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Fig. 4 in Evidence for parallel development of ever-growing molars in Early Pleistocene rodents from southern Spain and their paleoenvironmental implications

Fig. 4. ESEM images (all in occlusal view) of Tibericola vandermeuleni (Agustí, 1992), from Lower Pleistocene, Barranco de los Conejos, Guadix-Baza Basin, Spain. A. Right m1, IPHES-BC-135. B. Right m1, IPHES-BC-34. C. Right m1, holotype, IPHES-BC-36. D. Right m1, IPHES-BC-114. E. Right m1, IPHES-BC-115. F. Right m1, IPHES-BC-116. G. Left m1, IPHES-BC-29. H. Left m1, IPHES-BC-40. I. Left m1 (the posterior lobe is missing), IPHES-BC-136. J. Right M3, IPHES-BC-141. K. Right M3 (part of the posterior lobe is missing), IPHES-BC-142. L. Left M3, IPHES-BC-121. M. Right M3, IPHES-BC-140.

Fig. 1 in Evidence for parallel development of ever-growing molars in Early Pleistocene rodents from southern Spain and their paleoenvironmental implications

Fig. 1. Nomenclature and measurements of arvicoline molars. A, B. Left m1 of Manchenomys (nomenclature (A) and measurements (B). C. Right M3 of Manchenomys. Abbreviations: A, ACC length; AC2, anteroconid cap; AL1, anterior lobe; B, shortest distance between BRA3 and LRA4; BRA, buccal re-entrant angle; BSA, buccal salient angle; C, shortest distance between LRA3 and BRA3; L, occlusal surface length; LRA, lingual re-entrant angle; LSA, lingual salient angle; PC, posterior cap; PL, posterior lobe; T1–T7, triangles 1–7; W, width.

Fig. 3 in Evidence for parallel development of ever-growing molars in Early Pleistocene rodents from southern Spain and their paleoenvironmental implications

Fig. 3. ESEM images (all in occlusal view) of Manchenomys oswaldoreigi (Agustí, Castillo, and Galobart, 1993), from Lower Pleistocene, Barranco de los Conejos, Guadix-Baza Basin, Spain. A. Left m1, IPHES-BC-28. B. Left m1, IPHES-BC-33. C. Right m1 (the posterior lobe is missing), IPHES-BC-38. D. Left M3, IPHES-BC-145.

Fig. 2 in Evidence for parallel development of ever-growing molars in Early Pleistocene rodents from southern Spain and their paleoenvironmental implications

Fig. 2. ESEM images (all in occlusal view, except A2, B2, C) of Early Pleistocene arvicolines from Spain. A–G. Orcemys giberti Martin, Tesakov, Agustí, and Johnston, 2018, from Barranco de los Conejos, Guadix-Baza Basin. A. Left m1 in occlusal (A1) and lateral (A2) views, holotype, IPHES-BC-30. B. Right m1 in occlusal (B1) and lateral (B2) views, IPHESA-BC-118. C. Right m1 in basal view, IPHES-BC-31. D. Right M2, IPHES-BC-32. E. Right M2, IPHES-BC-117. F. Right M3, IPHES-BC-120. G. Posterior fragment of right M3, IPHES-BC-119. H. Mimomys sp. from Cortijo de Don Alfonso, Guadix-Baza Basin; left m1, IPHES-CDA-01. I. Mimomys sp. from Cementerio de Orce, Guadix-Baza Basin; anterior fragment of right m1, IPHES- CO-B-01. J–L. Mimomys medasensis Michaux, 1971, from Almenara-Casablanca 1, eastern Spain. J. Left m1, IPHESA-ACB-1-CS-4. K. Left m1, IPHESA-ACB-1-CS-3. L. Left m1, IPHESA-ACB-1-CS-5. The white arrows indicate the mimomyan ridge.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2021View details →

Figure 2. Salopella australis displaying parallel parent axes dichotomising into much shorter daughter axes that are terminated with elongate sporangia, delineated with a in Early land plants from the Lower Devonian of central Victoria, Australia, including a new species of Salopella

Figure 2. Salopella australis displaying parallel parent axes dichotomising into much shorter daughter axes that are terminated with elongate sporangia, delineated with a constriction just above dark sporogeneous region. All from Wilson Creek Shale on Frenchmans Spur track, 10 km west of Matlock. A, erect parent axes parallel to each other, dichotomising into two elongate sporangia from Wilson Creek Shale. Re-photographed here; originally published in Tims and Chambers (1984: pl. 32, fig. 4) and Tims (1980: fig. 4.1.9). Specimen NMV P50014. B, forked dichotomy terminated by sporangia from Wilson Creek Shale. And to the right hand side of the forked axis is another long axis, which based on its orientation may also be part of the same plant. Constriction at arrow, lower arrow at dichotomy and double arrow at two aligned axes. Specimen NMV P33219. C, close-up of fructification in A, sporangia barely extend beyond the confines of their subtending axes, with slight constriction present above sporogeneous region (at arrow). Specimen NMV P50014. D, E, holotype, part and counterpart. On part, constriction at arrow in sporangium. On counterpart, both parent axes are parallel to each other (at dotted arrow). Re-photographed here, originally published in Tims and Chambers (1984: pl. 32, figs. 1, 2). Specimens NMV P50008.1 and NMV P50008.2, respectively. F, Gen. et sp. indet. – short daughter axes terminated in elongate sporangia. The cortex may be absent from subtending axes, with only the central line visible. The lack of cortex prevents assigning to S. australis as width of subtending axis to sporangial width is required. Originally photographed by Tims (1980: fig. 4.1.13). Specimen NMV P50010.2. G, S. australis, with two short daughter axes, with constriction at arrow of the sporangium, which is the same width as its subtending axis. Specimen NMV P202886.

