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Figure 4 in Earliest hog-nosed skunk, Conepatus (Mephitidae, Carnivora), from the early Pliocene of Guanajuato, Mexico and origin of South American skunks
Figure 4. Conepatus sanmiguelensis sp. nov., IGM 7800, holotype: A, lateral, B, ventral and C, dorsal views of the skull.
Figure 1 in Earliest hog-nosed skunk, Conepatus (Mephitidae, Carnivora), from the early Pliocene of Guanajuato, Mexico and origin of South American skunks
Figure 1. Map and satellite image of the locality GTO 75, north of San Miguel de Allende Basin, Guanajuato State, Mexico.
Figure 2 in Earliest hog-nosed skunk, Conepatus (Mephitidae, Carnivora), from the early Pliocene of Guanajuato, Mexico and origin of South American skunks
Figure 2. Photograph of locality GTO 75 in the Coecillos area, San Miguel de Allende Basin, Guanajuato State, Mexico. Arrow indicates sites where IGM 7800 (middle) and IGM 7801 (far right) were collected. White vertical bar indicates the layer where associated fauna was found. Black horizontal lines (middle and far right) mark the lower boundary of Pleistocene deposits that cap the Tertiary exposures. Photo by X. Wang, 2 June 2006.
Figure 4. Bayesian Inference phylogenetic tree inferred from 1039 in Genetic Relationships of Long-nosed Potoroos Potorous tridactylus (Kerr, 1792) from the Bass Strait Islands, with Notes on the Subspecies Potorous tridactylus benormi Courtney, 1963
Figure 4. Bayesian Inference phylogenetic tree inferred from 1039 bp of concatenated CO1 and ND2 mitochondrial DNA sequence data. Posterior probabilities for major lineages are shown. A similar tree topology was also inferred from Maximum Likelihood.
Figure 3. Maximum Likelihood phylogenetic tree inferred from 695 in Genetic Relationships of Long-nosed Potoroos Potorous tridactylus (Kerr, 1792) from the Bass Strait Islands, with Notes on the Subspecies Potorous tridactylus benormi Courtney, 1963
Figure 3. Maximum Likelihood phylogenetic tree inferred from 695 bp of CO1 mtDNA sequence, including data from the Potorous tridactylus benormi Holotype (AM M.8319) and Paratype (AM M.8373). Bootstrap values for major lineages are shown. A similar tree topology was inferred from Bayesian inference.
Figure 2 in Genetic Relationships of Long-nosed Potoroos Potorous tridactylus (Kerr, 1792) from the Bass Strait Islands, with Notes on the Subspecies Potorous tridactylus benormi Courtney, 1963
Figure 2. Holotype of Potorous tridactylus benormi AM M.8319 dorsal view (top) and lateral view (bottom). Photography by Sally Cowan.
Population genomic evidence that stream networks structure genetic diversity in the narrowly endemic patch-nosed salamander (Urspelerpes brucei)
<p>Described in 2009, the Patch-nosed Salamander (<em>Urspelerpes brucei</em>) is a miniature species of lungless salamander with a geographic range of only ~45 km<sup>2</sup>. This species is endemic to the foothills of the Appalachian Mountains in extreme northeastern Georgia and northwestern South Carolina. The Tugaloo River—a waterway of some 50 m in width that forms the political boundary between the two states—bisects the tiny range of <em>U. brucei</em> and likely acts as a barrier to gene flow. Using RADcap data and a suite of complementary population genomic analyses, we evaluated the role that this river and its tributaries may play in enabling and/or interrupting gene flow among populations of <em>U. brucei</em>, and we investigated patterns of within-population and between-population genetic variation. Our results revealed a general pattern of isolation-by-stream distance and indicated that a population separated by the Tugaloo River is moderately more differentiated than what is explainable by stream distance alone. Unique in both its physiography and geologic history, this region in which <em>U. brucei</em> lives also harbors more than a dozen other species of lungless salamanders. Therefore, the genetic patterns that we have elucidated may have larger implications for differentiation among populations of other species with similar dispersal abilities.</p>
Figure 3. – Lepisosteus platostomus. Left jaw. A in Histological characteristics of lower jaw bones and oral teeth of the short nose gar, Lepisosteus platostomus Rafinesque, 1820 (Lepisosteidae)
Figure 3. – Lepisosteus platostomus. Left jaw. A: Axial section of a caniniform tooth showing the apical cap of acrodin (ac) above the dentine cone (de), the collar enamel (en) that covers the tooth shaft, the dentine folds in the pulp cavity (pc), and the coronoid bone (cb). Scale bar = 500 μm. B: Detail of the apex of the tooth showing the odontoblastic canaliculi (arrow). Scale bar = 20 μm. C: Transverse section of a caniniform tooth showing the external ridges (arrows) and the dentine folds (arrowheads) in the pulp cavity (pc). The dentine is overlain by a thin collar enamel (en) covering the tooth shaft and participating in the folds. Scale bar = 100 μm. D: The section crosses through three small lingual teeth that show minute folds in their pulp cavity. A caniniform tooth can be seen at the bottom left. Scale bar = 50 μm.
