Find research datasets worth reusing

opennotspecifiedJan 2022View details →

Figure 3 in Neurovascular evidence for a co-occurrence of teeth and baleen in an Oligocene mysticete and the transition to filter-feeding in baleen whales

Figure 3. Digital segmentation of neurovascular canals through rostrum of Aetiocetus weltoni (UCMP 122900). A, rostral canals in ventral view. B, rostral canals in lateral view. Abbreviations: dc, dental/alveolar canal; lpc, lateral palatal canal.

opennotspecifiedJan 2022View details →

Figure 2 in Neurovascular evidence for a co-occurrence of teeth and baleen in an Oligocene mysticete and the transition to filter-feeding in baleen whales

Figure 2. Neurovascular canals through rostrum of Aetiocetus weltoni (UCMP 122900). A, ventral view of 3D rendering of skull (top), skull rendered semi-transparent to reveal internal canals of rostrum (middle), and digital segmentation of rostral canals (bottom). B, lateral view of 3D rendering of skull (top), skull rendered semi-transparent to reveal internal canals of rostrum (middle), and digital segmentation of rostral canals (bottom).

Figure 12. Bootstrap 50 in Fragilicetus velponi: a new mysticete genus and species and its implications for the origin of Balaenopteridae (Mammalia, Cetacea, Mysticeti)

Figure 12. Bootstrap 50% majority rule strict consensus tree. Numbers above the branches are bootstrap support values. See Methods for details. Tree statistics: tree length = 1144; consistency index (CI) = 0.3086; homoplasy index (HI) = 0.6914; CI excluding uninformative characters = 0.3025; HI excluding uninformative characters = 0.6975; retention index = 0.6418; rescaled consistency index = 0.1980.

Figure 13 in Fragilicetus velponi: a new mysticete genus and species and its implications for the origin of Balaenopteridae (Mammalia, Cetacea, Mysticeti)

Figure 13. Schematic diagram showing the phylogenetic relationships of Fragilicetus velponi gen. et sp. nov. and some morphological transformations as reconstructed from the cladistic analysis presented in the Supporting Information. A, phylogenetic relationships of Cetotheriidae, Eschrichtiidae, Fragilicetus gen. nov., and later Balaenopteridae. B, outlines of skulls in ventral view to show the morphology of the respective families. C, outlines of skulls in anterior view. D, schematic diagram showing dorsal skull architectures. Numbers in black circles correspond to typical balaenopterid character states. Numbers in white circles correspond to cetotheriid and eschrichtiid character states. Numbers correspond to the following: 1, protrusion of posterolateral corner of exoccipital (a, strong; b, slight); 2, posterior projection of postglenoid process of squamosal (a, no; b, yes); 3, squamosal bulges into the temporal fossa (a, yes; b, no); 4, supraorbital process of the frontal abruptly depressed from the interorbital region (a, no; b, yes); 5, shape of supraoccipital (a, triangular with narrow anterior border; b, triangular with broad anterior border; c, posterior portion widely expanded and lateral borders highly converging anteriorly); 6, articulation of rostrum and frontal (a, maxilla superimposed onto the interorbital region of the frontal, maxilla converging towards the midline posteriorly, premaxilla absent; b, premaxilla strongly superimposed onto the interorbital region of the frontal and maxilla reduced; c, maxilla superimposed onto the interorbital region of the frontal, premaxilla present); 7, supraorbital process of the frontal (a, gently descending or slightly depressed; b, abruptly depressed from the interorbital region of the frontal). Not to scale.

Figure 9 in Fragilicetus velponi: a new mysticete genus and species and its implications for the origin of Balaenopteridae (Mammalia, Cetacea, Mysticeti)

Figure 9. Left periotic of the holotype of Fragilicetus velponi gen. et sp. nov. Views as follows: A, cranial; B, lateral; C, dorsal; D, ventral; E, posterior; F, posterodorsal; G, anterior. Scale bar = 50 mm.

Figure 6 in Fragilicetus velponi: a new mysticete genus and species and its implications for the origin of Balaenopteridae (Mammalia, Cetacea, Mysticeti)

Figure 6. Skull of Fragilicetus velponi gen. et sp. nov. in anterior view. A, photo; B, line drawing. Abbreviations: bocc, basioccipital; bs, basisphenoid; desc sop, descending part of supraorbital process of the frontal; fm, foramen magnum; fr, frontal; max, maxilla; par, parietal; pt, pterygoid; soc, supraoccipital; sop, supraorbital process of the frontal; sq, squamosal; sqc, squamosal cleft; vom, vomer. Scale bar = 300 mm.

Figure 5 in Fragilicetus velponi: a new mysticete genus and species and its implications for the origin of Balaenopteridae (Mammalia, Cetacea, Mysticeti)

Figure 5. Holotype skull of Fragilicetus velponi gen. et sp. nov. in lateral view. A, photographic representation; B, interpretative representation. Abbreviations: eam, external acoustic meatus; exo, exoccipital; fr, frontal; max, maxilla; opt, optic channel; par, parietal; pgl, postglenoid process of squamosal; ppp, posterior process of the periotic; pt, pterygoid; soc, supraoccipital; sop, supraorbital process of the frontal; sq, squamosal; sqc, squamosal cleft; vom, vomer; zyg, zygomatic process of the squamosal. Scale bar = 300 mm.

