Find research datasets worth reusing

FIGURE 2 in An updated list of the plants associated with plant-parasitic Aphelenchoides (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae) and its implications for plant-parasitism within this genus

FIGURE 2. Number of single and shared associated plant species (left) and families (right) of foliar nematodes (Aphelenchoides). Between brackets is the corresponding number of ferns for each case

FIGURE 3 in An updated list of the plants associated with plant-parasitic Aphelenchoides (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae) and its implications for plant-parasitism within this genus

FIGURE 3. Possible combinations of other plant-parasitic Aphelenchoides and main foliar nematodes on associated plants. Gray areas indicate a combination of the overlapping foliar nematodes

FIGURE 1 in An updated list of the plants associated with plant-parasitic Aphelenchoides (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae) and its implications for plant-parasitism within this genus

FIGURE 1. Number of species/varieties of plants associated with foliar nematodes in ferns (Pteridophyta), monocots (Liliopsida), dicots (Magnoliopsida) and other botanical groups

FIGURE 5 in An updated list of the plants associated with plant-parasitic Aphelenchoides (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae) and its implications for plant-parasitism within this genus

FIGURE 5. Number of records of plant-parasitic Aphelenchoides species per plant host taxon. Data plotted on a supertree made using Mesquite 3.01 based on those by The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009) and Lehtonen (2011). *10 families of Pteridophyta with reports for only A. fragariae were excluded

FIGURE 4 in An updated list of the plants associated with plant-parasitic Aphelenchoides (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae) and its implications for plant-parasitism within this genus

FIGURE 4. Schematic overview of the phylogeny of Aphelenchoides and related taxa (Laimaphelenchus and Schistonchus) after the topologies provided by Kanzaki et al. 2014a, 2014b, Rybarczyk-Mydłowska et al. 2012 and Ryss et al. 2013 based on SSU sequence analyses; clusters 2a and 2b are consistent in the 4 topologies. Feeding behavior is plotted on the tree. (Tree reconstructed using Mesquite 3.01)

opencc-zeroNov 2021View details →

dryad32/100

Beneficial worm allies warn plants of parasite attack belowground and reduce aboveground herbivore preference and performance

We investigated responses of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) to two functional guilds of nematodes - plant parasite (Meloidogyne javanica) and entomopathogens (Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, Steinernema feltiae belowground, and S. carpocapsae) - as well as a leaf mining insect (Tuta absoluta) aboveground. Our results indicate that entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs): 1) induced plant defense responses, 2) reduced root knot nematode (RKN) infestation belowground and 3) reduced herbivore (T. absoluta) host preference and performance aboveground. Concurrently, we investigated the plant signaling mechanisms underlying these interactions using biochemical and transcriptome analyses. We found that both entomopathogen and parasite triggered immune responses in plant roots with shared gene expression. Tomato plants responded similarly to presence of RKN or EPN in the rootzone, by rapidly activating polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and guaiacol peroxidase (GP) activity in roots, but simultaneously suppressed this activity in aboveground tissues. We quantified changes in gene expression in tomato that may play essential roles in defense response to RKN, which were also coincidentally triggered by EPN. For example, PR-14 expression was greater in plants inoculated with EPN than in plants co-inoculated with both nematode functional guilds. Overall, EPN inoculation directly mediated enhanced plant defense and reduced subsequent RKN infection. Likewise, we show that EPNs modulate plant defense against RKN invasion, in part, by suppressing active expression of antioxidant enzymes. Inoculation of tomato roots with EPNs belowground reduced both host preference and performance of the aboveground herbivore, T. absoluta. Inoculations of roots with EPN also triggered an immune response in tomato via up-regulated phenylpropanoid metabolism and synthesis of protease inhibitors (PIs) in plant tissues, which could explain an observed decrease in egg laying and developmental performance exhibited by herbivores on EPN-inoculated plants. Our results support the hypothesis that subterranean EPNs activate a battery of plant defenses associated with systemic acquired resistance (SAR) and/or induced systemic resistance (ISR) with concomitant antagonistic effects on temporally co-occurring subterranean plant pathogenic nematodes and terrestrial herbivores.

dryad32/100

Larval parasitism in a specialist herbivore is explained by phenological synchrony and host plant availability

