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FIGURE 5 in Description of female adult and praniza larva of Tenerognathia visus Tanaka, 2005 (Crustacea; Isopoda; Gnathiidae) with notes on mating behavior

FIGURE 5. Live specimens of Tenerognathia visus. A, third-stage praniza larva; B, male adult clasps third-stage praniza before molt to female adult; C, male adult guards a female adult; D, first zuphea larva; E, second zuphea larva. Scale bar = 1mm.

FIGURE 4 in Description of female adult and praniza larva of Tenerognathia visus Tanaka, 2005 (Crustacea; Isopoda; Gnathiidae) with notes on mating behavior

FIGURE 4. Third-stage praniza larva of Tenerognathia visus (NSMT-Cr26752; total length 2.1 mm). A, whole body in dorsal view; B: cephalosome in dorsal view; C, pleotelson in dorsal view; D, left antennula; E, right antenna; F, mandible; G, paragnath; H, maxillula; I, right maxilliped; J, right gnathopod; K, right pereopod 2; L, left pleopod 2.

FIGURE 2 in Description of female adult and praniza larva of Tenerognathia visus Tanaka, 2005 (Crustacea; Isopoda; Gnathiidae) with notes on mating behavior

FIGURE 2. Female adult of Tenerognathia visus (NSMT-Cr26752; total length 2.0 mm). A, whole body in dorsal view; B, pleonites and pleotelson in dorsal view; C, pleotelson in dorsal view; D, antennula; E: antenna.

FIGURE 1 in Description of female adult and praniza larva of Tenerognathia visus Tanaka, 2005 (Crustacea; Isopoda; Gnathiidae) with notes on mating behavior

FIGURE 1. Adult male of Tenerognathia visus (NSMT-Cr26752; total length 1.3 mm). A, whole body in dorsal view; B, frontal border with mandibles in dorsal view; C, pleotelson in dorsal view.

opencc-zeroOct 2020View details →

Anthropogenic noise disrupts mate choice behaviors in female Gryllus bimaculatus

By assessing the sexual signals produced by conspecifics, individuals can make informed decisions on the best choice of mate, which can lead to reproductive fitness benefits. However, these communication systems are often vulnerable to disruption by conflicting with stimuli present in the environment. Anthropogenic noise may act as one such disruptive stimulus, leading to inefficient mate choice decisions, and thus reductions to an animal's fitness. In this study, the mate choice behaviors of female Gryllus bimaculatus were tested when presented with artificial male courtship songs of differing 'quality' under different acoustic conditions. In ambient noise conditions, females significantly preferred mates paired with higher quality songs, indicated by increased mating rates and reduced latency to mate. However, this mate selection pattern was disrupted in both traffic and white noise conditions. Additionally, 'high quality' courtship songs had an increased mounting latency in traffic and white noise conditions, when compared to ambient noise conditions. Making non-optimal mating decisions, such as the ones seen here, can lead to deleterious fitness consequences, alter population dynamics and weaken sexual selection, unless individuals adapt to cope with anthropogenic interference.

opencc-zeroMay 2021View details →

Data from: Adaptation to monogamy influences parental care but not mating behavior in the burying beetle, Nicrophorus vespilloides

The mating system is expected to have an important influence on the evolution of mating and parenting behaviors. Although many studies have used experimental evolution to examine how mating behaviors evolve under different mating systems, this approach has seldom been used to study the evolution of parental care. We used experimental evolution to test whether adaptation to different mating systems involves changes in mating and parenting behaviors in populations of the burying beetle, Nicrophorus vespilloides. We maintained populations under monogamy or promiscuity for six generations. This manipulation had an immediate impact on reproductive performance and adult survival. Compared to monogamy, promiscuity reduced brood size and adult (particularly male) survival during breeding. After six generations of experimental evolution, there was no divergence between monogamous and promiscuous populations in mating behaviors. However, we found that parents from the promiscuous populations (especially males) displayed less care than parents from the monogamous populations. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that male care will increase with the certainty of paternity. However, it appears that this change is not associated with a concurrent change in mating behaviors.

opencc-zeroDec 2014View details →

Data from: Does predation risk affect mating behavior? An experimental test in dumpling squid (Euprymna tasmanica)