Figure 1 in Fragilicetus velponi: a new mysticete genus and species and its implications for the origin of Balaenopteridae (Mammalia, Cetacea, Mysticeti)

Figure 1. Map showing the discovery site of the holotype of Fragilicetus velponi gen. et sp. nov. near the city of Antwerp, Belgium.

Figure 2 in Fragilicetus velponi: a new mysticete genus and species and its implications for the origin of Balaenopteridae (Mammalia, Cetacea, Mysticeti)

Figure 2. Stratigraphical information for the discovery site with the position of the holotype of Fragilicetus velponi gen. et sp. nov. indicated. The specimen is from the Zanclean of Belgium; it is from the Kattendijk Sands Formation and was found at a height of approximately 22 m below the main level of the sea at Ostend at low tide (Tweede Algemene Waterpassing: see text for explanation). Additional finds at the site include Glycymeris obovata ringelei, Pliothyrina sowerbyana, and Paliolum gerardi mollusc species.

Figure 11 in Fragilicetus velponi: a new mysticete genus and species and its implications for the origin of Balaenopteridae (Mammalia, Cetacea, Mysticeti)

Figure 11. Phylogenetic relationships of Fragilicetus velponi gen. et sp. nov. resulting from the tree bisectionreconnection search. Major mysticete clades are shown. Clade B corresponds to Balaenopteroidea + Aglaocetus moreni + Cophocetus oregonensis + Titanocetus sammarinensis (see text and Supporting Information for further explanation). Tree statistics: tree length = 987; consistency index (CI) = 0.3576; homoplasy index (HI) = 0.6424; CI excluding uninformative characters = 0.3511; HI excluding uninformative characters = 0.6489; retention index = 0.7129; rescaled consistency index = 0.2550.

Figure 7 in Fragilicetus velponi: a new mysticete genus and species and its implications for the origin of Balaenopteridae (Mammalia, Cetacea, Mysticeti)

Figure 7. Skull of Fragilicetus velponi gen. et sp. nov. in ventral view. A, photo; B, line drawing. Abbreviations: ap, anterior process; bocc, basioccipital; bop, descending process of the basioccipital; bs, basisphenoid; eam, external acoustic meatus; exo, exoccipital; fo, foramen ovale; oc, occipital condyle; opt, optic channel; pc, pars cochlearis; ppp, posterior process of the periotic; pt, pterygoid; ptf, pterygoid fossa; pt-pal, pterygoid–palatine suture; sop, supraorbital process of the frontal; sq, squamosal; sqb, squamosal bulge; sq-pt, squamosal-pterygoid suture; zyg, zygomatic process of the squamosal; vom, vomer; vom-pal, vomer–palatine suture. Scale bar = 300 mm.

Figure 10 in Fragilicetus velponi: a new mysticete genus and species and its implications for the origin of Balaenopteridae (Mammalia, Cetacea, Mysticeti)

Figure 10. Left periotic of the holotype of Fragilicetus velponi gen. et sp. nov.: A, cranial view; B, lateral view; C, dorsal view; D, ventral view; E, posterior view; F, anterior view. Posterior process not represented. Abbreviations: VIIcran, endocranial opening of the facial canal; VII-lat, lateral opening of the facial canal; ap, anterior process; aplp, lateral projection of anterior process; app, anterior pedicle for tympanic bulla; ctpp, caudal tympanic process; df, dorsal fossa; elf, endolymphatic foramen; fc, fenestra cochleae (round window); fhm, fossa for the head of malleus; fsm, fossa for stapedial muscle; fv, fenestra vestibuli (oval window); iam, internal acoustic meatus; pc, pars cochlearis; plf, perilymphatic foramen; ppc, pedicle for posterior process; prg, promontorial groove; pyd, pyramidal process. Scale bar = 50 mm.

Figure 4 in Fragilicetus velponi: a new mysticete genus and species and its implications for the origin of Balaenopteridae (Mammalia, Cetacea, Mysticeti)

Figure 4. Holotype skull of Fragilicetus velponi gen. et sp. nov. in dorsal view. A, photographic representation; B, interpretative representation. Abbreviations: exo, exoccipital; fm, foramen magnum; fr, frontal; irfr, interorbital region of the frontal; max, maxilla; nas, nasal; oc, occipital condyle; par, parietal; par-fr, frontoparietal suture; pmx, premaxilla; ppp, posterior process of the periotic; pt, pterygoid; soc, supraoccipital; sop, supraorbital process of the frontal; sq, squamosal; sqb, squamosal bulge; zyg, zygomatic process of the squamosal. Scale bar = 300 mm.

