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opencc-by-4.0Mar 2024View details →

Fig. 1 in Peering beyond the monotypic veil: taxonomy and notes on the parental care of Neocranaus (Opiliones: Gonyleptoidea: Cranaidae)

Fig. 1. Geographic distribution of the genus Neocranaus Roewer, 1913.

opencc-zeroNov 2021View details →

Data from: Differences in sibling cooperation in presence and absence of parental care in a genus with interspecific variation in offspring dependence

The widely spread evolutionary strategy of parental care is considered an important driver of social evolution. While offspring were long thought to primarily interact competitively, recent studies revealed the potential importance of sibling cooperation. Theories suggest that the degree of cooperation in offspring interactions depends on the degree of offspring dependence on parental care: offspring unable to forage on their own should compete more, whereas more independent juveniles may increase the degree of cooperation. In this study, we tested the occurrence of sibling cooperation in the absence of post-hatching care in several burying beetle species exhibiting varying degrees of offspring dependence. To this end, we measured larval growth rate and survival in the presence and absence of pre-hatching care using different brood sizes. We found that sibling cooperation cannot be exclusively explained by offspring dependence on parental care. While only species with more independent larvae cooperated when receiving pre-hatching care, larval cooperation occurred across species in the absence of care. The latter result suggests that sibling cooperation was already present in an early ancestor of the genus Nicrophorus. Overall, these findings give important insights into the transition from facultative to obligate family life.

opencc-zeroSep 2022View details →

Modeling the demography of species providing extended parental care: A capture-recapture approach with a case study on Polar Bears (Ursus maritimus)

1. In species providing extended parental care, one or both parents care for altricial young over a period including more than one breeding season. We expect large parental investment and long-term dependency within family units to cause high variability in life trajectories among individuals with complex consequences at the population level. So far, models for estimating demographic parameters in free-ranging animal populations mostly ignore extended parental care, thereby limiting our understanding of its consequences on parents and offspring life histories. 2. We designed a capture-recapture multi-event model for studying the demography of species providing extended parental care. It handles statistical multiple-year dependency among individual demographic parameters grouped within family units, variable litter size, and uncertainty on the timing at offspring independence. It allows for the evaluation of trade-offs among demographic parameters, the influence of past reproductive history on the caring parent's survival status, breeding probability and litter size probability, while accounting for imperfect detection of family units. We assess the model performance using simulated data, and illustrate its use with a long-term dataset collected on the Svalbard polar bears (Ursus maritimus). 3. Our model performed well in terms of bias and mean square error and in estimating demographic parameters in all simulated scenarios, both when offspring departure probability from the family unit occurred at a constant rate or varied during the field season depending on the date of capture. For the polar bear case study, we provide estimates of adult and dependent offspring survival rates, breeding probability and litter size probability. Results showed that the outcome of the previous reproduction influenced breeding probability. 4. Overall, our results show the importance of accounting for i) the multiple-year statistical dependency within family units, ii) uncertainty on the timing at offspring independence, and iii) past reproductive history of the caring parent. If ignored, estimates obtained for breeding probability, litter size, and survival can be biased. This is of interest in terms of conservation because species providing extended parental care are often long-living mammals vulnerable or threatened with extinction.

opencc-zeroSep 2022View details →

Can age-related changes in parental care modulate inbreeding depression? A test using the burying beetle, Nicrophorus orbicollis

Parental care has been shown to reduce the magnitude of inbreeding depression in some species with facultative care. However, parents often vary in the quality or amount of care they provide to their offspring and it is less clear whether this variation also impacts the magnitude of inbreeding depression. Here, we tested whether age related changes in parental care modulate the expression of inbreeding depression in the burying beetle, Nicrophorus orbicollis. Consistent with previous studies, we found that older parents produced larger broods of offspring than younger parents without sacrificing mean larval mass. Inbreeding depression was evident in several fitness-related traits: brood size at dispersal, the proportion of the brood that survived to eclosion, and mean age at death were all reduced in inbred broods compared to outbred broods. Surprisingly, inbred offspring were heavier at dispersal than outbred offspring. This was likely due to reduced sibling competition in inbred broods. Despite evidence for age related changes in parental investment and the existence of inbreeding depression, there was no evidence that an interaction between the two influenced any of the traits we measured. Our results suggest that age-related changes in parental care may be too slight to influence the expression of inbreeding depression.

