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opencc-zeroNov 2020View details →

Experimental parasite community perturbation reveals associations between Sin Nombre virus and gastrointestinal nematodes in a rodent reservoir host

Individuals are often co-infected with several parasite species, yet measuring within-host interactions remains difficult in the wild. Consequently, the impact of such interactions on host fitness and epidemiology are often unknown. We used anthelmintic drugs to experimentally reduce nematode infection and measured the effects on both nematodes and the important zoonosis Sin Nombre virus (SNV) in its primary reservoir (Peromyscus spp.). Treatment significantly reduced nematode infection, but increased SNV seroprevalence. Furthermore, mice that were co-infected with both nematodes and SNV were in better condition and survived up to four times longer than uninfected or singly-infected mice. These results highlight the importance of investigating multiple parasites for understanding interindividual variation and epidemiological dynamics in reservoir populations with zoonotic transmission potential.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2023View details →

A root-specific NLR network confers resistance to plant parasitic nematodes - genomic sequences and annotations

Sequence and annotation data associated with "A root-specific NLR network confers resistance to plant parasitic nematodes"

opencc-zeroJan 2024View details →

Data from: The origin, deployment, and evolution of a plant-parasitic nematode effectorome

Plant-parasitic nematodes constrain global food security. During parasitism, they secrete effectors into the host plant from two types of pharyngeal gland cells. These effectors elicit profound changes in host biology to suppress immunity and establish a unique feeding organ from which the nematode draws nutrition. Despite the importance of effectors in nematode parasitism, there has been no comprehensive identification and characterisation of the effector repertoire of any plant-parasitic nematode. To address this, we advance techniques for gland cell isolation and transcriptional analysis to define a stringent annotation of putative effectors for the cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii at three key life-stages. We define 659 effector gene loci: 293 "known" high-confidence homologs of plant-parasitic nematode effectors, and 366 "novel" effectors with high gland cell expression. In doing so we define a comprehensive "effectorome" of a plant-parasitic nematode. Using this effector definition, we provide the first systems-level understanding of the origin, deployment and evolution of a plant-parasitic nematode effectorome. The robust identification of the comprehensive effector repertoire of a plant-parasitic nematode will underpin our understanding of nematode pathology, and hence, inform strategies for crop protection.

opencc-by-4.0Jun 2023View details →

Fig. 3 in Description Of The Nematode Dirofilaria Repens (Nematoda, Onchocercidae) Parasitic In Dogs In Ukraine

Fig. 3. DiroFIlaria repens ♀: a — area of vulva (V), vagina (Vg); b — larvae.

opencc-by-4.0May 2018View details →

Fig. 3 in Nematodes Of The Genus Trichuris (Nematoda, Trichuridae), Parasitizing Sheep In Central And South-Eastern Regions Of Ukraine

Fig. 3. Tail end of ♀ in Т. globulosa (a); Т. оvis (b); T. skrjabini (c); × 400.

opencc-by-4.0May 2018View details →

Fig. 5 in Nematodes Of The Genus Trichuris (Nematoda, Trichuridae), Parasitizing Sheep In Central And South-Eastern Regions Of Ukraine

Fig. 5. Vulval area of ♀ Т. globulosa (a); Т. оvis (b); T. skrjabini (c); ×100, ×400.

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2020View details →

Fig. 1 in Parasitic Nematodes Of Reptiles (Lizards And Snakes) In The Monte Desert Of Argentina

Fig. 1. Province of San Juan, Argentina, showing the location of the present study

Figure 2 in Cooccurrence of Schistosoma haematobium, other trematode parasites, an annelid (Chaetogaster limnaei limnaei), and a nematode parasite (Daubaylia potomaca) in Bulinus globosus

Figure 2. Prevalence of single infections of the symbionts in Bulinus globosus.

Figure 1 in Cooccurrence of Schistosoma haematobium, other trematode parasites, an annelid (Chaetogaster limnaei limnaei), and a nematode parasite (Daubaylia potomaca) in Bulinus globosus

Figure 1. Map showing Nike Lake in Enugu East LGA, Enugu State, Nigeria.

