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101 results for “moult”
Data from: Baseline immune activity is associated with date rather than with moult stage in the Arctic-breeding barnacle goose (Branta leucopsis)
Variation in immune defence in birds is often explained either by external factors such as food availability and disease pressure or by internal factors such as moult and reproductive effort. We explored these factors together in one sampling design by measuring immune activity over the time frame of the moulting period of Arctic-breeding barnacle geese (Branta leucopsis). We assessed baseline innate immunity by measuring levels of complement-mediated lysis and natural antibody-mediated agglutination together with total and differential leukocyte counts. Variation in immune activity during moult was strongly associated with calendar date and to a smaller degree with the growth stage of wing feathers. We suggest that the association with calendar date reflected temporal changes in the external environment. This environmental factor was further explored by comparing the immune activity of geese in the Arctic population with conspecifics in the temperate climate zone at comparable moult stages. In the Arctic environment, which has a lower expected disease load, geese exhibited significantly lower values of complement-mediated lysis, their blood contained fewer leukocytes, and levels of phagocytic cells and reactive leukocytes were relatively low. This suggests that lower baseline immune activity could be associated with lower disease pressure. We conclude that in our study species, external factors such as food availability and disease pressure have a greater effect on temporal variation of baseline immune activity than internal factors such as moult stage.
Females compensate for moult-associated male nest desertion in the Hooded Warbler
<p>Uniparental offspring desertion occurs in a wide variety of avian taxa and usually reflects sexual conflict over parental care. In many species desertion yields immediate reproductive benefits for deserters if they can remate and breed again during the same nesting season; in such cases desertion may be selectively advantageous even if it significantly reduces fitness of the current brood. However, in many other species parents desert late-season offspring when opportunities to renest are absent. In these cases, any reproductive benefits of desertion are delayed, and desertion is unlikely to be advantageous unless the deserted parent can compensate for the loss of its partner and minimize costs to the current brood. We tested this parental compensation hypothesis in Hooded Warblers <i>Setophaga citrina</i>, a species in which males regularly desert late-season nestlings and fledglings during moult. Females from deserted nests effectively doubled their provisioning efforts, and nestlings from deserted nests received just as much food, gained mass at the same rate, and were no more likely to die from either complete nest predation or brood reduction as young from biparental nests. The female provisioning response, however, was significantly related to nestling age; females undercompensated for male desertion when the nestlings were young, but overcompensated as nestlings approached fledging age, probably because of time constraints that brooding imposed on females with young nestlings. Overall, our results indicate that female Hooded Warblers completely compensate for male moult-associated nest desertion, and that deserting males pay no reproductive cost for desertion, at least through the point of fledging. Along with other studies, our findings support the general conclusion that late-season offspring desertion is likely to evolve only when parental compensation by the deserted partner can minimize costs to the current brood.</p>
Data from: Feather steroid hormone concentrations in relation to age, sex, and moulting time in a long distance migratory passerine
In birds, concentrations of testosterone (T) and corticosterone (Cort) are closely connected with many morphological, behavioural and other physiological traits, including reproduction, metabolism, immunity, and fitness. The direction of the effect of these hormones on above-mentioned traits, and the potential feedback between hormones are in general unclear; in addition, knowledge on how age and sex can affect T and Cort concentrations is still inconsistent. Our study used a novel method to analyse testosterone and corticosterone in feathers (Tf, Cortf) based on the pre-column chemical derivatization of hormones before LC-MS/MS analysis. Unlike previously used methods (RIA, EIA), our analytical procedure allows simultaneous analysis of both hormones from small amounts of feathers (4-25 mg) and thus overcomes the problem of insufficient detection limits. We applied this method to reveal associations between Tf and Cortf hormone concentrations and feather growth, age, and sex in feathers grown during the post-breeding (flanks) and pre-breeding (tails) periods in barn swallows (Hirundo rustica). There was neither a correlation between pre-breeding and post-breeding Tf, nor between pre-breeding and post-breeding Cortf. Tail Cortf concentrations were negatively associated with tail feather growth rates. Feather hormone concentrations were correlated in the pre-breeding period, negatively in males but positively in females. Both Cortf and Tf were higher in young birds compared to older ones, indicating either an age-related decrease in hormone concentrations within individuals, or the selective disappearance of individuals with high steroid concentrations. Males and females did not differ in Cortf, but Tf concentrations were higher in males than females, particularly during the pre-breeding period. In this study, we provide an effective method for analysing hormones in feathers in an ecological context, especially in situations when the total amount of feathers available for the analysis is limited.
