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481 results for “palate”
Palatability and Tolerability of Deferasirox Taken With Meals, With Different Liquids or Crushed and Added to Food
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT00845871. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.
Data from: Reduced palatability, fast flight, and tails: Decoding the defence arsenal of Eudaminae skipper butterflies in a Neotropical locality
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Specimen list and landmark coordinates for the palate of early salamanders
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Mind the gap: natural cleft palates reduce biting performance in bats
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Interactive effects of rising temperature and nutrient enrichment on aquatic plant growth, stoichiometry, and palatability
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Supplementary material and data from: Cranial volume and palate length of cats, Felis spp., under domestication, hybridisation and in wild populations
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Data from the study: Effect of experimental DNA demethylation on phytohormones production and palatability of a clonal plant after induction via jasmonic acid
<p>Many plant species protect themselves against herbivores through mechanical or chemical so-called inducible defences (ID). These are regulated via a hormonal cascade which may be under epigenetic control and in which jasmonic acid (JA) plays a prominent role.</p> <p>In this study, we indirectly tested the role of DNA methylation in the production of ID and the synthesis of hormones involved in the ID signalling cascade. Using different intensities of 5-azacytidine application, we aimed to produce plants of <i>Trifolium repens</i> with different levels of DNA methylation alteration. We then elicited the plants together with controls, i.e. plants with natural DNA methylation status, with JA and then indirectly recorded ID production in herbivore-choice trials in which the leaves of plants with different DNA methylation statuses were provided to caterpillars of a generalist herbivore, <i>Spodoptera littoralis.</i></p> <p>We also analysed the balance of several key defence hormones such as jasmonates, abscisic acid (ABA), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and salicylic acid in the plants. We found that the <i>Spodoptera littoralis</i> preferred demethylated plants over non-demethylated controls. Demethylation also reduced production of JA, ABA and IAA. We conclude that DNA methylation modulates expression of ID likely via regulation of signalling hormones involved in the establishment of defence.</p>
Data from: The roles of joint tissues and jaw muscles in palatal biomechanics of the Savannah monitor (Varanus exanthematicus) and their significance for cranial kinesis
Many vertebrates exhibit cranial kinesis, or movement between bones of the skull other than at the jaw joint. Many kinetic species possess a particular suite of features to accomplish this movement, including flexible cranial joints and protractor musculature. Whereas the skeletal anatomy of these kinetic systems is well understood, how these joints are biomechanically loaded, how different soft tissues affect joint loading and kinetic capacity, and how the protractor musculature loads the skull remain poorly understood. Here we developed a Finite Element Model of the savannah monitor, Varanus exanthematicus, a modestly kinetic lizard, to better elucidate the roles of soft tissue in mobile joints and protractor musculature on cranial loading. We described the 3D resultants of jaw muscles and histology of palatobasal, otic and jaw joints. We tested the effects of joint tissue types, bite point, and muscle loads to evaluate the biomechanical role of muscles have on the palate and braincase. We found the jaw muscles have significant mediolateral components and resultants that can impart stability across palatocranial joints. We found articular tissues affect the magnitude of strains experienced across the palatobasal and otic joints. We found that without protractor muscle loading, the palate, quadrate and braincase experience higher strains suggesting this muscle helps insulate the braincase and palatoquadrate from high loads. Finally, we found the cross-sectional properties of the bones of Varanus exanthematicus is well suited for performing under torsional loads. These findings suggest that torsion may be a significant driver in the evolution of cranial kinesis in lepidosaurs.
Data from: Intraspecific variation in litter palatability to macroarthropods in response to grazing and soil fertility
1. Clarifying the functional consequences of intraspecific trait variability in response to interacting trophic levels would provide a significant improvement in our understanding of aboveground-belowground linkages. In particular, the effects of grazing on plant traits may translate into altered litter quality, with potentially important consequences for litter-feeding decomposers. Plant and litter variability in response to grazing is expected to depend on soil fertility levels, with tolerance and defensive strategies more commonly expressed on fertile and poorer soils, respectively. However, how grazing and fertility interactively alter litter quality and palatability to detritivores has not been explored yet. 2. We conducted a cafeteria experiment with three common millipede (Diplopoda) species feeding on leaf litter from two plant species, the grass Bromopsis erecta and the forb Potentilla verna. Each millipede was offered a binary choice between litter types produced by the same plant species, but sampled in plots with distinct herbivory and fertilization status: litter originating from grazed areas or from one-year sheep exclosures, both in native areas and in adjacent paddocks that received chemical N and P fertilization, as well as litter from a 25-year sheep exclusion in the native area. 3. We found that fertilization and herbivore exclusion interactively affected Bromopsis litter quality and palatability, whereas Potentilla was much less affected. Bromopsis litter palatability was not affected by grazing when litter was collected in native plots, except for the long-term exclosure which led to a very low palatability. In contrast, and in line with our expectations, herbivory was associated with much higher palatability in fertilized plots. The changes in palatability were associated with important alterations of litter quality. 4. Overall, our study demonstrates that intraspecific variation in litter can have profound consequences for soil functioning. It emphasizes the role of grazing as a key, but plant species-specific factor controlling litter intraspecific variability, and its complex interaction with soil fertility level. Moreover, our results advocate for a better understanding of the response of the different organisms involved in the decomposition process, in particular litter-feeding macro-detritivores. We encourage future studies aiming at disentangling the various and complex relationships between aboveground processes such as herbivory and soil functioning.
