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Data and code from: Functional rarity of plants in German hay meadows - patterns on the species level and mismatches with community species richness
<p>Functional rarity (FR) - a feature combining a species' rarity with the distinctiveness of its traits - represents a promising tool to better understand the ecological importance of rare species and consequently to protect functional diversity more efficiently. Yet, we lack a systematic understanding of FR on both the species level (which species are functionally rare and why) and the community level (how is FR associated with biodiversity and environmental conditions). Here, we quantify FR for 218 plant species from German hay meadows on a local, regional, and national scale by combining data from 6500 vegetation relevés and 15 ecologically relevant traits. We investigate the association between rarity and trait distinctiveness on different spatial scales via correlation measures and show which traits lead to low or high trait distinctiveness via distance-based redundancy analysis. We test how species richness and FR are correlated and use boosted regression trees to determine environmental conditions driving species richness and FR. On the local scale, only rare species showed high trait distinctiveness while on larger spatial scales rare and common species showed high trait distinctiveness. As infrequent trait attributes (e.g., legumes, low clonality) led to higher trait distinctiveness, we argue that functionally rare species are either specialists or transients. While specialists occupy a particular niche in hay meadows leading to lower rarity on larger spatial scales, transients display distinct but maladaptive traits resulting in high rarity across all spatial scales. More functionally rare species than expected by chance occurred in species-poor communities indicating that they prefer environmental conditions differing from characteristic conditions of species-rich hay meadows. Finally, we argue that functionally rare species are not necessarily relevant for nature conservation, since many were transients from surrounding habitats. Yet, FR can facilitate our understanding of why species are rare in a habitat and under which conditions these species occur.</p>
Data from: Sedimentary organic carbon and nitrogen sequestration across a vertical gradient on a temperate wetland seascape including salt marshes, seagrass meadows and rhizophytic macroalgae beds
<p>Dataset </p> <p> </p> <p>Coastal wetlands are key in regulating coastal carbon and nitrogen dynamics and contribute significantly to climate change mitigation and anthropogenic nutrient reduction. We investigated organic carbon (OC) and total nitrogen (TN) stocks and burial rates at four adjacent vegetated coastal habitats across the seascape elevation gradient of Cádiz Bay (South Spain), including one species of salt marsh, two of seagrasses, and a macroalgae. OC and TN stocks in the upper 1 m sediment layer were higher at the subtidal seagrass <em>Cymodocea nodosa</em> (72.3 Mg OC ha<sup>-1</sup>, 8.6 Mg TN ha<sup>-1</sup>) followed by the upper intertidal salt marsh <em>Sporobolus maritimus</em> (66.5 Mg OC ha<sup>-1</sup>, 5.9 Mg TN ha<sup>-1</sup>), the subtidal rhizophytic macroalgae <em>Caulerpa prolifera</em> (62.2 Mg OC ha<sup>-1</sup>, 7.2 Mg TN ha<sup>-1</sup>), and the lower intertidal seagrass <em>Zostera noltei</em> (52.8 Mg OC ha<sup>-1</sup>, 5.2 Mg TN ha<sup>-1</sup>). The sedimentation rates increased from lower to higher elevation, from the intertidal salt marsh (0.24 g cm<sup>-2</sup> yr<sup>-1</sup>) to the subtidal macroalgae (0.12 g cm<sup>-2</sup> yr<sup>-1</sup>). The organic carbon burial rate was highest at the intertidal salt marsh<em> </em>(91 ± 31 g OC m<sup>-2</sup> yr<sup>-1</sup>), followed