Parasitism is a key factor in the population dynamics of many herbivorous insects, although its impact on host populations varies widely, for instance, along latitudinal and altitudinal gradients. Understanding the sources of geographical variation in host-parasitoid interactions is crucial for reliably predicting the future success of the interacting species under a context of global change. Here, we examine larval parasitism in the butterfly Aglais urticae in south-west Europe, where it is a mountain specialist. Larval nests were sampled over two years along altitudinal gradients in three Iberian mountain ranges, including the Sierra Nevada, home to its southernmost European population. Additional data on nettle condition and adult butterflies were obtained in the study areas. These data sources were used to investigate whether or not differences in parasitism rates are related to the geographical position and phenology of the host, and to the availability of the host plants. Phenological differences in the host populations between regions were related to the severity of summer drought and the corresponding differences in host plant availability. At the trailing-edge of its distribution, the butterfly's breeding season was restricted to the end of winter and spring, while in its northern Iberian range the season was prolonged until mid-summer. Although parasitism was an important source of mortality in all regions, parasitism rates and parasitoid richness were highest in the north and lowest in the south. Moreover, within a region, there was a notable increase in parasitism rates over time, which probably led to selection against an additional late-summer host generation in northern regions. Conversely, the shorter breeding season in Sierra Nevada resulted in a loss of synchrony between the host and one important late-season parasitoid, Sturmia bella, which may partly explain the high density of this butterfly species at the trailing-edge of its range. Our results support the key role of host phenology in accounting for differences in parasitism rates between populations. They also provide insights into how climate through host plant availability affects host phenology and, ultimately, the impact of parasitism on host populations.

opencc-zeroMar 2022View details →

dryad32/100

Data from: Closely related parasitic plants have similar host requirements and related effects on hosts

The performance of root hemiparasites depends strongly on host species identity, but it remains unknown whether there exist general patterns in the quality of species as hosts for hemiparasites and in their sensitivity to parasitism. In a comparative approach, the model root-hemiparasites Rhinanthus minor and R. alectorolophus were grown with 25 host species (grasses, forbs and legumes) at two nutrient levels. Hosts grown without parasites served as a control. Host species identity strongly influenced parasite biomass and other traits and both parasites grew better with legumes and grasses than with forbs. The biomass of R. alectorolophus was much higher than that of R. minor with all host plants and R. alectorolophus responded much more strongly to higher nutrient availability than R. minor. The performance of the two species of Rhinanthus with individual hosts was strongly correlated, and it was also correlated with that of R. alectorolophus and the related Odontites vulgaris in previous experiments with many of the same hosts, but only weakly with that of the less closely related Melampyrum arvense. The negative effect of R. minor on host biomass was less strong than that of R. alectorolophus, but stronger relative to its own biomass, suggesting that it is more parasitic. The impact of the two parasites on individual hosts did not depend on nutrient level and was correlated. Several legumes and grasses were tolerant of parasitism. While R. minor slightly reduced mean overall productivity, R. alectorolophus increased it with several species, indicating that the loss of host biomass was more than compensated by that of the parasite. The results show that closely related parasites have similar host requirements and correlated negative effects on individuals hosts, but that there are also specific interactions between pairs of parasitic plants and their hosts.

opencc-zeroJul 2022View details →

FIGURE 11 in Species discovery and diversity in Lobocriconema (Criconematidae: Nematoda) and related plant-parasitic nematodes from North American ecoregions

FIGURE 11. Light microscope images of female Lobocriconema sp. specimens from clade D. A, F, K (group 9), Nine-Mile Prairie, Nebraska, A) NID 1155, entire, 400X, F) NID 1156, head, 1000X, K) NID 1156, tail, 1000X. B, G, L) (group 11), Big Thicket National Preserve, Texas, B) NID 5647, entire, 400X, G) NID 5647, head, 1000X, L) NID 5653, tail, 1000X. C, H, M) (group 12), Tunica Hills, Louisiana, C) NID 3057, entire, 400X, H) NID 3057, head, 1000X, M) NID 3090, tail, 1000X. D, I, N) NID 3403 (group 13), Gregory Bald, Great Smoky Mountains National Park, North Carolina, D) entire, 400X, I) head, 1000X, N) tail, 1000X. E, J, O) NID 3297 (group 14), Torreya State Park, Florida, E) entire, 400X, J) head, 1000X, O) tail, 1000X.

FIGURE 10. Neighbor-joining ITS1 in Species discovery and diversity in Lobocriconema (Criconematidae: Nematoda) and related plant-parasitic nematodes from North American ecoregions

FIGURE 10. Neighbor-joining ITS1 tree (Internal Transcribed Spacer 1). Terminal branches identified by NID numbers, taxon, location information and COI group. GenBank Accession sequences are highlighted in green, NID numbers from Criconema arkaense collection sites in Cordero et al. (2012) are highlighted in orange. Clade designation follows the COI tree structure. Red bootstrap values of 5,000 replications.