Figure 5 in Quantitative phosphoproteomic analysis of chicken DF-1 cells infected with Eimeria tenella, using tandem mass tag (TMT) and parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) mass spectrometry

Figure 5. KEGG pathways of the differentially expressed phosphorylated proteins. The abscissa indicates the first 10 significantly enriched KEGG pathways and the ordinate indicates the significance of enriched KEGG pathways, the more left, the more significant.

Figure 4 in Quantitative phosphoproteomic analysis of chicken DF-1 cells infected with Eimeria tenella, using tandem mass tag (TMT) and parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) mass spectrometry

Figure 4. Gene ontology annotations of the differentially expressed phosphorylated proteins. The abscissa indicates the enriched GO functional classification, including biological process (A), cellular component (B), and molecular function (C). The ordinate indicates the size of the significance of corresponding to each entry, the more left, the more significant.

Figure 3 in Quantitative phosphoproteomic analysis of chicken DF-1 cells infected with Eimeria tenella, using tandem mass tag (TMT) and parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) mass spectrometry

Figure 3. Clustering heatmap of different expression phosphorylated peptides. Each row represents a phosphorylated peptide segment, each column represents a group of samples. The logarithmic value (logarithmic transformation based on 2) of the significantly differentially expressed phosphorylated peptides in different samples is displayed in the clustering heatmap in different colors. Red represents significant upregulation of phosphorylated peptides; blue represents significant down-regulation of phosphorylated peptides.

Figure 2 in Quantitative phosphoproteomic analysis of chicken DF-1 cells infected with Eimeria tenella, using tandem mass tag (TMT) and parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) mass spectrometry

Figure 2. Volcano plots from different group comparisons. The abscissa indicates difference multiple (logarithmic transformation based on 2), the ordinate indicates the significant of difference (logarithmic transformation based on 10). The red point is significantly upregulated phosphorylated peptide segment, the blue point is significantly downregulated phosphorylated peptide segment and the gray point is a phosphorylated peptide segment with no significant difference.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2019View details →

Рис. 2. Низина Λевобережья НТТ в виΑе параΛΛеΛьных берегу моря ваΛов и небоΛьших понижений, вытянутых в северо-восточном направΛении, с характерной раститеΛьностью Fig. 2. The lowland of the left Bank of the LRT in the form of parallel to the seashore shafts and small depressions, elongated in a North-Eastern direction, with characteristic vegetation in Transboundary Migration And The Local Constraints In The Dynamic Of Fish Fauna In The Lower Reaches Of Tumannaya River

Рис. 2. Низина Λевобережья НТТ в виΑе параΛΛеΛьных берегу моря ваΛов и небоΛьших понижений, вытянутых в северо-восточном направΛении, с характерной раститеΛьностью Fig. 2. The lowland of the left Bank of the LRT in the form of parallel to the seashore shafts and small depressions, elongated in a North-Eastern direction, with characteristic vegetation

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2024View details →

Beyond gene flow: (non)-parallelism of secondary contact in a pair of highly differentiated sibling species

Replicated secondary contact zones can provide insights on the barriers to gene flow that are important during speciation and can reveal to which degree secondary contact may result in similar evolutionary outcomes. Here, we studied two secondary contact zones between highly differentiated Alpine butterflies of the genus Erebia using whole-genome re-sequencing data. We assessed the genomic relationships between populations and species and find hybridization to be rare, with no to little current or historical introgression in either contact zone. There are large similarities between the contact zones, consistent with an allopatric origin of interspecific differentiation, with no indications for ongoing reinforcing selection. Consistent with expected reduced effective population size, we further find that scaffolds related to the Z-chromosome show increased differentiation compared to the already high levels across the entire genome, which could also hint towards a contribution of the Z chromosome to species divergence in this system. Finally, we detected the presence of the endosymbiont Wolbachia, which can cause reproductive isolation between its hosts, in all E. cassioides, while it appears to be fully or largely absent in contact zone populations of E. tyndarus. We discuss how this rare pattern may have arisen and how it may have affected the dynamics of speciation upon secondary contact.