by the intertidal seagrass, (44 ± 15 g OC m<sup>-2</sup> yr<sup>-1</sup>), the subtidal seagrass (39 ± 6 g OC m<sup>-2</sup> yr<sup>-1</sup>), and the subtidal macroalgae (28 ± 4 g OC m<sup>-2</sup> yr<sup>-1</sup>). Total nitrogen burial rates were similar among the three lower vegetation types, ranging from 5 ± 2 to 3 ± 1 g TN m<sup>-2</sup> yr<sup>-1</sup>, and peaked at <em>S. maritimus </em>salt marsh with 7 ± 1 g TN m<sup>-2</sup> yr<sup>-1</sup>. The contribution of allochthonous sources to the sedimentary organic matter also decreased with elevation, from 72% in <em>C. prolifera</em> to 33% at <em>S. maritimus</em>. Our results highlight the need of using habitat-specific OC and TN stocks and burial rates to improve our ability to predict OC and TN sequestration capacity of vegetated coastal habitats at the seascape level. We also demonstrated that the stocks and burial rates in <em>C. prolifera </em>habitats were within the range of well-accepted blue carbon ecosystems such as seagrass meadows and salt marshes.</p>
Рис. 1. Географическое поΛожение Норского заповеΑника (А) и картосхема распоΛожения на его территории (Б) учетных пΛощаΑок с фитоценозами (L_1–L_7) на Αвух мониторинговых станциях (I–II). I — МаΛьцевская: L_1 — березняк с участием осины и Λиственницы рябинниковый вейниково-разнотравный; L_2 — осиново-беΛоберезовый рябинниковый вейниково-разнотравный Λес; L_3 — Λиственничник с участием березы пΛоскоΛистной осоково-вейниковый с разнотравьем; L_4 — беΛоберезово-Λиственничный с примесью осины роΑоΑенΑроновый бруснично-осоковый Λес; L_5 — закустаренный, преимущественно тавоΛгой ивоΛистной, разнотравно-вейниковый Λуг. II — Антоновская: L_6 — Λиственничник роΑоΑенΑроново-брусничный; L_7 — Λиственнично-беΛоберезовый с примесью пихты и еΛи закустаренный разнотравно-вейниковый Λес (коΑ типа местообитания соответствуют таковому в табΛ. 1 и 3 и на рис. 2) Fig. 1. Geographical location of the Norsky Nature Reserve (A) and the map (B) of registration sites with phytocenoses (L_1–L_7) at two monitoring stations (I–II). I — Maltsevskaya: L_1 — birch forest with aspen and larch, fieldfare reed-forb; L_2 — aspen-white-birch, fieldfare reed-forb forest; L_3 — larch forest with flat-leaved sedge-reed birch with forbs; L_4 — white-birch-larch with an admixture of aspen rhododendron lingonberry-sedge forest; L_5 — bushy, mostly meadowsweet, forb-reed grass meadow. II — Antonovskaya: L_6 — rhododendron-cowberry larch forest; L_7 — larch-white-birch with fir and spruce, shrubby forb-reed grass forest (the code of the habitat type corresponds to that in Tables 1 and 3 and in Fig. 2) in Structure and dynamics of the taxocenes of shrews in different habitats of the Norsky nature reserve
Рис. 1. Географическое поΛожение Норского заповеΑника (А) и картосхема распоΛожения на его территории (Б) учетных пΛощаΑок с фитоценозами (L_1–L_7) на Αвух мониторинговых станциях (I–II). I — МаΛьцевская: L_1 — березняк с участием осины и Λиственницы рябинниковый вейниково-разнотравный; L_2 — осиново-беΛоберезовый рябинниковый вейниково-разнотравный Λес; L_3 — Λиственничник с участием березы пΛоскоΛистной осоково-вейниковый с разнотравьем; L_4 — беΛоберезово-Λиственничный с примесью осины роΑоΑенΑроновый бруснично-осоковый Λес; L_5 — закустаренный, преимущественно тавоΛгой ивоΛистной, разнотравно-вейниковый Λуг. II — Антоновская: L_6 — Λиственничник роΑоΑенΑроново-брусничный; L_7 — Λиственнично-беΛоберезовый с примесью пихты и еΛи закустаренный разнотравно-вейниковый Λес (коΑ типа местообитания соответствуют таковому в табΛ. 1 и 3 и на рис. 2) Fig. 1. Geographical location of the Norsky Nature Reserve (A) and the map (B) of registration sites with phytocenoses (L_1–L_7) at two monitoring stations (I–II). I — Maltsevskaya: L_1 — birch forest with aspen and larch, fieldfare reed-forb; L_2 — aspen-white-birch, fieldfare reed-forb forest; L_3 — larch forest with flat-leaved sedge-reed birch with forbs; L_4 — white-birch-larch with an admixture of aspen rhododendron lingonberry-sedge forest; L_5 — bushy, mostly meadowsweet, forb-reed grass meadow. II — Antonovskaya: L_6 — rhododendron-cowberry larch forest; L_7 — larch-white-birch with fir and spruce, shrubby forb-reed grass forest (the code of the habitat type corresponds to that in Tables 1 and 3 and in Fig. 2)
