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212 results for “parallel evolution”
FIGURES 1–8 in A new species of Dexoris (Coleoptera: Lycidae) and parallel evolution of brachyptery in the soft-bodied elateroid beetles
FIGURES 1–8. Dexoris chome sp. nov. 1 general appearance, 2 hind wing, 3 maxillae and labium, 4 mandible, 5 labrum, 6 antenna, 7 abdomen, 8 hind leg. Scales 1 mm (Figs 1, 7), 0.5 mm (Figs 6, 8), 0.25 mm (Figs 2–5).
FIGURE 14 in A new species of Dexoris (Coleoptera: Lycidae) and parallel evolution of brachyptery in the soft-bodied elateroid beetles
FIGURE 14. The distribution of Dexoris and centres for evolution of new species defined by Fjeldså & Lovett (1997).
Predictability and parallelism in the contemporary evolution of hybrid genomes
<p>Hybridization between species is widespread across the tree of life. As a result, many species, including our own, harbor regions of their genome derived from hybridization. Despite the recognition that this process is widespread, we understand little about how the genome stabilizes following hybridization, and whether the mechanisms driving this stabilization tend to be shared across species. Here, we dissect the drivers of variation in local ancestry across the genome in replicated hybridization events between two species pairs of swordtail fish: <em>Xiphophorus birchmanni </em>× <em>X. cortezi</em> and <em>X. birchmanni </em>× <em>X. malinche</em> . We find surprisingly high levels of repeatability in local ancestry across the two types of hybrid populations. This repeatability is attributable in part to the fact that the recombination landscape and locations of functionally important elements play a major role in driving variation in local ancestry in both types of hybrid populations. Beyond these broad scale patterns, we identify dozens of regions of the genome where minor parent ancestry is unusually low or high across species pairs. Analysis of these regions points to shared sites under selection across species pairs, and in some cases, shared mechanisms of selection. We show that one such region is a previously unknown hybrid incompatibility that is shared across <em>X. birchmanni</em> × <em>X. cortezi</em> and <em>X. birchmanni</em> × <em>X. malinche</em> hybrid populations. </p>
Parallelism in endocarp form sheds light on fruit syndrome evolution in Viburnum
<p>All <i>Viburnum</i> species produce drupes with a hardened endocarp surrounding a single seed. Endocarp form varies greatly within <i>Viburnum</i>, and differences in shape have long been used to distinguish major subclades. Here we trace the evolution of <i>Viburnum</i> endocarp shape using morphometric analyses and phylogenies for 115 <i>Viburnum</i> species. Endocarp measurements were obtained from fruits sampled from herbarium specimens and from field collections, and shapes were analyzed using elliptical Fourier analysis. We infer that the first viburnums had flattened and grooved endocarps. Subsequently, there were multiple losses of grooving in conjunction with shifts to both highly flattened and nearly round endocarps. In several clades the parallel evolution of a derived endocarp shape was accompanied by changes in a suite of other fruit traits, yielding distinctive fruit syndromes likely related to bird dispersal. However, in other clades endocarp shapes similar to the ancestral form have been retained while other fruit traits (color, amount of flesh, nutritional content) have diverged. We quantify cases of parallel evolution in endocarp shape that cut across recognized fruit syndromes such as red, carbohydrate rich fruits with flattened endocarps or blue, lipid rich fruits with round endocarps. Our analyses now invite studies of function and the selective factors that have yielded the distinctive suites of fruit and seed traits that distinguish the major <i>Viburnum</i> lineages.</p>
Data from: Relaxed risk of predation drives parallel evolution of stickleback behaviour
<p><span>The occurrence of similar phenotypes in multiple independent populations derived from common ancestral conditions (<em>viz</em>. parallel evolution) is a testimony of evolution by natural selection. Parallel evolution implies that populations share a common phenotypic response to a common selection pressure associated with habitat similarity. Examples of parallel evolution at genetic and phenotypic levels are fairly common, but the driving selective agents often remain elusive. Similarly, the role of phenotypic plasticity in facilitating early stages of parallel evolution is unclear. We investigated whether the relaxation of predation pressure associated with the colonization of freshwater ponds by nine-spined sticklebacks (<em>Pungitius pungitius</em>) likely explains the divergence in complex behaviours between marine and pond populations, and whether this divergence is parallel. Using laboratory-raised individuals exposed to different levels of perceived predation risk, we calculated vectors of phenotypic divergence for four behavioural traits between habitats and predation risk treatments. We found a significant correlation between the directions of evolutionary divergence and phenotypic plasticity, suggesting that divergence in behaviour between habitats is aligned with the response to relaxation of predation pressure. Finally, we show alignment across multiple pairs of populations, and that relaxation of predation pressure has likely driven parallel evolution of behaviour in this species.</span></p>
Figure 16 in The Macrobiotus ariekammensis species complex provides evidence for parallel evolution of claw elongation in macrobiotid tardigrades
Figure 16. Macrobiotus kirghizicus from the Kyrgyz Republic – the oral cavity armature seen in SEM: A, dorsal view on the oral cavity armature; B, ventral view on the oral cavity armature; C, details of the first band of teeth. Filled indented arrowheads indicate the first band of teeth in the
Figure 17 in The Macrobiotus ariekammensis species complex provides evidence for parallel evolution of claw elongation in macrobiotid tardigrades
Figure 17. Macrobiotus kirghizicus from the Kyrgyz Republic – egg chorion morphology seen in PCM: A, B, egg surface under 1000× magnification; C–F, egg processes midsections under 1000× magnification. Filled flat arrowheads indicate pores within the basal portion of egg processes wall, indented empty arrowheads indicate short dark thickenings around the process bases below or at the same level as the lower ring of pores, empty flat arrowheads indicate septum between the basal and distal portion of egg process. Scale bars in µm.
