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142 results for “paraphyly”
Figure 16. Lectotype Pseudoanthidium karakalense. A in Paraphyly and low levels of genetic divergence in morphologically distinct taxa: revision of the Pseudoanthidium scapulare complex of carder bees (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini)
Figure 16. Lectotype Pseudoanthidium karakalense. A, labels; B, dorsal view; C, latero-ventral view S2; D, gonostyli; E, S8; F, S3; G, S4; H, S5 (showing sternal combs), S6.
Figure 2 in Paraphyly and low levels of genetic divergence in morphologically distinct taxa: revision of the Pseudoanthidium scapulare complex of carder bees (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini)
Figure 2. Best-scoring maximum likelihood tree based on analysis of COI data. Numbers shown at nodes are maximum likelihood bootstrap values based on 1000 bootstrap replicates in RAxML. Only bootstrap values greater than 50% are shown. Terminals are labelled with a DNA extraction code, species name, collection locality and either as male (m) or female (f). Barcodes were obtained using Sanger sequencing technology, except for those corresponding to specimens 1802 and 1805, which were obtained from non-UCE assemblies generated during UCE sequencing. A, Pseudoanthidium tenellum, Burgenland, Austria (m), photo Bernhard Jacobi; B, P. cribratum, Bukhara, Uzbekistan (f), photo Jessica Litman; C, P. canariense, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain (m), photo Jessica Litman; D, P. stigmaticorne, Crimea, Russia, photo Alexander V. Fateryga; E, P. scapulare, Portugal, photo Ian Cross; F, P. nanum, photo Entomologie/Botanik, ETH Zürich / Albert Krebs; G, P. palestinicum, photo Jessica Litman.
Phylogenomics in the hard pines (Pinus subsection Ponderosae; Pinaceae) confirms paraphyly in Pinus ponderosa, and places Pinus jeffreyi with the California big cone pines
<p>We sampled 130 individuals (2 to 25 per taxon) of subsections Ponderosae and Sabinianae. Nucleotide sequences were obtained by targeting 703 low copy nuclear genes. From the unenriched portion of the short reads, we assembled nearly complete plastome nucleotide sequences. We used 600 nuclear genes and the plastome sequences to create phylogenies and species trees that we compared to evaluate cytonuclear concordance and reticulation. We found that Pinus jeffreyi belongs with subsect. Sabinianae based on morphological synapomorphies as well as strong molecular phylogenetic support. Pinus ponderosa sensu lato is paraphyletic, and we suggest treatment as threes species: P. ponderosa sensu stricto (with var. ponderosa, var. benthamiana, and var. washoensis), P. scopulorum, and P. brachyptera. The persistence of lineages with the footprints of ancient nuclear introgression (labeled bpw in clade N4) and chloroplast capture (labeled bpw in clade P1) should caution species identification in the Ponderosae based on limited molecular data. The hybrid frequency was low based on cytonuclear discordance, and the persistence of an ancient P1 plastid clade is a better explanation than hybridization between P. ponderosa and P. jeffreyi for unexpected plastid associations in the western Sierra Nevada, USA. We identified a new potential zone of ancient admixture between P. ponderosa and P. scopulorum in Idaho, USA. Some populations of P. arizonica, P. brachyptera, P. engelmannii, and P. scopulorum in the USA are more closely related to taxa with distributions limited to Mexico than they are to each other. To integrate phylogeny and taxonomy, future work should sample widely in Mexico and the USA, score morphological characters (including seedling characters from the known seed parent), on the same individual as used for molecular data, and use methods that are based on individuals rather than population frequencies.</p>
Figure 27. Dorsal habitus, females. A in Paraphyly and low levels of genetic divergence in morphologically distinct taxa: revision of the Pseudoanthidium scapulare complex of carder bees (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini)
Figure 27. Dorsal habitus, females. A, vertex Pseudoanthidium kaspareki (Between Kula and Usak, Turkey); B, vertex P. rozeni (Hanna, Pakistan); C, mesonotum P. kaspareki (Between Kula and Usak, Turkey); D, mesonotum P. rozeni (Hanna, Pakistan); E, metasoma P. kaspareki (Between Kula and Usak, Turkey); F, metasoma P. rozeni (Hanna, Pakistan).
