS paper “Low dinosaur biodiversity in central China 2 million years prior to the end-Cretaceous mass extinction” by Han et al., 2022.  Folder “Thermal Demag RawData” contains four subfolders that contain all the thermal demagnetization data used in this paper. Magnetic remanence measurements of the natural remanent magnetization (NRM) and the remanences after thermal demagnetization were performed by a three-axis cryogenic magnetometer (2G 760) in a magnetically shielded room (residual field < 300 nT).

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2022View details →

dryad36/100

New Age of Fishes initiated by the Cretaceous−Paleogene mass extinction

Ray-finned fishes (Actinopterygii) comprise nearly half of all modern vertebrate diversity, and are an ecologically and numerically dominant megafauna in most aquatic environments. Crown teleost fishes diversified relatively recently, during the Late Cretaceous and early Paleogene, although the exact timing and cause of their radiation and rise to ecological dominance is poorly constrained. Here we use microfossil teeth and shark dermal scales (ichthyoliths) preserved in deep-sea sediments to study the changes in the pelagic fish community in the latest Cretaceous and early Paleogene. We find that the Cretaceous−Paleogene (K/Pg) extinction event marked a profound change in the structure of ichthyolith communities around the globe: Whereas shark denticles outnumber ray-finned fish teeth in Cretaceous deep-sea sediments around the world, there is a dramatic increase in the proportion of ray-finned fish teeth to shark denticles in the Paleocene. There is also an increase in size and numerical abundance of ray-finned fish teeth at the boundary. These changes are sustained through at least the first 24 million years of the Cenozoic. This new fish community structure began at the K/Pg mass extinction, suggesting the extinction event played an important role in initiating the modern "age of fishes."

opencc-zeroMay 2020View details →

dryad36/100

Tooth morphology elucidates shark evolution across the end-Cretaceous mass extinction

Sharks (Selachimorpha) are iconic marine predators that have survived multiple mass extinctions over geologic time. Their prolific fossil record is represented mainly by isolated shed teeth, which provide the basis for reconstructing deep time diversity changes affecting different selachimorph clades. By contrast, corresponding shifts in shark ecology, as measured through morphological disparity, have received comparatively limited analytical attention. Here, we use a geometric morphometric approach to comprehensively examine tooth morphologies in multiple shark lineages traversing the catastrophic end-Cretaceous mass extinction — this event terminated the Mesozoic Era 66 million years ago. Our results show that selachimorphs maintained virtually static levels of dental disparity in most of their constituent clades across the Cretaceous–Paleogene interval. Nevertheless, selective extinctions did impact apex predator species characterized by triangular blade-like teeth. This is particularly evident among lamniforms, which included the dominant Cretaceous anacoracids. Conversely, other groups, such as carcharhiniforms and orectolobiforms, experienced disparity modifications, while heterodontiforms, hexanchiforms, squaliforms, squatiniforms, and †synechodontiforms were not overtly affected. Finally, while some lamniform lineages disappeared, others underwent post-extinction disparity increases, especially odontaspidids, which are typified by narrow-cusped teeth adapted for feeding on fishes. Notably, this increase coincides with the early Paleogene radiation of teleosts as a possible prey source, and the geographic relocation of disparity sampling 'hotspots', perhaps indicating a regionally disjunct extinction recovery. Ultimately, our study reveals a complex morphological response to the end-Cretaceous mass extinction and highlights an event that influenced the evolution of modern sharks.

opencc-zeroJul 2022View details →

zenodo36/100

Respiratory protein-driven selectivity during the Permian–Triassic mass extinction