Figure 19 in The Macrobiotus ariekammensis species complex provides evidence for parallel evolution of claw elongation in macrobiotid tardigrades
Figure 19. Bayesian phylogenetic reconstruction of Superclade I of the family Macrobiotidae. Values at nodes are BI posterior probability supports, with maximum values (1.00) indicated by asterisks (*). Newly sequenced and/or newly analysed taxa/populations are bolded. Taxa exhibiting claws of typical size and proportions are presented in black font,
Figure 14 in The Macrobiotus ariekammensis species complex provides evidence for parallel evolution of claw elongation in macrobiotid tardigrades
Figure 14. Macrobiotus kirghizicus from the Kyrgyz Republic – claws (paratypes): A, B, claws II and IV seen in PCM, respectively; C, single continuous cuticular bar and double muscle attachments on leg III seen in PCM; D, E, claws II and IV seen in SEM, respectively. Empty flat arrowheads indicate accessory points, filled flat arrowheads indicate double muscles attachments under the claws, filled indented arrowhead indicates cuticular bar. Scale bars in µm.
Figure 12 in The Macrobiotus ariekammensis species complex provides evidence for parallel evolution of claw elongation in macrobiotid tardigrades
Figure 12. Macrobiotus kirghizicus from the Kyrgyz Republic: A, habitus, dorsoventral projection (Hoyer's medium, PCM); B, C, cuticular pores on the dorsocaudal part of the body seen in PCM and SEM, respectively. Filled flat arrowheads indicate faint body granulation. Scale bars in µm.
Figure 11 in The Macrobiotus ariekammensis species complex provides evidence for parallel evolution of claw elongation in macrobiotid tardigrades
Figure 11. Macrobiotus ariekammensis groenlandicus subsp. nov. – egg chorion morphology seen in SEM: A, entire egg; B, magnification of the egg surface; C, D, details of the egg processes; E, F, details of the terminal portion of egg processes. Filled flat arrowheads indicate pores within the basal portion of the process wall. Scale bars in µm.
Figure 9 in The Macrobiotus ariekammensis species complex provides evidence for parallel evolution of claw elongation in macrobiotid tardigrades
Figure 9. Macrobiotus ariekammensis groenlandicus subsp. nov. – buccal apparatus and oral cavity armature seen in SEM: A, entire buccal apparatus; B, ventral view of the buccal crown; C, D, placoids morphology; E, magnification of the middle part of the buccal apparatus with stylet support insertion points; F, the oral cavity armature. Filled arrows indicate two globular protuberances on the ventral side of the buccal crown and buccal tube, empty arrows indicate dorsal cuticular spikes, empty indented arrowheads indicate central constrictions in first macroplacoid and subterminal constriction in second macroplacoid, filled flat arrowhead indicates a single tooth in dorsal portion of the third band of teeth in the oral cavity. Scale bars in µm.
Figure 8 in The Macrobiotus ariekammensis species complex provides evidence for parallel evolution of claw elongation in macrobiotid tardigrades
Figure 8. Macrobiotus ariekammensis groenlandicus subsp. nov. – buccal apparatus and the oral cavity armature seen in PCM: A, dorsoventral projection of the entire buccal apparatus; B, C, oral cavity armature visible from dorsal (B) and ventral (C) view, respectively; D, oral cavity armature visible from lateral view; E, macroplacoid morphology. Filled flat arrowheads indicate a single tooth in dorsal portion of the third band of teeth in the oral cavity, empty arrows indicate dorsal cuticular spikes, empty indented arrowheads indicate central constrictions in first macroplacoids and subterminal constriction in second macroplacoid. Scale bars in µm.