Fig. 5 in Palatal Biomechanics and its Significance for Cranial Kinesis in Tyrannosaurus rex
Fig. 5. Heat maps depicting Von Mises strains in Gekko gecko (A–C), Psittacus erithacus (D–F), and Tyrannosaurus rex (G–I) in Left, Neutral; Middle, FAM; and Right, MLM postures of each taxon. Models are shown in left oblique (top), left lateral (middle), and ventral (bottom) views. Heat maps show strains in postural models with all muscles fired simultaneously. Areas of high strain appear in warmer colors; white areas are beyond the scales presented with the models. Cooler colors depict areas of low strain concentration. Bones of the left lateral dermatocranium (i.e., portions of the maxilla, jugal, lacrimal, postorbital, and quadratojugal bones) have been removed on heat maps of T. rex to show details of the palate, although all bones were in place for the analysis.
Fig. 3 in Palatal Biomechanics and its Significance for Cranial Kinesis in Tyrannosaurus rex
Fig. 3. Mapped attachments of jaw muscles used to load finite element models of (A) Gekko gecko; (B) Psittacus erithacus, and (C) Tyrannosaurus rex in Top: left oblique; Middle: left lateral; and Bottom: ventral views for each taxon. Muscle map colors follow same palate and hypotheses of homology as Holliday (2009).
Fig. 2 in Palatal Biomechanics and its Significance for Cranial Kinesis in Tyrannosaurus rex
Fig. 2. Comparisons of postures using overlays of each of the three models: Left, Gekko gecko; Middle, Tyrannosaurus rex; Right, Psittacus erithacus showing postural change in left lateral (A) and ventral (B) views and in rostral (C), lateral, (D), and ventral (E) views showing overlaid postural configurations used to model kinetic competency. Postures are overlaid using the jaw joint as the origin of the axes. Neutral models are represented in gray, FAM models in orange, and MLM models in blue. Angles of rotation/translation at the otic joint are shown using color-coded angle measurements in (A) and (B).
Fig. 1 in Palatal Biomechanics and its Significance for Cranial Kinesis in Tyrannosaurus rex
Fig. 1. Postural Kinetic Competency modeling workflow followed in this study. Microcomputed Tomography data (A) are segmented to build 3D models by segmenting individual bones (or bony segments; e.g., beak, braincase) as separate elements (B). 3D models are reconstructed in kinetic postures with individual elements realistically articulated (C). The resulting models are imported into Strand7 as stereolithographical files and are meshed using 4-node tetrahedra (D). Meshed models are prepared for finite element analysis (FEA) by mapping muscles on the surface and eliminating tetrahedra in joint areas (E1). Beams are attached to the facing sides of joint surfaces and are given material properties reflecting capsular or sutural ligaments (E2). The resulting finite element model is loaded using distributed muscle forces via the BoneLoad MATLAB program and Strand7 FEA software (F).
Fig. 10 in Palatal Biomechanics and its Significance for Cranial Kinesis in Tyrannosaurus rex
Fig. 10. Illustration of Tyrannosaurus skull in left lateral (top) and ventral (bottom) views with key functional characteristics of the feeding apparatus. Numerous features of the skull of Tyrannosaurus suggest it was not capable of substantial cranial kinesis.
Fig. 9 in Palatal Biomechanics and its Significance for Cranial Kinesis in Tyrannosaurus rex
Fig. 9. Comparison of neutral postures of Tyrannosaurus rex and Psittacus erithacus in left rostrolateral view showing effects of protractor muscle activation, constraints, and sutural materials on the behavior of models. Jaw joint constraints with activated (A) and deactivated (B) protractor muscles reveal few differences in strains in the model. Occipital constraints with activated (C) and deactivated (D) protractor muscles reveal significant differences in strain distribution in the palate. Regions of models with hatching represent areas that have been cut away to allow for better visualizations of internal structures. Psittacus erithacus is presented to show differences between using rodent sutural properties (E) and canine sutural properties (F). Rodent sutural properties were used in Psittacus and Gekko and canine sutural properties were used in Tyrannosaurus. Sutural properties were considered based on taxon size.