Introduction: One of the most important trade-offs for many animals is that between survival and reproduction. This is particularly apparent when mating increases the risk of predation, either by increasing conspicuousness, reducing mobility or inhibiting an individual's ability to detect predators. Individuals may mitigate the risk of predation by altering their reproductive behavior (e.g. increasing anti-predator responses to reduce conspicuousness). The degree to which individuals modulate their reproductive behavior in relation to predation risk is difficult to predict because both the optimal investment in current and future reproduction (due to life-history strategies) and level of predation risk may differ between the sexes and among species. Here, we investigate the effect of increased predation risk on the reproductive behavior of dumpling squid (Euprymna tasmanica). Results: Females, but not males, showed a substantial increase in the number of inks (an anti-predator behavior) before mating commenced in the presence of a predator (sand flathead Platycephalus bassensis). However, predation risk did not affect copulation duration, the likelihood of mating, female anti-predator behavior during or after mating or male anti-predator behavior at any time. Conclusions: Inking is a common anti-predator defense in cephalopods, thought to act like a smokescreen, decoy or distraction. Female dumpling squid are probably using this form of defense in response to the increase in predation risk prior to mating. Conversely, males were undeterred by the increase in predation risk. A lack of change in these variables may occur if the benefit of completing mating outweighs the risk of predation. Prioritizing current reproduction, even under predation risk, can occur when the chance of future reproduction is low, there is substantial energetic investment into mating, or the potential fitness payoffs of mating are high.

opencc-zeroJul 2019View details →

When more is not merrier: using wild population dynamics to understand the effect of density on ex situ seahorse mating behaviors

Seahorses are one of the most iconic examples of a monogamous species in the animal kingdom. Documenting monogamous behaviors of seahorses have proven to be quite complicated to study in the wild because of their low population densities and cryptic habits. Another challenge involves interpreting these behaviors in captivity because recreating realistic densities of wild populations in the laboratory can be difficult due to their patchy distributions. This study investigates the relationship between stocking density and mating and competitive behavior from the context of the field biology of the dwarf seahorse, Hippocampus zosterae (Jordan & Gilbert). Animals were housed in 38 liter tanks at a range of densities and sex ratios (from 2-8 animals per tank), and their reproductive and other social behaviors were monitored from tank introduction through copulation. At low tank densities and even sex ratios but comparatively high field densities, activity level in trials was low. A higher level of males in tanks across all densities increased competition, activity levels, and aggression leading to partial egg transfers and failed pregnancies, resulting in lower reproductive success. Across seahorse species, mean and maximum wild densities were consistently lower than those used in captive breeding, with adult sex ratios that were significantly female biased. However, significant variation exists in wild seahorse densities across species, with higher densities detected in focal/mark recapture studies and on artificial habitat structures than reported with belt transect sampling techniques. Interchange of knowledge gained in both captive and wild contexts will allow us to better understand the biology of this genus, and improve reproduction in captivity. Interpreting captive reproductive behaviors of seahorses within various densities reported from natural populations will help us predict the impact of conservation efforts and increase the likelihood of long-term persistence of populations for this threatened genus.

opencc-zeroJan 2020View details →

Plasticity in male mating behavior modulates female life-history in fruit flies

In many species, intense male-male competition for the opportunity to sire offspring has led to the evolution of selfish reproductive traits that are harmful to the females they mate with. In the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, males modulate their reproductive behavior based on the perceived intensity of competition in their pre-mating environment. Specifically, males housed with other males subsequently transfer a larger ejaculate during a longer mating compared to males housed alone. While the potential fitness benefits to males from such plasticity are clear, its effects on females are mostly unknown. Hence we tested the long-term consequences to females from mating with males with distinct social experiences. First, we verified that competitive experience influences male mating behaviour and found that males housed with rivals subsequently have shorter mating latencies and longer mating durations. Then, we exposed females every other day for 20 days to males that were either housed alone or with rivals and subsequently measured their fitness. We found that females mated to males housed with rivals produce more offspring early in life but fewer offspring later in life and have shorter lifespans but similar intrinsic population growth rates. These results indicate that plasticity in male mating behavior can influence female life-histories by altering females' relative allocation to early vs late investment in reproduction and survival.

opencc-zeroDec 2015View details →

Data from: Alternative reproductive tactics in context: how demography, ecology, and behavior affect male mating success

Exploitation of sexual signals by predators or parasites increases costs to signalers, creating opportunities for establishment of alternative reproductive tactics (ARTs). In field crickets, males calling may attract acoustically-orienting parasitoid flies. Alternatively, males behaving as satellites forgo calling and attempt to intercept females attracted to callers. We modeled the contribution of calling vs. satellite behavior to male reproductive success in the larger context of variation in ecology (parasitism rate, background mortality), demography (density, sex ratio), and female behavior (phonotaxis, mating choosiness). Male mating success was most influenced by number of females (standardized effect size 0.42), then female choosiness (0.33), background mortality (-0.31), number of males (-0.28), and parasitism rate (-0.21). Smallest effects were phonotaxis (0.10) and satellite behavior (-0.09). Although satellite behavior ameliorated negative effects of parasitism, its comparative effect was slight. ARTs seem most likely to evolve and persist when a single selection pressure on signaling is particularly strong.