Figure 4 in Cooccurrence of Schistosoma haematobium, other trematode parasites, an annelid (Chaetogaster limnaei limnaei), and a nematode parasite (Daubaylia potomaca) in Bulinus globosus

Figure 4. Mean intensity of single and coinfections of the symbionts in Bulinus globosus.

Figure 3 in Cooccurrence of Schistosoma haematobium, other trematode parasites, an annelid (Chaetogaster limnaei limnaei), and a nematode parasite (Daubaylia potomaca) in Bulinus globosus

Figure 3. Prevalence of coinfections of the symbionts in Bulinus globosus.

opencc-by-4.0Apr 2023View details →

Fig. 2. Typical Spirurina type X in Molecular characterization of the parasitic nematode genus Crassicauda; larvae parasitic on the firefly squid and adults on beaked whales off the coast of Japan

Fig. 2. Typical Spirurina type X larva. (A) whole body, (B) head, and (C) tail.

opencc-zeroMar 2020View details →

It's a wormy world: Meta-analysis reveals several decades of change in the global abundance of the parasitic nematodes Anisakis spp. and Pseudoterranova spp. in marine fishes and invertebrates

The Anthropocene has brought substantial change to ocean ecosystems, but whether this age will bring more or less marine disease is unknown. In recent years, the accelerating tempo of epizootic and zoonotic disease events has made it seem as if disease is on the rise. Is this apparent increase in disease due to increased observation and sampling effort, or to an actual rise in the abundance of parasites and pathogens? We examined the literature to track long-term change in the abundance of two parasitic nematode genera with zoonotic potential: Anisakis spp. and Pseudoterranova spp. These anisakid nematodes cause the disease anisakidosis and are transmitted to humans in undercooked and raw marine seafood. A total of 123 papers published between 1967 and 2017 met our criteria for inclusion, from which we extracted 755 host–parasite–location–year combinations. Of these, 69.7% concerned Anisakis spp. and 30.3% focused on Pseudoterranova spp. Meta-regression revealed an increase in Anisakis spp. abundance (average number of worms/ fish) over a 53 year period from 1962 to 2015 and no significant change in Pseudoterranova spp. abundance over a 37 year period from 1978 to 2015. Standardizing changes to the period of 1978–2015, so that results are comparable between genera, we detected a significant 283-fold increase in Anisakis spp. abundance and no change in the abundance of Pseudoterranova spp. This increase in Anisakis spp. abundance may have implications for human health, marine mammal health, and fisheries profitability.

opencc-zeroJun 2023View details →

Age specific impacts of vegetation functional traits on gastro-intestinal nematode parasite burdens in a large herbivore

<ol> <li>Gastro-intestinal nematode (GIN) parasites play an important role in the ecological dynamics of many animal populations. Recent studies suggest fine-scale spatial variation in GIN infection dynamics is important in wildlife systems, but the environmental drivers underlying this variation remain poorly understood.</li> <li>We used data from over two decades of GIN parasite egg counts, host space use, and spatial vegetation data from a long-term study of Soay sheep on St Kilda to test how spatial autocorrelation and vegetation in an individual's home range predict parasite burden across three age groups. We developed a novel approach to quantify the plant functional traits present in a home range to describe the quality of vegetation present. </li> <li>Effects of space and vegetation varied between age classes. In immature lambs, strongyle parasite faecal egg counts (FEC) were spatially structured, being highest in the north and south of our study area. Independent of host body weight and spatial autocorrelation, plant functional traits predicted parasite egg counts. Higher egg counts were associated with more digestible and preferred plant functional traits, suggesting the association could be driven by host density and habitat preference.</li> <li>In contrast, we found no evidence that parasite FEC were related to plant functional traits in the host home range in yearlings or adult sheep. Adult FEC were spatially structured, with highest burdens in the north-east of our study area, while yearling FEC showed no evidence of spatial structuring.</li> <li>Our findings support the importance of fine-scale environmental variation for wildlife disease ecology and provide new evidence that such effects may vary across demographic groups within a population. Parasite burdens in immature individuals appear more readily influenced by fine-scale spatial variation in the environment, highlighting the importance of such heterogeneity for our understanding of wildlife epidemiology and health.</li> </ol>

opencc-zeroDec 2022View details →

Transcriptional patterns of sexual dimorphism and in host developmental programs in the model parasitic nematode Heligmosomoides bakeri