Figure 13 in The Macrobiotus ariekammensis species complex provides evidence for parallel evolution of claw elongation in macrobiotid tardigrades
Figure 13. Macrobiotus kirghizicus from the Kyrgyz Republic – cuticular structures on legs: A, B, granulation on the external surface of legs III seen in PCM (A) and SEM (B), respectively; C, D, granulation on the internal surface of legs III and II seen in PCM (C) and SEM (D), respectively; E–F, granulation on the dorsal and dorsolateral surface of leg IV seen
Figure 10 in The Macrobiotus ariekammensis species complex provides evidence for parallel evolution of claw elongation in macrobiotid tardigrades
Figure 10. Macrobiotus ariekammensis groenlandicus subsp. nov. – egg chorion morphology seen in PCM: A–D, egg surface under 1000× magnification; E–P, egg processes midsections under 1000× magnification. Filled flat arrowheads indicate a crown of dark thickenings and pores arranged alternately around egg process bases, filled indented arrowheads indicate light-refracting dots in the egg surface between the processes, empty flat arrowheads indicate septum between the basal and distal portion of egg process. Scale bars in µm.
Figure 15 in The Macrobiotus ariekammensis species complex provides evidence for parallel evolution of claw elongation in macrobiotid tardigrades
Figure 15. Macrobiotus kirghizicus from the Kyrgyz Republic – buccal apparatus and the oral cavity armature seen in PCM: A, dorsoventral projection of the entire buccal apparatus; B, C, oral cavity armature visible from dorsal (B) and ventral (C) view, respectively; D, oral cavity armature visible from lateral view; E, macroplacoid morphology. Filled flat arrowheads indicate the third band of teeth in the oral cavity, empty arrow indicates dorsal cuticular spike, empty flat arrowhead indicates the second band of teeth in the oral cavity, empty indented arrowheads indicate central constrictions in first macroplacoid and subterminal constriction in second macroplacoid. Scale bars in µm.
Figure 6 in The Macrobiotus ariekammensis species complex provides evidence for parallel evolution of claw elongation in macrobiotid tardigrades
Figure 6. Macrobiotus ariekammensis groenlandicus subsp. nov. – cuticular structures on legs: A–C, granulation on the external surface of legs III seen in PCM (A) and SEM (B, C), respectively; C, shows a magnification of leg granulation above the dense granulation patch; D–F, granulation on the internal surface of legs III seen in PCM (D) and SEM (E, F), respectively; F, shows a magnification of leg granulation above the dense granulation patch; G–I, granulation on the dorsal and dorsolateral surface of leg IV seen in PCM (G) and SEM (H, I); I, shows a magnification of leg granulation above the dense granulation patch. Filled flat arrowheads indicate the dense granulation patch on the external leg surface, empty indented arrowhead indicates the cuticular bulge (pulvini), empty flat arrowheads indicate the dense granulation patch on the internal leg surface, filled indented arrowhead indicates cuticular bar under the claws. Scale bars in µm.
Figure 7 in The Macrobiotus ariekammensis species complex provides evidence for parallel evolution of claw elongation in macrobiotid tardigrades
Figure 7. Macrobiotus ariekammensis groenlandicus subsp. nov. – claws: A, B, claws III and IV seen in PCM, respectively; C–E, claws I, III and IV seen in SEM, respectively. Filled flat arrowheads indicate double muscles attachments under the claws, filled indented arrowhead indicates cuticular bar under the claws. Scale bars in µm.
Figure 5. Macrobiotus ariekammensis groenlandicus subsp. nov. A in The Macrobiotus ariekammensis species complex provides evidence for parallel evolution of claw elongation in macrobiotid tardigrades
Figure 5. Macrobiotus ariekammensis groenlandicus subsp. nov. A, habitus, dorsoventral projection (holotype, Hoyer's medium, PCM); B, C, well-visible granulation on the dorsal (B) and ventral (C) parts of the body seen in PCM; D, less-visible granulation on the dorsal part of the body seen in PCM; E, F, granulation on the dorsal part of the body seen in SEM; G, magnification on the cuticular pore and granulation on the dorsal part of the body in SEM. Filled flat arrowheads indicate the granules of granulation seen in SEM. Scale bars in µm.
Figure 4 in The Macrobiotus ariekammensis species complex provides evidence for parallel evolution of claw elongation in macrobiotid tardigrades
Figure 4. Macrobiotus ariekammensis ariekammensis from Svalbard – egg chorion morphology seen in PCM: A, B, surface of the egg under 1000× magnification; C–H, midsections of eggs processes under 1000× magnification. Filled flat arrowheads indicate a crown of dark thickenings and pores arranged alternately around egg processes bases. Scale bars in µm.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.