Figure 3 in Fragilicetus velponi: a new mysticete genus and species and its implications for the origin of Balaenopteridae (Mammalia, Cetacea, Mysticeti)

Figure 3. Localizations and orientations of shark bite marks on the holotype skull of Fragilicetus velponi gen. et sp. nov. as seen from the anterior view. The shark bite marks are in solid black. The skull is in anterior view; only the right side of the skull is shown because it is that part that bears the shark bite marks. Abbreviations: ali, alisphenoid; fr, frontal; pal, palatine; par, parietal; pgl, postglenoid process of squamosal; pt, pterygoid; soc, supraoccipital; sq, squamosal; sqc, squamosal cleft; sq-par, squamosal–parietal suture; sq-pt, squamosal-pterygoid suture; tc, temporal crest; vom, vomer; zyg, zygomatic process of the squamosal. Scale bar = 100 mm.

Figure 14 in Fragilicetus velponi: a new mysticete genus and species and its implications for the origin of Balaenopteridae (Mammalia, Cetacea, Mysticeti)

Figure 14. Artistic interpretation of possible interaction between a large shark and Fragilicetus velponi gen. et. sp. nov. as suggested by the shark bite marks on the skull of the holotype specimen shown in Figure 3. The human in the upper right corner serves as a size reference. Illustration by Mark Bosselaers.

Figure 48 in The morphology and systematics of Mammalodon colliveri (Cetacea: Mysticeti), a toothed mysticete from the Oligocene of Australia

Figure 48. Temporal distribution and phylogenetic relationships of basal mysticetes, based upon the tree in Figure 41. Broad unbroken bars represent known stratigraphical distribution error range. Narrow unbroken bars represent inferred ghost lineages. The narrow broken bar represents the uncertain phylogenetic position of Kekenodontidae (excluded from cladistic analyses) relative to stem and crown group Cetacea. Branches ending in arrows represent clades with temporal ranges younger than Early Miocene. Taxa in bold represent toothed archaic mysticetes. Area of grey shading represents the temporal range of molecular and maximum likelihood estimates of the Mysticeti/Odontoceti divergence. Numbered stars at nodes represent fossil records providing first appearance datums for select clades: (1) Basilosauridae, 40–41 Mya (Gingerich et al., 1997; Köhler & Fordyce, 1997); (2) Odontoceti, 33–34 Mya (Barnes et al., 2001); (3) Aetiocetidae, 30–32 Mya (LACM 149259); (4) Chaeomysticeti, 31–34 Mya (Uhen, 2007b); (5) crown group Mysticeti, ~28 Mya (Fordyce, 2002c; Sasaki et al., 2005). See text for discussion and sources of clade ages. For abbreviations see Material and methods.

Figure 46 in The morphology and systematics of Mammalodon colliveri (Cetacea: Mysticeti), a toothed mysticete from the Oligocene of Australia

Figure 46. Most parsimonious optimization of select characters onto the phylogenetic hypothesis presented in Figure 41, showing the evolution of mysticete body size, and characters related to feeding and hearing functional complexes. Note that most morphological features implicated in bulk filter feeding evolve prior to the unequivocal appearance of this feeding mode. Taxa in bold represent toothed archaic mysticetes. For abbreviations see Material and methods.

Figure 45 in The morphology and systematics of Mammalodon colliveri (Cetacea: Mysticeti), a toothed mysticete from the Oligocene of Australia

Figure 45. Artistic restoration of Mammalodon colliveri in the Late Oligocene seas off south-east Australia. The three fish depicted on the left side of the figure are an extinct species of whiting (Sillago pliocaenica Stinton, 1952), known from otoliths discovered in the Jan Juc Formation (Stinton, 1958; Fitzgerald, 2004) (painting by Brian Choo, Museum Victoria, Melbourne, Australia).

Figure 43 in The morphology and systematics of Mammalodon colliveri (Cetacea: Mysticeti), a toothed mysticete from the Oligocene of Australia

Figure 43. Skulls of Mammalodon colliveri (A, C) and Janjucetus hunderi (B, D) in dorsal (top row) and right lateral (bottom row) views, illustrating synapomorphies of Mammalodontidae. Numbers in parentheses designate synapomorphic characters from the character list (Appendix 2). Skulls are scaled to the same length. Dashed lines represent reconstructed regions of cranial anatomy.

Figure 42 in The morphology and systematics of Mammalodon colliveri (Cetacea: Mysticeti), a toothed mysticete from the Oligocene of Australia

Figure 42. Previous phylogenetic hypotheses of toothed mysticete relationships: A, Geisler & Sanders (2003); B, Fitzgerald (2006); C, Bouetel & Muizon (2006); D, Steeman (2007); E, Deméré et al. (2008); and F, Deméré & Berta (2008). Phylogenetic trees (A), (B), (C), (D) and (F) are based on morphologic data, whereas (E) is based on morphologic and molecular data. Taxa in bold represent toothed archaic mysticetes. For abbreviations see Material and methods.