FIGURE 9 in Species discovery and diversity in Lobocriconema (Criconematidae: Nematoda) and related plant-parasitic nematodes from North American ecoregions

FIGURE 9. Light microscope images of female specimens from Criconema arkaense topotype and paratype localities. A, E, I) NID 3229 (clade C, singleton), host maple, Ozark National Forest, Arkansas, A) entire, 400X, E) head, 1000X, I) tail, 1000X. B, F, J) (clade A, group 1) host wild cherry, Ozark National Forest, Arkansas, B) NID 3267, entire, 400X, F) NID 3265, head, 1000X, J) NID 3267, tail, 1000X. C, G, K) (clade D, group 10), host hackberry, Ozark National Forest, Arkansas, C) NID 3259, entire, 400X, G) NID 3259, head, 1000X, K) NID 3257, tail, 1000X. D, H, L) NID 3256 (clade D, group 11), host hackberry, Ozark National Forest, Arkansas D) entire, 400X, H) head, 1000X, L) tail, 1000X.

FIGURE 8 in Species discovery and diversity in Lobocriconema (Criconematidae: Nematoda) and related plant-parasitic nematodes from North American ecoregions

FIGURE 8. Light microscope images of female specimens in clade A (group 1) provisionally identified as Lobocriconema crassiannulatum. A, E, I) NID 1149, Lobocriconema sp., Avoca Prairie, Wisconsin, A) entire, 400X, E) head, 1000X, I) tail, 1000X. B, F, J) NID 3267, Lobocriconema sp., Ozark National Forest, Arkansas. B) entire, 400X, F) head, 1000X, J) tail, 1000X. C, G, K) NID 1462, Lobocriconema sp., Roth Prairie, Arkansas. C) entire, 400X, G) head, 1000X, K) tail, 1000X. D, H, L) NID 1214, Lobocriconema sp., Fairfax County, Virginia. D) entire, 400X, H) head, 1000X, L) tail, 1000X.

FIGURE 13 in Species discovery and diversity in Lobocriconema (Criconematidae: Nematoda) and related plant-parasitic nematodes from North American ecoregions

FIGURE 13. Images of juveniles and males. A) NID 3121 (group 12), Lobocriconema sp., juvenile, entire, 1000X, Tunica Hills, Louisiana. B) NID 2527 (group 5), Lobocriconema thornei, moulting juvenile, head, 1000X, Ingham County, Michigan - type locality. C) NID 3301 (group 11), Lobocriconema sp., juvenile, head, 1000X, Torreya State Park, Florida. D) NID 938 (group 9), Lobocriconema sp., juvenile, cuticle with scales and fine projections, 1000X, Spring Creek Prairie, Nebraska. E–H) NID 589 (group 7), male, Ichetucknee River, Florida, hardwood forest, E) entire, 400X, F) head, 1000X, G) tail region with spicule and subterminal bursa, 1000X, H) midbody cuticle with lateral lines, 1000X.

FIGURE 15 in Species discovery and diversity in Lobocriconema (Criconematidae: Nematoda) and related plant-parasitic nematodes from North American ecoregions

FIGURE 15. Discriminant function analysis of the 18 haplotype groups. A) Stepwise selection of morphological variables and estimated ability to separate haplotype groups. B) Mapping of classifications into discriminant space.

FIGURE 6 in Species discovery and diversity in Lobocriconema (Criconematidae: Nematoda) and related plant-parasitic nematodes from North American ecoregions

FIGURE 6. Light microscope images of female specimens in group 2, provisionally identified as Criconema lamellatum. A, E, I) NID 1465, Lobocriconema sp., Purchase Knob, GSMNP, A) entire, 400X, E) head, 400X, I) tail, 400X. B, F, J) NID 2582, Lobocriconema sp., Purchase Knob, GRSM, B) entire, 400X, F) head, 1000X, J) tail, 1000X. C, G, K) NID 3001, Lobocriconema sp., Goshen Prong, GRSM. C) entire, 400X, G) head, 1000X, K) tail, 1000X. D, H, L) NID 899, Lobocriconema sp., Chimney Creek, GRSM D) entire, 400X, H) head, 1000X, L) tail, 1000X.

FIGURE 5 in Species discovery and diversity in Lobocriconema (Criconematidae: Nematoda) and related plant-parasitic nematodes from North American ecoregions

FIGURE 5. Light microscope images of Criconema lamellatum paratype, a single female collected from Florence, South Carolina in October 17, 1957. Hosts were recorded as fern, grass and trees. A, B) entire 400X, C) head 1000X, D) tail 1000X.

FIGURE 2 in Species discovery and diversity in Lobocriconema (Criconematidae: Nematoda) and related plant-parasitic nematodes from North American ecoregions

FIGURE 2. Light microscope images of female L. incrassatum and L. thornei specimens from clade C (groups 3, 5, and 16). A, D, G) NID 5563 (group 3), Lobocriconema incrassatum, Emigration Canyon, Utah, A) entire, 400X, D) head, 1000X, G) tail, 1000X. B, E, H) NID 5575 (group 16), Lobocriconema incrassatum. Providence Canyon, Utah, B) entire, 400X, E) head, 1000X, H) tail, 1000X. C, F, I) NID 2525 (group 5), Lobocriconema thornei, Ingham County, Michigan, C) entire, 400X, F) head, 1000X, I) tail, 1000X.