Рис. 2. Основные места концентрации фуражирующих особей Bombus distinguendus в АрхангеΛьской обΛасти: 1 — Разнотравно-зΛаковый Λуг с Trifolium pratense и Trifolium repens в окрестностях гороΑа Мезень; 2 — Разнотравно-зΛаковый Λуг по обочине Αороги с Centaurea scabiosa в окрестностях сеΛа ХоΛмогоры; 3 – Агроценоз со Stachys palustris в ΑеΛьте реки Северная Δвина; 4 — РуΑераΛьное сообщество с Chamaenerion angustifolium в ΑеΛьте реки Северная Δвина Fig. 2. Typical foraging habitats of Bombus distinguendus in Arkhangelsk Oblast: 1 — Meadow with Trifolium pratense and Trifolium repens near the town of Mezen; 2 — Roadside meadow with Centaurea scabiosa near the village of Kholmogory; 3 — Agricultural habitat with Stachys palustris in the delta of the Northern Dvina River; 4 — Ruderal community with Chamaenerion angustifolium in the delta of the Northern Dvina River in Bombus distinguendus Morawitz, 1869 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia: Distribution, ecology and conservation
Рис. 2. Основные места концентрации фуражирующих особей Bombus distinguendus в АрхангеΛьской обΛасти: 1 — Разнотравно-зΛаковый Λуг с Trifolium pratense и Trifolium repens в окрестностях гороΑа Мезень; 2 — Разнотравно-зΛаковый Λуг по обочине Αороги с Centaurea scabiosa в окрестностях сеΛа ХоΛмогоры; 3 – Агроценоз со Stachys palustris в ΑеΛьте реки Северная Δвина; 4 — РуΑераΛьное сообщество с Chamaenerion angustifolium в ΑеΛьте реки Северная Δвина Fig. 2. Typical foraging habitats of Bombus distinguendus in Arkhangelsk Oblast: 1 — Meadow with Trifolium pratense and Trifolium repens near the town of Mezen; 2 — Roadside meadow with Centaurea scabiosa near the village of Kholmogory; 3 — Agricultural habitat with Stachys palustris in the delta of the Northern Dvina River; 4 — Ruderal community with Chamaenerion angustifolium in the delta of the Northern Dvina River
Figure 4 in Abrupt boundaries between mountain meadows and forests separate ground-dwelling invertebrate communities: a case study from South Tyrol, Italy
Figure 4. Abundance-based accumulation curves for ground-dwelling macro-invertebrates from montane meadows and mixed forests in South Tyrol, Italy. The data come from pitfall traps along a linear transect from extensively managed hay meadows ('MM' and 'M', squares) across an abrupt ecotone ('E', diamonds) towards mixed forest stands ('F' and 'FF', circles). The curves show from left to right: the sampling coverage, taxa and species richness (Hill number q = 0), Shannon (q = 1) and Simpson diversity (q = 2). Plot [A] shows the total faunal community data at the highest taxonomic resolution, plot [B] the Araneae data at species level.
Figure 3 in Abrupt boundaries between mountain meadows and forests separate ground-dwelling invertebrate communities: a case study from South Tyrol, Italy
Figure 3. Boxplots with jitter of ground-dwelling macro-invertebrate activity densities from montane meadows and mixed forests in South Tyrol, Italy. Each data point represents a pitfall trap along a linear transect starting from extensively managed hay meadows ('MM' and 'M') across an abrupt ecotone ('E') towards mixed forest stands ('F' and 'FF'). Significant differences between the habitat plots (i.e. on the X-axes) according to GLM and Tukey's HSD post-hoc tests are indicated with different letters at top of each plot.