Acyrthosiphon pisum N4 nymph 24 hours post moulting
<p><i>X-ray tomography dataset of Acyrthosiphon pisum nymph (N4) 24 hours post moulting</i></p>
Acyrthosiphon pisum N4 nymph 46 hours post moulting
<p>X-ray tomography dataset of <i>Acyrthosiphon pisum</i> N4 nymph 46 hours post moulting</p>
Acyrthosiphon pisum adult 72 hours post moulting
<p>X-ray tomography dataset of <i>Acyrthosiphon pisum</i> adult 72 hours post moulting</p>
Acyrthosiphon pisum N4 nymph 2 hours post moulting
<p>X-ray tomography dataset of <i>Acyrthosiphon pisum</i> N4 nymph 2 hours post moulting</p>
Complex post-breeding moult strategies in a songbird migrating along the East Asian flyway, the Pallas's Grasshopper Warbler Locustella certhiola
<p>Moult strategies have received relatively little attention in current ornithology, and knowledge concerning the evolution, variability, and extent of moult is sparse in many bird species. This is especially true for East Asian <em>Locustella</em> species where assumptions on moult patterns are based on incomplete information. We provide evidence indicating a complex post-breeding moult strategy and variable moult extent among Pallas's Grasshopper Warbler <em>Locustella certhiola</em>, based on data from six ringing sites situated along its flyway from the breeding grounds to the wintering areas. A detailed study revealed for the first time that in most individuals wing feather moult proceeds from the centre both towards the body and the wing-tip, a moult pattern known as partial divergent moult (which is rare among Palaearctic passerines). In the Russian Far East, where both breeding birds and passage migrants occur, a third of the adult birds were moulting in late summer. In Central Siberia, at the northwestern limit of its distribution, adult individuals commenced their primary moult partly divergently and partly with unknown sequence. During migration in Mongolia, only descendantly (i.e. from the body towards the wing-tip) moulting birds were observed, while further south in Korea, Hong Kong and Thailand the proportion of potential eccentric and divergent feather renewal was not identifiable since the renewed feathers were already fully grown as expected. We found an increase in the mean number of moulted primaries during the progress of the autumn migration. Moderate body mass levels and low fat and muscle scores were observed in moulting adult birds, without any remarkable increase in the later season. According to optimality models, we suggest that an extremely short season of high food abundance in tall grass habitats and a largely overland route allow autumn migration with low fuel loads combined with moult-migration in at least a part of the population. This study highlights the importance of further studying moult strategy as well as stopover behaviour decisions and the trade-offs among migratory birds that are now facing a panoply of anthropogenic threats along their flyways.</p>
Evolution of winter moulting strategies in European and North American migratory passerines
<p>Moult is critical for birds as it replaces damaged feathers and worn plumage, enhancing flight performance, thermoregulation, and communication. In passerines, moult generally occurs on the breeding grounds during the post-breeding period once a year. However, some species of migrant passerines that breed in the Nearctic and western Palearctic regions have evolved different moulting strategies that involve moulting on the overwintering grounds. Some species forego moult on the breeding grounds and instead complete their prebasic moult on the overwintering grounds. Other species moult some or all feathers a second time (prealternate moult) during the overwintering period. Using phylogenetic analyses, we explored the po<span>tential drivers of the evolution of winter moults in Nearctic and western Palearctic breeding passerines. Our results indicate an association between longer photoperiods and the presence of prebasic and prealternate moults on the overwintering grounds for both Nearctic and western Palearctic species. We also found a relationship between prealternate moult and </span><span><span>generalist and water</span></span><span> habitats for western Palearctic species. Finally, the complete prealternate moult in western Palearctic passerines was linked to longer days on the overwintering grounds and longer migration distance. Longer days may favour the evolution of winter prebasic moult by increasing </span><span><span>the time window when birds can absorb essential nutrients</span></span><span> for moult. Alternatively, for birds undertaking a prealternate moult at the end of the overwintering period, longer days may increase exposure to feather-degrading ultra-violet radiation, necessitating the replacement of feathers. Our study underlines the importance of the overwintering grounds in the critical process of moult for many passerines that breed in th</span>e Nearctic and western Palearctic regions.</p>
Data from: A camera trap based assessment of climate-driven phenotypic plasticity of seasonal moulting in an endangered carnivore