Fig. 8 in Palatal Biomechanics and its Significance for Cranial Kinesis in Tyrannosaurus rex
Fig. 8. Strains of regions of interest in the palatal elements of Tyrannosaurus rex. Regions of interest and scatter plots showing individual sample points as well as median strains (color-coded by sampling region) are represented. Otic, middle, and ventral regions correspond to sampling of the quadrate whereas Rostral, middle, and caudal regions correspond to sampling areas of the palatine and pterygoid. Each sampling region consists of 50 tetrahedra sampled randomly from the surface of the skeletal element. Horizontal lines representing the median value of the neutral posture are shown in red in each region of the palatal bones to facilitate comparison across postures.
Fig. 7 in Palatal Biomechanics and its Significance for Cranial Kinesis in Tyrannosaurus rex
Fig. 7. Strains of regions of interest in the palatal elements of Psittacus erithacus. Regions of interest and scatter plots showing individual sample points as well as median strains (color-coded by sampling region) are represented. Otic, middle, and ventral regions correspond to sampling of the quadrate whereas Rostral, middle, and caudal regions correspond to sampling areas of the palatine and pterygoid. Each sampling region consists of 50 tetrahedra sampled randomly from the surface of the skeletal element. Horizontal lines representing the median value of the neutral posture are shown in red in each region of the palatal bones to facilitate comparison across postures.
Fig. 4 in Palatal Biomechanics and its Significance for Cranial Kinesis in Tyrannosaurus rex
Fig. 4. The relationship between fiber length, pennation angle, and force in muscle physiology and its application to reconstructing function in fossil taxa using recent case studies. PCSA is a function of pennation angle and fiber length and is mapped as a heatmap with contour lines. We replotted the regression line from Bates and Falkingham, 2018 (labeled "B&F 2018") showing the classic prediction that increasing pennation in order to accommodate shorter muscle fibers increases PCSA. PCSA values from recent studies, Gignac and Erickson, 2017 (labeled "G&E 2017") and Bates and Falkingham, 2018, of Tyrannosaurus cranial biomechanics are also plotted to show similarities in approaches.
Fig. 6 in Palatal Biomechanics and its Significance for Cranial Kinesis in Tyrannosaurus rex
Fig. 6. Strains of regions of interest in the palatal elements of Gekko gecko. Regions of interest and scatter plots showing individual sample points as well as median strains (color-coded by sampling region) are represented. Otic, middle, and ventral regions correspond to sampling of the quadrate whereas rostral, middle, and caudal regions correspond to sampling areas of the palatine and pterygoid. Each sampling region consists of 50 tetrahedra sampled randomly from the surface of the skeletal element. Horizontal lines representing the median value of the neutral posture are shown in red in each region of the palatal bones to facilitate comparison across postures.
On following pages: 35. Short-palated Fruit Bat (Casinycteris argynnis); 36. Pohle's Fruit Bat (Casinycteris ophiodon); 37. Campo-Ma'an Fruit Bat (Casinycteris campomaanensis); 38. Lesser Dawn Bat (Eonycteris spelaea); 39. Greater Dawn Bat (Eonycteris major); 40. Philippine Dawn Bat (Eonycteris robusta); 41. Geoffroy's Rousette (Rousettus amplexicaudatus): 42. Bare-backed Rousette (Rousettus spinalatus); 43. Leschenault's Rousette (Rousettus leschenaultil); 44. Linduan Rousette (Rousettus linduensis); 45. Sulawesi Rousette (Rousettus celebensis); 46. Egyptian Rousette (Rousettus aegyptiacus); 47 Malagasy Rousette (Rousettus madagascariensis); 48. Comoro Rousette (Rousettus obliviosus); 49. Long-haired Fruit Bat (Stenonycteris lanosus). in Pteropodidae
On following pages: 35. Short-palated Fruit Bat (Casinycteris argynnis); 36. Pohle's Fruit Bat (Casinycteris ophiodon); 37. Campo-Ma'an Fruit Bat (Casinycteris campomaanensis); 38. Lesser Dawn Bat (Eonycteris spelaea); 39. Greater Dawn Bat (Eonycteris major); 40. Philippine Dawn Bat (Eonycteris robusta); 41. Geoffroy's Rousette (Rousettus amplexicaudatus): 42. Bare-backed Rousette (Rousettus spinalatus); 43. Leschenault's Rousette (Rousettus leschenaultil); 44. Linduan Rousette (Rousettus linduensis); 45. Sulawesi Rousette (Rousettus celebensis); 46. Egyptian Rousette (Rousettus aegyptiacus); 47 Malagasy Rousette (Rousettus madagascariensis); 48. Comoro Rousette (Rousettus obliviosus); 49. Long-haired Fruit Bat (Stenonycteris lanosus).
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