Figure 25. A in Paraphyly and low levels of genetic divergence in morphologically distinct taxa: revision of the Pseudoanthidium scapulare complex of carder bees (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini)
Figure 25. A, Pseudoanthidium canariense, female (Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands); B, P. tropicum, female (Bandar Abbas, Iran); C, P. canariense, male (Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands); D, P. tropicum, male (Bandar Abbas, Iran); E, T7, P. canariense (Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands); F, T7, P. tropicum (Bandar Abbas, Iran).
Figure 23. Gonostyli. A in Paraphyly and low levels of genetic divergence in morphologically distinct taxa: revision of the Pseudoanthidium scapulare complex of carder bees (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini)
Figure 23. Gonostyli. A, Pseudoanthidium palestinicum (Nahal Keziv, Israel); B, P. cribratum (Karatau, Kazakhstan); C, P. canariense (Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands); D, P. tropicum (Bandar Abbas, Iran); E, P. kaspareki (Side, Turkey); F, P. rozeni (Hanna, Pakistan).
Figure 22 in Paraphyly and low levels of genetic divergence in morphologically distinct taxa: revision of the Pseudoanthidium scapulare complex of carder bees (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini)
Figure 22. Distribution of A, Pseudoanthidium palestinicum; B, P. cribratum; C, P. canariense; D, P. tropicum.
Figure 24 in Paraphyly and low levels of genetic divergence in morphologically distinct taxa: revision of the Pseudoanthidium scapulare complex of carder bees (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini)
Figure 24. Third coxal tooth (circled by white ring), Pseudoanthidium cribratum, male. A, ventral view (Damascus, Syria); B, lateral view (Yasuj, Iran).
Figure 21. Dorsal habitus, females.A in Paraphyly and low levels of genetic divergence in morphologically distinct taxa: revision of the Pseudoanthidium scapulare complex of carder bees (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini)
Figure 21. Dorsal habitus, females.A, vertex Pseudoanthidium tenellum (Pestszentimre, Hungary); B, vertex P. palestinicum (Rehovot, Israel); C, mesonotum P. tenellum (Pestszentimre, Hungary); D, mesonotum P. palestinicum (Rehovot, Israel); E, metasoma P. tenellum (Pestszentimre, Hungary); F, metasoma P. palestinicum (Rehovot, Israel).
Figure 20. Lectotype Pseudoanthidium eversmanni. A in Paraphyly and low levels of genetic divergence in morphologically distinct taxa: revision of the Pseudoanthidium scapulare complex of carder bees (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini)
Figure 20. Lectotype Pseudoanthidium eversmanni. A, dorsal view; B, ventral metasoma; C, labels; D, S5 showing sternal combs; E, S7.
Figure 19. Lectotype Pseudoanthidium tenellum. A in Paraphyly and low levels of genetic divergence in morphologically distinct taxa: revision of the Pseudoanthidium scapulare complex of carder bees (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini)
Figure 19. Lectotype Pseudoanthidium tenellum. A, dorsal view; B, lateral view; C, T1–T3; D, labels.
Figure 16. Lectotype Pseudoanthidium karakalense. A in Paraphyly and low levels of genetic divergence in morphologically distinct taxa: revision of the Pseudoanthidium scapulare complex of carder bees (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini)
Figure 16. Lectotype Pseudoanthidium karakalense. A, labels; B, dorsal view; C, latero-ventral view S2; D, gonostyli; E, S8; F, S3; G, S4; H, S5 (showing sternal combs), S6.