Fossil occurrence data Fossil data used to calculate diversity variation were obtained from a previously published database of Permian‒Triassic marine fossils (Song et al., 2018; Song et al., 2020). The database contains 52,322 occurrences at the generic level from 1,768 published papers and the Paleobiology Database, spanning the Late Permian Changhsingian to the Late Triassic Rhaetian (Data 1). Our analysis is based on the occurrences of genera, as taphonomy prevents species-level identifications. Within the considered interval, a total of 1,097 genera belong to 13 major clades, including two clades of protozoa (foraminifera and radiolarians), nine clades of invertebrates (corals, sponges, brachiopods, bryozoans, ostracods, cephalopods, gastropods, bivalves, and echinoderms), and two clades of vertebrates (conodonts and fishes). For marine arthropods, we used only ostracod data because ostracods are abundant in the fossil record during the late Permian. Other marine arthropods are very rare in this time interval. For example, only two genera of trilobite, one genus of chelicera, and one genus of decapod are recorded in the Changhsingian bin compared to > 100 genera of ostracods in the Paleobiology Database. We did not consider background extinction in the Late Permian because many studies have shown that the background extinction rate of marine taxa in the Changhsingian is negligible compared to the mass extinction interval around the Permian‒Triassic boundary (Yin et al., 2007; Shen et al., 2011; Song et al., 2013; Fan et al., 2020). Therefore, the results using the Changhsingian and Induan fossil data reflect a selectivity pattern of the Permian‒Triassic mass extinction rather than background extinction.   Body size data We used the comprehensive database of Schaal et al. (2016) to assign body size expressed as the maximum length for each species. Using the maximum size for each taxon is a common approach for body size studies, as the effects of juvenile specimens in the database can be avoided (Stanley, 1973; Jablonski, 1997; Lockwood, 2005; Heim et al., 2015; Payne et al., 2016; Schaal et al., 2016). We followed the same methods to compile additional data for taxa not included in this database. A number of recently published databases were used to compile the size data, including references (Romano et al., 2016; Shi et al., 2016; Foster et al., 2018; Chen et al., 2019; Feng et al., 2020; Foster et al., 2020). Other size data were mainly obtained from the published taxonomic literature (see Data 2). Only common taxa from both Changhsingian and Induan are included because these taxa have abundant fossil data to study their size change during the Permian-Triassic interval, i.e., foraminifera, brachiopods, ostracods, gastropods, cephalopods, bivalves, conodonts, and fishes. Other taxa including corals, sponges, radiolarians, bryozoans, and echinoderms are absent/very rare in the Induan bin (see Data 1), and accordingly are not included in this study. The Changhsingian and Induan body size dataset is composed of 1495 species in 635 genera belonging to eight common clades.   Other data were obtained from the above fossil occurrence and body size datasets.   References Chen, J., Song, H., He, W., Tong, J., Wang, F., Wu, S., 2019. Size variation of brachiopods from the Late Permian through the Middle Triassic in South China: Evidence for the Lilliput Effect following the Permian-Triassic extinction. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 519: 248–257. Fan, J.-x., Shen, S.-z., Erwin, D.H., Sadler, P.M., MacLeod, N., Cheng, Q.-m., Hou, X.-d., Yang, J., Wang, X.-d., Wang, Y., 2020. A high-resolution summary of Cambrian to Early Triassic marine invertebrate biodiversity. Science, 367(6475): 272–277. Feng, Y., Song, H., Bond, D.P.G., 2020. Size variations in foraminifers from the early Permian to the Late Triassic: implications for the Guadalupian–Lopingian and the Permian–Triassic mass extinctions. Paleobiology, 46(4): 511–532. Foster, W., Gliwa, J., Lembke, C., Pugh, A., Hofmann, R., Tietje, M., Varela, S., Foster, L., Korn, D., Aberhan, M., 2020. Evolutionary and ecophenotypic controls on bivalve body size distributions following the end-Permian mass extinction. Global and Planetary Change, 185: 103088. Foster, W., Lehrmann, D., Yu, M., Ji, L., Martindale, R., 2018. Persistent environmental stress delayed the recovery of marine communities in the aftermath of the latest Permian mass extinction. Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology, 33(4): 338–353. Heim, N.A., Knope, M.L., Schaal, E.K., Wang, S.C., Payne, J.L., 2015. Cope's rule in the evolution of marine animals. Science, 347(6224): 867–870. Jablonski, D., 1997. Body-size evolution in Cretaceous molluscs and the status of Cope's rule. Nature, 385(6613): 250–252. Lockwood, R., 2005. Body size, extinction events, and the early Cenozoic record of veneroid bivalves: a new role for recoveries? Paleobiology, 31(4): 578–590. Payne, J.L., Bush, A.M., Heim, N.A., Knope, M.L., McCauley, D.J., 2016. Ecological selectivity of the emerging mass extinction in the oceans. Science, 353(6305): 1284–1286. Romano, C., Koot, M.B., Kogan, I., Brayard, A., Minikh, A.V., Brinkmann, W., Bucher, H., Kriwet, J., 2016. Permian–Triassic Osteichthyes (bony fishes): diversity dynamics and body size evolution. Biological Reviews, 91(1): 106–147. Schaal, E.K., Clapham, M.E., Rego, B.L., Wang, S.C., Payne, J.L., 2016. Comparative size evolution of marine clades from the Late Permian through Middle Triassic. Paleobiology, 42(1): 127–142. Shen, S., Crowley, J.L., Wang, Y., Bowring, S.A., Erwin, D.H., Sadler, P.M., Cao, C., Rothman, D.H., Henderson, C.M., Ramezani, J., Zhang, H., Shen, Y., Wang, X., Wang, W., Mu, L., Li, W., Tang, Y., Liu, X., Liu, L., Zeng, Y., Jiang, Y., Jin, Y., 2011. Calibrating the end-Permian mass extinction. Science, 334(6061): 1367–1372. Shi, G.R., Zhang, Y.-c., Shen, S.-z., He, W.-h., 2016. Nearshore–offshore–basin species diversity and body size variation patterns in Late Permian (Changhsingian) brachiopods. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 448: 96–107. Song, H., Huang, S., Jia, E., Dai, X., Wignall, P.B., Dunhill, A.M., 2020. Flat latitudinal diversity gradient caused by the Permian–Triassic mass extinction. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117(30): 17578–17583. Song, H., Wignall, P.B., Dunhill, A.M., 2018. Decoupled taxonomic and ecological recoveries from the Permo-Triassic extinction. Science Advances, 4(10): eaat5091. Song, H., Wignall, P.B., Tong, J., Yin, H., 2013. Two pulses of extinction during the Permian-Triassic crisis. Nature Geoscience, 6(1): 52–56. Stanley, S.M., 1973. An explanation for Cope's rule. Evolution, 27(1): 1–26. Yin, H., Feng, Q., Lai, X., Baud, A., Tong, J., 2007. The protracted Permo-Triassic crisis and multi-episode extinction around the Permian-Triassic boundary. Global and Planetary Change, 55(1–3): 1–20.

opencc-by-4.0Jun 2023View details →

dryad36/100

Data for: Lipid biomarkers recording marine microbial community structure changes through the Frasnian‐Famennian mass extinction event

This dataset contains data for a research article published on Geobiology. The article is entitled " Lipid biomarkers recording marine microbial community structure changes through the Frasnian‐Famennian mass extinction event". This study aims to reconstruct changes in the marine microbial community structure through the Late Devonian Frasnian‐Famennian (F‐F) transition. We performed a multiproxy investigation on a drill core of the Upper Devonian New Albany Shale from the Illinois Basin (western Kentucky, USA). Detailed information regarding the data collection, analysis, and interpretation can be found in the following paper: Chen J., Hogancamp N., Lu M., Ikejiri T., Malina N., Ojeda A., Sun Y., Lu Y. 2023. Lipid Biomarkers Recording Marine Microbial Community Structure Changes Through the Frasnian‐Famennian Mass Extinction Event. Geobiology <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/gbi.12568">https://doi.org/10.1111/gbi.12568</a>

opencc-zeroAug 2023View details →

dryad36/100