<p>For many species, the ability to rapidly adapt to changes in seasonality is essential for long-term survival. In the Arctic, seasonal moulting is a key life history event that provides year-round camouflage and thermal protection. However, increased seasonal variability can lead to phenological mismatch. In this study, we investigated whether winter-white (white morph) and winter-brown (blue morph) Arctic foxes (<em>Vulpes lagopus</em>) could adjust their winter-to-summer moult to match local environmental conditions. We used camera trap images spanning an eight-year period to quantify the timing and rate of fur change in a polymorphic subpopulation in south-central Norway. Seasonal snow cover duration and temperature governed the phenology of the spring moult. We observed a later onset and longer moulting duration with decreasing temperature and longer snow season. Additionally, white foxes moulted earlier than blue in years with shorter periods of snow cover and warmer temperatures. These results suggest that phenotypic plasticity allows Arctic foxes to modulate the timing and rate of their spring moult as snow conditions and temperatures fluctuate. With the Arctic warming at an unprecedented rate, understanding the capacity of polar species to physiologically adapt to a changing environment is urgently needed in order to develop adaptive conservation efforts. Moreover, we provide the first evidence for variations in the moulting phenology of blue and white Arctic foxes. Our study underlines the different intraspecific selective pressures that can exist in populations where several morphs co-occur, and illustrates the importance of integrating morph-based differences in future management strategies of such polymorphic species.</p>
Figure 5 in Foregut structures of freshly moulted exuviae from Maja crispata, Cancer pagurus and Pseudosesarma moeschi (Decapoda: Brachyura)
Figure 5. Schematic view of the foregut exuviae of Pseudosesarma moeschi. (A) Dorsal view, (B) lateral view (modified from Brösing 2010). Scales: A, B= 1mm. Absent ossicles (or parts of them) are marked in grey and slightly calcified or fully calcified ossicles are marked in black.
Figure 3 in Foregut structures of freshly moulted exuviae from Maja crispata, Cancer pagurus and Pseudosesarma moeschi (Decapoda: Brachyura)
Figure 3. Schematic view of the foregut exuviae of Maja crispata. (A) Dorsal view, (B) lateral view. Scales: A, B = 1 mm. Absent ossicles (or parts of them) are marked in grey and slightly calcified or fully calcified ossicles are marked in black.
Figure 4 in Foregut structures of freshly moulted exuviae from Maja crispata, Cancer pagurus and Pseudosesarma moeschi (Decapoda: Brachyura)
Figure 4. Schematic view of the foregut exuviae of Cancer pagurus. (A) Dorsal view, (B). lateral view (modified from Brösing 2010). Scales: A, B = 1 mm. Absent ossicles (or parts of them) are marked in grey and slightly calcified or fully calcified ossicles are marked in black.
Colour moult phenology and camouflage mismatch in polymorphic populations of Arctic foxes
<div> <div> <div> <div> <p>Species that seasonally moult from brown to white to match snowy backgrounds become conspicuous and experience increased predation risk as snow cover duration declines. Long-term adaptation to camouflage mismatch in a changing climate might occur through phenotypic plasticity in colour moult phenology and or evolutionary shifts in moult rate or timing. Also, adaptation may include evolutionary shifts towards winter brown phenotypes that forgo the winter white moult. Most studies of these processes have occurred in winter white populations, with little attention to polymorphic populations with sympatric winter brown and winter white morphs. Here, we used remote camera traps to record moult phenology and mismatch in two polymorphic populations of Arctic foxes in Sweden over 2 years. We found that the colder, more northern population moulted earlier in the fall and later in the spring. Next, foxes moulted earlier in the fall and later in the spring during colder and snowier years. Finally, white foxes experienced relatively low camouflage mismatch while blue foxes were mismatched against snowy backgrounds most of the fall through the spring. Because the brown-on-white mismatch imposes no evident costs, we predict that as snow duration decreases, increasing blue morph frequencies might help facilitate species persistence.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div>
Social recapitulation: Moulting can restore social tolerance in aggressive spiderlings
<p>Dataset for Mauduit & Jeanson (2023). Social recapitulation: Moulting can restore social tolerance in aggressive spiderlings</p>
Evolution of winter moulting strategies in European and North American migratory passerines
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Data from: Towards a mechanistic understanding of insect life history evolution: oxygen-dependent induction of moulting explains moulting sizes
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Colour moult phenology and camouflage mismatch in polymorphic populations of Arctic foxes
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Data from: Do respiratory limitations affect metabolism of insect larvae before moulting: an empirical test at the individual level
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Females compensate for moult-associated male nest desertion in the Hooded Warbler
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