Figure 2. – Lepisosteus platostomus. A in Histological characteristics of lower jaw bones and oral teeth of the short nose gar, Lepisosteus platostomus Rafinesque, 1820 (Lepisosteidae)
Figure 2. – Lepisosteus platostomus. A: External view of the left lower jaw showing the caniniform teeth on the labial side of the jaw. The largest tooth (arrow) is located at the anterior tip of the jaw. On the lingual side of the jaw there are small sharp teeth (arrowheads). Scale bar = 5 mm. In the inset a detail of a caniniform tooth showing the external ridges at its base (arrowhead). Scale bar = 1 mm. B-D: Right jaw. B: Cross section of the jaw (microradiograph) showing five small teeth inserted on a coronoid bone (upper left) plus a larger tooth on the dentary. The white asterisk indicates the unmineralized Meckel's cartilage on the left hand side of the dentary (de). Scale bar = 2.5 mm. In the inset a microradiograph of a caniniform tooth and its attachment bone (bo), also showing its dentine core (arrowhead) with the apical acrodin cap (arrow). C: Parasagittal median section of the jaw (microradiograph) showing five caniniform teeth. The dentine folds occupy the total height of the pulp cavities. On the left one can also see five hypermineralized acrodin caps. Scale bar = 2 mm. D: Parasagittal lingual section of the jaw (microradiograph) showing the small lingual teeth series some of them showing minute mineralized folds in the pulp cavity. Scale bar = 1 mm.
Data from: Development and application of a scoring system for septum injuries in beef calves with and without a nose flap
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Data from: Fuzzy boundaries: Color and gene flow patterns among parapatric lineages of the Western shovel-nosed snake and taxonomic implication
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Population genomic evidence that stream networks structure genetic diversity in the narrowly endemic patch-nosed salamander (Urspelerpes brucei)
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Does the tail show when the nose knows? AI-enhanced analysis of tail kinematics outperforms human experts at predicting when detection dogs find their target odor
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Data and code from: A multifaceted approach reveals complex genomic mediation of white-nose syndrome resistance in the little brown bat (<em>Myotis lucifugus</em>)
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Image 2 in Habitat suitability, threats and conservation strategies of Hump-nosed Pit Viper Hypnale hypnale Merrem (Reptilia: Viperidae) found in Western Ghats, Goa, India
Image 2. Gravid female killed in cashew plantation during weed clearance
Figure 1 in Habitat suitability, threats and conservation strategies of Hump-nosed Pit Viper Hypnale hypnale Merrem (Reptilia: Viperidae) found in Western Ghats, Goa, India
Figure 1. Distribution of Hypnale hypnale in the study sites and cashew plantations.