FIGURE 3 in Species discovery and diversity in Lobocriconema (Criconematidae: Nematoda) and related plant-parasitic nematodes from North American ecoregions

FIGURE 3. SEM images of specimens representing clade C. NID numbers are associated with unique specimens; all are females.

FIGURE 1. A 50 in Species discovery and diversity in Lobocriconema (Criconematidae: Nematoda) and related plant-parasitic nematodes from North American ecoregions

FIGURE 1. A 50% majority rule Bayesian Consensus tree constructed using 148 COI nucleotide sequences of Lobocriconema and outgroups. Eighteen groups are identified by brackets and group numbers. Five singletons, specimens not belonging to delineated groups, are indicated. Node support values in parentheses are posterior probability values for Bayesian analysis and bootstrap values for maximum likelihood, respectively. The letters A, B, C and D designate major clades. Each terminal branch includes a Nematode IDentification number (NID) number, taxon and collection site. Colored bars indicate groupings according to species delimitation programs ABGD (Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery) and the Statistical Parsimony Program, TCS. TCS groupings were formed at the 95% similarity cutoff value.

Few juveniles or males were collected. Only four males from groups 7, 8, 9, and 11, all in clade D, were included in the dataset. The male in Fig. 13E–H conforms to the general morphological description of males in Lobocriconema with an undifferentiated labial region, the absence of a stylet, a degenerate pharyngeal region, a FIGURE 7. SEM images of specimens representing clades D (A–H) and B (I). NID numbers are associated with unique specimens, all are females except image C. A) Lobocriconema sp., face view with conspicuous labial disc surrounded by irregular labial structure, Nine-Mile Prairie, Nebraska, NID 4533. B) Lobocriconema sp., face view lacking submedian lobes and displaying subcuticular labial structure, Big Thicket National Preserve, Texas, NID 4560. C) Lobocriconema sp., juvenile, head with visible submedian lobes, body scales with fine terminal projections, Spring Creek Prairie, Nebraska, NID 4514. D) Lobocriconema sp., face view lacking submedian lobes and displaying subcuticular labial structure, Nine-Mile Prairie, Nebraska, NID 4527 E) Lobocriconema sp., cephalic profile with protruding stylet, Nine-Mile Prairie, Nebraska, NID 4529. F) Lobocriconema sp., head profile lacking submedian lobes, Tunica Hills, Louisiana, NID 4574. G) Lobocriconema sp., tail with closed vulva, Nine-Mile Prairie, Nebraska, NID 4533. H) Lobocriconema sp., tail with closed vulva, Nine-Mile Prairie, Nebraska, NID 4526. I) Lobocriconema sp., face view lacking submedian lobes, Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Purchase Knob, NID 4570. in Species discovery and diversity in Lobocriconema (Criconematidae: Nematoda) and related plant-parasitic nematodes from North American ecoregions

Few juveniles or males were collected. Only four males from groups 7, 8, 9, and 11, all in clade D, were included in the dataset. The male in Fig. 13E–H conforms to the general morphological description of males in Lobocriconema with an undifferentiated labial region, the absence of a stylet, a degenerate pharyngeal region, a FIGURE 7. SEM images of specimens representing clades D (A–H) and B (I). NID numbers are associated with unique specimens, all are females except image C. A) Lobocriconema sp., face view with conspicuous labial disc surrounded by irregular labial structure, Nine-Mile Prairie, Nebraska, NID 4533. B) Lobocriconema sp., face view lacking submedian lobes and displaying subcuticular labial structure, Big Thicket National Preserve, Texas, NID 4560. C) Lobocriconema sp., juvenile, head with visible submedian lobes, body scales with fine terminal projections, Spring Creek Prairie, Nebraska, NID 4514. D) Lobocriconema sp., face view lacking submedian lobes and displaying subcuticular labial structure, Nine-Mile Prairie, Nebraska, NID 4527 E) Lobocriconema sp., cephalic profile with protruding stylet, Nine-Mile Prairie, Nebraska, NID 4529. F) Lobocriconema sp., head profile lacking submedian lobes, Tunica Hills, Louisiana, NID 4574. G) Lobocriconema sp., tail with closed vulva, Nine-Mile Prairie, Nebraska, NID 4533. H) Lobocriconema sp., tail with closed vulva, Nine-Mile Prairie, Nebraska, NID 4526. I) Lobocriconema sp., face view lacking submedian lobes, Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Purchase Knob, NID 4570.