Background Heligmosomoides bakeri (often mistaken for Heligmosomoides polygyrus) is a promising model for parasitic nematodes with the key advantage of being amenable to study and manipulation within a controlled laboratory environment. While draft genome sequences are available for this worm, which allow for comparative genomic analyses between nematodes, there is a notable lack of information on its gene expression. Methods We generated biologically replicated RNA-seq datasets from samples taken throughout the parasitic life of H. bakeri. RNA from tissue-dwelling and lumen-dwelling worms, collected under a dissection microscope, was sequenced on an Illumina platform. Results We find extensive transcriptional sexual dimorphism throughout the fourth larval and adult stages of this parasite and identify alternative splicing, glycosylation, and ubiquitination as particularly important processes for establishing and/or maintaining sex-specific gene expression in this species. We find sex-linked differences in transcription related to aging and oxidative and osmotic stress responses. We observe a starvation-like signature among transcripts whose expression is consistently upregulated in males, which may reflect a higher energy expenditure by male worms. We detect evidence of increased importance for anaerobic respiration among the adult worms, which coincides with the parasite's migration into the physiologically hypoxic environment of the intestinal lumen. Furthermore, we hypothesize that oxygen concentration may be an important driver of the worms encysting in the intestinal mucosa as larvae, which not only fully exposes the worms to their host's immune system but also shapes many of the interactions between the host and parasite. We find stage- and sex-specific variation in the expression of immunomodulatory genes and in anthelmintic targets. Conclusions We examine how different the male and female worms are at the molecular level and describe major developmental events that occur in the worm, which extend our understanding of the interactions between this parasite and its host. In addition to generating new hypotheses for follow-up experiments into the worm's behavior, physiology, and metabolism, our datasets enable future more in-depth comparisons between nematodes to better define the utility of H. bakeri as a model for parasitic nematodes in general.

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2024View details →

Raw data of "Aggregation of adult parasitic nematodes in sex-mixed groups analyzed by transient anomalous diffusion formalism."

Manuscript abstract: Intestinal parasitic worms are widespread throughout the world, causing chronic infections in humans and animals. However, very little is known about the locomotion of the worms in the host gut. We studied the movement of Heligmosomoides bakeri, naturally infecting mice and used as animal model for roundworm infections. We investigated the locomotion of H.bakeri in simplified environments mimicking key physical features of the intestinal lumen, i.e. medium viscosity and intestinal villi topography. We found that the motion sequence of these nematodes is non-periodic, but the migration could be described by transient anomalous diffusion. Aggregation as a result of biased, enhanced-diffusive locomotion of nematodes in sex-mixed groups was detected. This locomotion is probably stimulated by mating and reproduction, while single nematodes moved randomly (diffusive). Natural physical obstacles as high mucus-like viscosity or villi topography, slowed down but did not entirely prevent nematodes aggregation. Additionally, the mean displacement rate of nematodes in sex-mixed groups of 3.0·10-3 mm/s in mucus-like medium is in good agreement with estimates of migration velocities of 10-4 to 10-3 mm/s in the gut. Our data indicate H.bakeri motion to be non-periodic and their migration random (diffusive-like), but triggerable by the presence of kin. These are our raw data as well as our Python source code of the analysis algorithm.

publicSep 2025View details →

Marine mammal recovery is associated with the resurgence of a nematode parasite

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publicNov 2020View details →

Experimental parasite community perturbation reveals associations between Sin Nombre virus and gastrointestinal nematodes in a rodent reservoir host

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