Image 1 in Habitat suitability, threats and conservation strategies of Hump-nosed Pit Viper Hypnale hypnale Merrem (Reptilia: Viperidae) found in Western Ghats, Goa, India
Image 1. Hypnale hypnale in natural habitat
Data from: Efficacy of a probiotic bacterium to treat bats affected by the disease white-nose syndrome
The management of infectious diseases is an important conservation concern for a growing number of wildlife species. However, effective disease control in wildlife is challenging because feasible management options are often lacking. White-nose syndrome (WNS) is an infectious disease of hibernating bats that currently threatens several North American species with extinction. Currently, no effective treatments exist for WNS. We conducted a laboratory experiment to test the efficacy of treatment with Pseudomonas fluorescens, a bacterium that naturally occurs on bats, to reduce disease severity and improve survival of little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus) exposed to Pseudogymnoacus destructans, the fungal pathogen that causes WNS. Application of the bacteria at the time of P. destructans infection reduced several measures of disease severity and increased survival, whereas bacterial treatment prior to pathogen exposure had no effect on survival and worsened disease severity. Our results suggest that probiotic treatment with Ps. fluorescens has potential for WNS disease management but the timing of application is critical and should coincide with natural exposure of bats to P. destructans. More broadly, these results add to the growing knowledge of how the natural host microbiota can influence disease outcomes.
Data from: Modelling the potential efficacy of treatments for white-nose syndrome in bats
<p class="western">1. The fungal disease white-nose syndrome (WNS) has caused mass mortality in some species of North American bats during hibernation. </p> <p class="western">2. We use population viability models to test if a hypothetical WNS treatment or management action could facilitate the recovery of WNS-affected little brown myotis (<i>Myotis lucifugus</i>) populations. We modelled scenarios altering three parameters: (1) WNS severity (population growth rate of WNS-affected populations; λ<sub>WNS</sub>); (2) proportion of population treated; and (3) treatment improvement in winter survival (TIWS). </p> <p class="western">3. Our models predict that a treatment or management action that targets an entire population with a TIWS of 40% (the average TIWS in bat trials to date) will cause a population to stabilize or increase if WNS causes an annual decline of less than 70% (i.e. λ<sub>WNS</sub>>=0.30). However, for severe WNS (λ<sub>WNS</sub>=0.10), the TIWS must be at least 54% to cause the population to stabilize or increase. Where only a proportion of a WNS-affected population is treated, population stability is much harder to achieve unless the impact of WNS attenuates over time.</p> <p class="western">4. Our models suggest that a treatment or management action only facilitates the recovery of WNS-affected populations if WNS is mild, a large proportion of bats can be treated, TIWS is high, and/or WNS severity attenuates over time.</p> <p class="western"><span>5. </span><i>Synthesis and applications</i><i><span>.</span></i><span> We mode</span><span><span>lled</span></span><span> the predicted abundance trajectory of white-nose syndrome (WNS)-affected little brown myotis (</span><i><span>Myotis lucifugus</span></i><span>) populations </span><span><span>in response to hypothetical treatment or management actions. Our two types of models incorporate the complete range of possible scenarios varying three parameters: (1) population growth rate of the WNS-affected population</span></span><span><span>, (2) the improvement in winter </span></span><span><span>survival associated with the </span></span><span><span>treatment or management action, and (3) the proportion of the population treated. </span></span><span><span><span><span>We suggest that our models, which can be explored using online Shiny applications, should be used in the planning phase of treatment or management action programs for WNS.</span></span></span></span></p>
Data from: Resistance in persisting bat populations after white-nose syndrome invasion
Increases in anthropogenic movement have led to a rise in pathogen introductions and the emergence of infectious diseases in naive host communities worldwide. We combined empirical data and mathematical models to examine changes in disease dynamics in little brown bat (Myotis lucifugus) populations following the introduction of the emerging fungal pathogen Pseudogymnoascus destructans, which causes the disease white-nose syndrome. We found that infection intensity was much lower in persisting populations than in declining populations where the fungus has recently invaded. Fitted models indicate that this is most consistent with a reduction in the growth rate of the pathogen when fungal loads become high. The data are inconsistent with the evolution of tolerance or an overall reduced pathogen growth rate that might be caused by environmental factors. The existence of resistance in some persisting populations of little brown bats offers a glimmer of hope that a precipitously declining species will persist in the face of this deadly pathogen. This article is part of the themed issue 'Human influences on evolution, and the ecological and societal consequences'.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.