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2014View details →

Fig. 3 in Exploiting parallels between livestock and wildlife: Predicting the impact of climate change on gastrointestinal nematodes in ruminants

Fig. 3. In marginal grazing systems in Europe sheep often occupy separate summer and winter grazing areas, analogous to the summer and winter ranges of migratory ruminants. In the uplands of Wales, UK, (shown here) sheep are often grazed on extensive areas of land at low stocking densities over the summer period, and sent to lowland dairy farms for winter grazing at higher stocking densities. (Photo: Rose, H.).

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2014View details →

Fig. 2 in Exploiting parallels between livestock and wildlife: Predicting the impact of climate change on gastrointestinal nematodes in ruminants

Fig. 2. The relative seasonal incidence of ovine parasitic gastroenteritis (PGE) in the Southwest of England, UK, based on monthly diagnoses of (a) Nematodosis (NOS = species not otherwise specified), (b) Haemonchosis and (c) Nematodirosis (van Dijk et al., 2008).

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2014View details →

Fig. 1 in Exploiting parallels between livestock and wildlife: Predicting the impact of climate change on gastrointestinal nematodes in ruminants

Fig. 1. Comparison of the instantaneous daily development rate of Ostertagia ostertagi (grey) and O. gruehneri (black) at a range of constant temperatures. Instantaneous daily development rates were estimated from the time to 50% development of L3, derived from data published in the literature (O. ostertagi: Rose, 1961; Pandey, 1972; Young et al., 1980) and original data (O. gruehneri: Hoar, 2012) as described by Azam et al. (2012).

Increasing efficiency in parallel programming teaching

The ability to teach parallel programming principles and techniques is becoming fundamental to prepare a new generation of programmers able to master the pervasive parallelism made available by hardware vendors. Classical parallel programming courses leverage either low level programming frameworks (e.g. those based on Pthreads) of higher level programming frameworks such as OpenMP or MPI. We discuss our teaching experience within the Master in “Computer Science and networking” run by blind review where parallel programming is taught leveraging structured parallel programming principles and frameworks. The paper summarizes the results achieved in eight years of experience and shows how the adoption of a structured parallel programming approach improves the efficiency of the teaching process.

SPar: A DSL for High-Level and Productive Stream Parallelism

This paper introduces SPar, an internal C++ Domain-Specific Language (DSL) that supports the development of classic stream parallel applications. The DSL uses standard C++ attributes to introduce annotations tagging the notable components of stream par- allel applications: stream sources and stream processing stages. A set of tools process SPar code (C++ annotated code using the SPar attributes) to generate FastFlow C++ code that exploits the stream parallelism denoted by SPar annotations while targeting shared memory multi-core architectures. We outline the main SPar features along with the main implementation techniques and tools. Also, we show the results of experiments assessing the feasibility of the entire approach as well as SPar’s performance and expressiveness.

High-Level and Productive Stream Parallelism for Dedup, Ferret, and Bzip2

Parallel programming has been a challenging task for application programmers. Stream processing is an application domain present in several scientific, enterprise, and financial areas that lack suitable abstractions to exploit parallelism. Our goal is to assess the feasibility of state-of-the-art frameworks/libraries (Pthreads, TBB, and FastFlow) and the SPar domain-specific language for real-world streaming applications (Dedup, Ferret, and Bzip2) targeting multi-core architectures. SPar was specially designed to provide high-level and productive stream parallelism abstractions, supporting programmers with standard C++-11 annotations. For the experiments, we implemented three streaming applications. We discussed SPar’s programmability advantages compared to the frameworks in terms of productivity and structured parallel programming. The results demonstrate that SPar improves productivity and provides the necessary features to achieve similar performances compared to the state-of-the-art.

Efficient NAS Benchmark Kernels with C++ Parallel Programming Frameworks for Multi-Cores

Benchmarking is a way to study the performance of new architectures and parallel programming frameworks. Well-established benchmark suites such as the NAS Parallel Benchmarks (NPB) comprise legacy codes that still lack portability to C++ language. As consequence, a set of high-level and easy-to-use C++ parallel programming frameworks cannot be tested in NPB. Our goal is to describe a C++ porting of the NPB kernels and to analyze the performance achieved by different parallel implementations written using the Intel TBB, OpenMP and FastFlow frameworks for Multi-Cores. The experiments show an efficient code porting from Fortran to C++ and a good parallel efficiency on average.

A DSL based toolchain for design space exploration in structured parallel programming

We introduce a DSL based toolchain supporting the design of parallel applications where parallelism is structured after parallel design pattern compositions. A DSL provides the possibility to write high level parallel design pattern expressions representing the structure of parallel applications, to refactor the pattern expressions, to evaluate their non-functional properties (e.g. ideal performance, total parallelism degree, etc.) and finally to generate parallel code ready to be compiled and run on different target architectures. We discuss a proof-of-concept prototype implementation of the proposed toolchain generating FastFlow code and show some preliminary results achieved using the prototype implementation.