opennotspecifiedDec 2006View details →

Fig. 1. a in Observations on the Mating Behavior of Lasioderma serricorne(F.) Adults and Experiments on their Nutritional Requirements in dried Tobacco

Fig. 1. a) Lasioderma serricorne adults in ''end to end'' copulatory position (lateral view); b) V-shaped apodema with the loboid multicellular gland evident around it (after coloration).

opennotspecifiedSep 2010View details →

Fig. 3 in Evidence for Two Male Morphs ofLuciola cerataOlivier (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) Exhibiting Distinct Mating Behavior, with Implications for Sexual Selection

Fig. 3. Average flash interval of pentagonal male Luciola cerata (n = 178) over time, when grouped with one semi-oval male.

opennotspecifiedSep 2010View details →

Fig. 2 in Evidence for Two Male Morphs ofLuciola cerataOlivier (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) Exhibiting Distinct Mating Behavior, with Implications for Sexual Selection

Fig. 2. Shape of the second light segment in two morphs of male Luciola cerata. Left: pentagonal; right: semi-oval. The gray segments indicate those used to produce the bioluminescent flash in each morph.

opennotspecifiedSep 2010View details →

Fig. 1 in Evidence for Two Male Morphs ofLuciola cerataOlivier (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) Exhibiting Distinct Mating Behavior, with Implications for Sexual Selection

Fig. 1. Locations of survey sites for Luciola cerata in Taiwan. HZ: Hualien Rui-Sui (23°35′18.8″N 121°21′ 15.5″E, Hualien county, 3/30/2006); IT: Ilan Tou-Cheng (24°50′56″N 12°47′13″E, Ilan county, 4/19/2006); PP: Taipei Pin-Shih (25°1′31.9″N 121°44′2.4 ″E, Taipei county, 4/20/2006); PS: Taipei San-Xia (24°50′09″N 121°27′08″E, Taipei county, 4/21/2006); PW: Taipei Wu-Lai (24°49′31.3″N 121°31′28.8″E, Taipei county, 4/12/2006); TF: Taoyuan Fu-Xing (24°42′58″N 121°21′ 41″E, Taoyuan county, 4/18/2006); SB: Sinzhu Bei-Pu (24°40′21″N 121°03′53″E, Shizhu county, 4/6/2006); MST: Maioli Shi-Tan (24°31′22″N 120°55′10″E, Maioli county, 4/17/2006); MSE: Maioli San-Yi (24°23′36″N 120°45′55″E, Maioli county, 4/16/2006); CT: Taichung Tung-Shih (24°16′35.8″N 120°50′41.7′E, Taichung county, 4/15/2006); NT: Tainan Tung-San (23°16′51″N 120°25′54″E, Tainan county, 4/15/2006); HS: Kaohsiung San-Min (23°15′38.7′N 120°42′6.9″E, 3/21/2006).; The circular chart for each site represents the ratio of pentagonal males (dark gray) and semi-oval males (light gray).

opennotspecifiedMar 2008View details →

Fig. 2 in Morphological Changes in Reproductive Organs and Neuroendocrine Centers Related to Nesting, Mating, and Larvicide Behavior in Eurysternus mexicanus Harold (Scarabaeinae: Eurysternini)

Fig. 2. Variations in neurosecretion content in pars intercerebralis A cells in Eurysternus mexicanus males and females. a, minimum amount indicating that cells are active and producing neurosecretions (+); b, moderate amount being secreted by cells (++); c, maximum amount when cells are inactive and no longer producing neurosecretions (+++).

opennotspecifiedMar 2008View details →

Fig. 3 in Morphological Changes in Reproductive Organs and Neuroendocrine Centers Related to Nesting, Mating, and Larvicide Behavior in Eurysternus mexicanus Harold (Scarabaeinae: Eurysternini)

Fig. 3. Modifications in the accessory gland reservoir of Eurysternus mexicanus males in accordance with the different behaviors studied: a, before emergence; b, before copulating; c, after copulating; d, after copulating and committing larvicide. ag 5 accessory gland base; gd 5 glandular duct; gs 5 glandular secretions.

opennotspecifiedMar 2008View details →

Fig. 1 in Morphological Changes in Reproductive Organs and Neuroendocrine Centers Related to Nesting, Mating, and Larvicide Behavior in Eurysternus mexicanus Harold (Scarabaeinae: Eurysternini)

Fig. 1. Modifications in the ovary of Eurysternus mexicanus females. A. during prenesting: a, at emergence; b, before first copulation; c, after first copulation; d, before first mature oocyte is laid, B. during provisional nesting: e, after larvicide of first instars; f, after larvicide of second instars, C. during definitive nesting: g, at beginning of nest care, h, halfway through nest care; i, during late nest care. bo 5 basal oocyte; g 5 germarium; mo 5 mature basal oocyte; ov 5 oviduct; ro 5 oocyte being reabsorbed.