Figure. Location of the study area in the Czech Republic near Nové Losiny village (marked by star), delimitation of the studied meadows and placement of pan-traps transects within them. in Comparison of two methods for sampling orthopterans in grassland: differences in species representation and sex ratios
Figure. Location of the study area in the Czech Republic near Nové Losiny village (marked by star), delimitation of the studied meadows and placement of pan-traps transects within them.
Fig. 5 in Seasonal variation of the crustacean fauna in the belowground and aboveground strata in a Halodule wrightii meadow of northeastern Brazil
Fig. 5. Similarity among samples from aboveground stratum of Halodule wrightii meadow on Goiabeiras Beach, city of Fortaleza, state of Ceará, northeastern Brazil; Legend: I) samples collected in predominantly dry months; II) samples collected in predominantly rainy months.
Fig. 2 in Seasonal variation of the crustacean fauna in the belowground and aboveground strata in a Halodule wrightii meadow of northeastern Brazil
Fig. 2. Abundance of crustacean fauna captured in belowground and aboveground strata of Halodule wrightii meadow on Goiabeiras Beach, city of Fortaleza, state of Ceará, northeastern Brazil.
Fig. 4 in Seasonal variation of the crustacean fauna in the belowground and aboveground strata in a Halodule wrightii meadow of northeastern Brazil
Fig. 4. Similarity among samples from belowground stratum of Halodule wrightii meadow on Goiabeiras Beach, city of Fortaleza, state of Ceará, northeastern Brazil; Legend: I) samples collected in predominantly dry months; II) samples collected in predominantly rainy months; III) samples collected in both climatic periods.
Fig. 1 in Seasonal variation of the crustacean fauna in the belowground and aboveground strata in a Halodule wrightii meadow of northeastern Brazil
Fig. 1. Location of study area. Goiabeiras Beach, city of Fortaleza, state of Ceará, northeastern Brazil.
Fig. 3 in Seasonal variation of the crustacean fauna in the belowground and aboveground strata in a Halodule wrightii meadow of northeastern Brazil
Fig. 3. Mean Shannon diversity and Pielou evenness indices of crustacean fauna associated with belowground and aboveground strata of Halodule wrightii meadow in dry and rainy seasons on Goiabeiras Beach, city of Fortaleza, state of Ceará, northeastern Brazil (a, indices for community associated with belowground stratum; b, indices for community associated with aboveground stratum).
Рис. 24–25. Местообитания виÃов роÃа Carabus Linnaeus, 1758. 24 – C. (Ophiocarabus) ernsti ulastaiensis subsp. n., аΛьпийские Λуга на воÃоразÃеΛе рек Капчик и Зекку; 25 – C. (Alipaster) semenoviellus semenoviellus Breuning, 1934, Λес из еΛи Шренка в горах ТагымбеΛь. Figs 24–25. Habitats of species of the genus Carabus Linnaeus, 1758. 24 – C. (Ophiocarabus) ernsti ulastaiensis subsp. n., alpine meadows on the ridge between Kaptshik and Zekku rivers; 25 – C. (Alipaster) semenoviellus semenoviellus Breuning, 1934, Picea schrenkiana forest in the Tagymbel Mountains. in New data on the taxonomy of the genus Carabus Linnaeus, 1758 (Coleoptera: Carabidae) from the Ili River basin (China)
Рис. 24–25. Местообитания виÃов роÃа Carabus Linnaeus, 1758. 24 – C. (Ophiocarabus) ernsti ulastaiensis subsp. n., аΛьпийские Λуга на воÃоразÃеΛе рек Капчик и Зекку; 25 – C. (Alipaster) semenoviellus semenoviellus Breuning, 1934, Λес из еΛи Шренка в горах ТагымбеΛь. Figs 24–25. Habitats of species of the genus Carabus Linnaeus, 1758. 24 – C. (Ophiocarabus) ernsti ulastaiensis subsp. n., alpine meadows on the ridge between Kaptshik and Zekku rivers; 25 – C. (Alipaster) semenoviellus semenoviellus Breuning, 1934, Picea schrenkiana forest in the Tagymbel Mountains.