Figure 13. S2, males. A in Paraphyly and low levels of genetic divergence in morphologically distinct taxa: revision of the Pseudoanthidium scapulare complex of carder bees (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini)
Figure 13. S2, males. A, Pseudoanthidium nanum (Dordogne, France); B, P. scapulare (Argèles-sur-Mer, France); C, P. stigmaticorne (Cabanes de Fleury, France); D, P. tenellum (Krasnoperekopsk, Crimea); E, P. palestinicum (Jerusalem, Israel); F, P. cribratum (Ayelet Hashar, Israel); G, P. kaspareki (Side, Turkey); H, P. rozeni (Hanna, Pakistan).
Figure 10. Gonostyli. A in Paraphyly and low levels of genetic divergence in morphologically distinct taxa: revision of the Pseudoanthidium scapulare complex of carder bees (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini)
Figure 10. Gonostyli. A, Pseudoanthidium nanum (Thüringen, Germany); B, P. scapulare (Villeneuve-lès- Maguelone, France); C, P. tenellum (Krasnoperekopsk, Crimea).
Figure 12. S3, males. A in Paraphyly and low levels of genetic divergence in morphologically distinct taxa: revision of the Pseudoanthidium scapulare complex of carder bees (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini)
Figure 12. S3, males. A, Pseudoanthidium nanum (Dordogne, France); B, P. scapulare (Argèles-sur-Mer, France); C, P. stigmaticorne (Cabanes de Fleury, France); D, P. tenellum (Krasnoperekopsk, Crimea); E, P. palestinicum (Jerusalem, Israel); F, P. cribratum (Ayelet Hashar, Israel); G, P. kaspareki (Side, Turkey); H, P. rozeni (Hanna, Pakistan).
Figure 11. Sternal combs. A in Paraphyly and low levels of genetic divergence in morphologically distinct taxa: revision of the Pseudoanthidium scapulare complex of carder bees (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini)
Figure 11. Sternal combs. A, Pseudoanthidium nanum (Dordogne, France); B, P. scapulare (Argèles-sur-Mer, France); C, P. stigmaticorne (Cabanes de Fleury, France); D, P. tenellum (Krasnoperekopsk, Crimea); E, P. palestinicum (Jerusalem, Israel); F, P. cribratum (Ayelet Hashar, Israel); G, P. kaspareki (Side, Turkey); H, P. rozeni (Hanna, Pakistan).
Figure 18. Gonostyli, Pseudoanthidium stigmaticorne. A in Paraphyly and low levels of genetic divergence in morphologically distinct taxa: revision of the Pseudoanthidium scapulare complex of carder bees (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini)
Figure 18. Gonostyli, Pseudoanthidium stigmaticorne. A, Cape Lukull, Crimea; B, Bet She'an, Israel; C, Agadir, Morocco; D, Restinclières, France; E, Cacela Velha, Portugal; F, Seui, Sardinia.
Figure 9. Dorsal habitus, females. A in Paraphyly and low levels of genetic divergence in morphologically distinct taxa: revision of the Pseudoanthidium scapulare complex of carder bees (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini)
Figure 9. Dorsal habitus, females. A, vertex Pseudoanthidium nanum (Kalpetran, Switzerland); B, vertex P. scapulare (Rich, Morocco); C, mesonotum P. nanum (Kalpetran, Switzerland); D, mesonotum P. scapulare (Rich, Morocco); E, metasoma P. nanum (Kalpetran, Switzerland); F, metasoma P. scapulare (Rich, Morocco).
Figure 8. Lectotype Icteranthidium floripetum A in Paraphyly and low levels of genetic divergence in morphologically distinct taxa: revision of the Pseudoanthidium scapulare complex of carder bees (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini)
Figure 8. Lectotype Icteranthidium floripetum A, face; B, dorsal view; C, labels; D, vertex; E, T1–T3.
Figure 7. Lectotype, Anthidium sinuatum. A in Paraphyly and low levels of genetic divergence in morphologically distinct taxa: revision of the Pseudoanthidium scapulare complex of carder bees (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini)
Figure 7. Lectotype, Anthidium sinuatum. A, lateral view; B, labels; C, metasoma; D, T5–T6; E, mesonotum.
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