Figure 5 in Shifts in ground-dwelling predator communities in response to changes in management intensity in Alpine meadows
Figure 5. Proportions and χ2-test results for the ecological species traits moisture, rarity and ecological tolerance of ground-dwelling predatory arthropods (Arachnida, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Formicidae) from extensively and intensively managed hay meadows in South Tyrol, Italy.
Figure 4 in Shifts in ground-dwelling predator communities in response to changes in management intensity in Alpine meadows
Figure 4. Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) of the full species community of predatory invertebrates, including the two treatments (intensive and extensive) and the two seasons (spring and autumn). Each spot represents one pitfall trap. Spider web centres represent the weighted centroids of each management type.
Figure 3 in Shifts in ground-dwelling predator communities in response to changes in management intensity in Alpine meadows
Figure 3. Abundance based accumulation curves for predatory arthropods based on Hill numbers N0 and N1 confronting extensively and intensively used montane hay meadows in South Tyrol, Italy.
Figure 2 in Shifts in ground-dwelling predator communities in response to changes in management intensity in Alpine meadows
Figure 2. The mean (and 95 % confidence interval) activity density (individuals per sampling day), species richness, and exponential Shannon diversity of ground-dwelling predatory arthropods from montane extensively and intensively used hay meadows and two sampling seasons (spring and autumn) in South Tyrol, Italy. No significant effect of management was detected for any biodiversity index.
Figure 1 in Shifts in ground-dwelling predator communities in response to changes in management intensity in Alpine meadows
Figure 1. Maps of the distribution of the six selected hay meadows (EH = extensively used hay meadows; IH = intensively used hay meadows) located in Barbian/Barbiano in the Autonomous Province South Tyrol, Italy.
The Meadow Viper's perspective on the diet and predator-prey interactions of the reptile specialist Smooth Snake
<p>Despite its wide distribution, ecological data on the Smooth Snake (Coronella austriaca) remains limited. Previous dietary analyses report that it mainly consumes lizards, but it also eats mammals and snakes. Little information is available on the habitat choice of the species, but vegetation structure and microtopography are considered the main factors determining occupancy of these snakes. As there is limited data on the diet of this species from Central Europe and it was considered a potential predator of the endangered Vipera ursinii rakosiensis (Hungarian Meadow Viper), we conducted a study concerning the diet of C. austriaca in one of the largest habitats of V. ursinii in Hungary. As there is no data on the occupancy of C. austriaca, we tested if the availability of certain prey species affects its occupancy C. austriaca individuals were captured to collect faecal samples, in which the remains were identified. In the obtained samples (n=53) we found remains of lizards (65%), mammals (20%), insects (12.5%) and Smooth Snake (2.5%). The consumed lizard species were Lacerta viridis, Podarcis tauricus and Lacerta agilis. We found no remains of V. ursinii in the faecal samples. We used dynamic two-species occupancy modeling to test if the occupancy of C. austriaca is linked to the presence of its prey species in the area. We found an interaction between C. austriaca and its lizard prey, as occupancy of C. austriaca had a higher probability when these species were present. We found no interaction between C. austriaca and V. ursinii. Our results support that C. austriaca mainly preys on lizards and its site occupancy depends on prey availability. Importantly, we found no evidence that C. austriaca consumes V. ursinii, which is further supported by the lack of interaction between the occupancy of C. austriaca and that of V. ursinii.</p>
Linked collectors and determiners for: Meadow katydids (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Conocephalini) from the Central-West Region of Brazil: Morphological, bioacoustic and cytogenetic study.
Natural history specimen data linked to collectors and determiners held within, "Meadow katydids (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Conocephalini) from the Central-West Region of Brazil: Morphological, bioacoustic and cytogenetic study". Claims or attributions were made on Bionomia by volunteer Scribes, <a href="https://bionomia.net/dataset/4023827c-f856-4f43-bcf2-59a07cb2d0cc">https://bionomia.net/dataset/4023827c-f856-4f43-bcf2-59a07cb2d0cc</a> using specimen data from the dataset aggregated by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, <a href="https://gbif.org/dataset/4023827c-f856-4f43-bcf2-59a07cb2d0cc">https://gbif.org/dataset/4023827c-f856-4f43-bcf2-59a07cb2d0cc</a>. Formatted as a Frictionless Data package.
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