opencc-zeroOct 2022View details →

Data from: Nature versus nurture: Structural equation modeling indicates that parental care does not mitigate consequences of poor environmental conditions in Eastern bluebirds (Sialia sialis)

1. How organisms respond to variation in environmental conditions and whether behavioral responses can mitigate negative consequences on growth, condition and other fitness measures are critical to our ability to conserve populations in changing environments. Offspring development is affected by environmental conditions and parental care behavior. When adverse environmental conditions are present, parents may alter behaviors to mitigate the impacts of poor environmental conditions on offspring. 2. We determined if parental behavior (provisioning rates, attentiveness, nest temperature) varied in relation to environmental conditions (e.g., food availability, ectoparasites) and if parental behavior mitigated negative consequences of the environment on their offspring in Eastern bluebirds (Sialia sialis). 3. We found that offspring on territories with lower food availability had higher hematocrit, and when bird blow flies (Protocalliphora spp.) were present growth rates were reduced. Parents increased provisioning and nest attendance in response to increased food availability but did not alter behavior in response to parasitism by blow flies. While parents altered behavior in response to resource availability, parents were unable to override the direct effects of negative environmental conditions on offspring growth and hematocrit. 4. Our work highlights the importance of the environment on offspring development and suggests that parents may not be able to sufficiently alter behavior to ameliorate challenging environmental conditions.

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2024View details →

Figure 2 in Monitoring the feeding and parental care behavior of a pair of free-living owls (Tyto furcata) in the nest during the reproductive period in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Figure 2. The first egg of the couple of Tyto furcata. Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ.

opencc-by-4.0Jun 2024View details →

Walker et al - Prolactin and the shared regulation of parental care and cooperative helping behaviour in white-browed sparrow weaver societies - Data Set

This file provides the data set supporting the analyses presented in a Walker et al manuscript titled "Prolactin and the shared regulation of parental care and cooperative helping behaviour in white-browed sparrow weaver societies" at first submission for review.

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2024View details →

Datasets and codes for 'Heat stress effects on offspring compound across parental care'

This repository contains the datasets and code associated with the manuscript, 'Heat Stress Effects on Offspring Compound Across Parental Care.' For inquiries regarding this repository, please contact the corresponding author, Syuan-Jyun Sun (<a rel="noopener">sjs243@ntu.edu.tw</a>).

opencc-zeroMar 2020View details →

Power and punishment influence negotiations over parental care

Asymmetries in power, the ability to influence the outcome of conflict, are ubiquitous in social interactions because interacting individuals are rarely identical. It is well-documented that asymmetries in power influence the outcome of reproductive conflict in social groups. Yet power asymmetries have received little attention in the context of negotiations between caring parents, which is surprising given that parents are often markedly different in size. Here we built on an existing negotiation model to examine how power and punishment influence negotiations over care. We incorporated power asymmetry by allowing the more powerful parent, rank 1, to inflict punishment on the less powerful parent, rank 2. We then determined when punishment will be favored by selection and how it would affect the negotiated behavioral response of each parent. We found that with power and punishment, a reduction in one parent's effort results in partial compensation by the other parent. However, the degree of compensation is asymmetric: the rank 2 compensates more than the rank 1. As a result, the fitness of rank 1 increases and the fitness of rank 2 decreases, relative to the original negotiation model. Furthermore, because power and punishment enable one parent to extract greater effort from the other, offspring can do better, i.e. receive more total effort, when there is power and punishment involved in negotiations over care. These results reveal how power and punishment alter the outcome of conflict between parents and affect offspring, providing insights into the evolutionary consequences of exerting power in negotiations.

opencc-zeroJul 2021View details →

Negotiations Over Parental Care: A Test of Alternative Hypotheses in the Clown Anemonefish

In species with biparental care, conflict arises over how much each parent provides to their offspring because both parents benefit from shifting the burden of care to the other. Here, we tested alternative hypotheses for how parents will negotiate offspring care using a wild population of clownfish (Amphiprion percula). We experimentally handicapped parents by fin-clipping the female in 23 groups, the male in 23 groups, and neither parent in 23 groups and measured changes in indicators of female, male, and pair effort in response to handicapping. First, we found that handicapping resulted in a decrease in the number of eggs laid by fin-clipped females and a decrease in the amount of parental care by fin-clipped males. Second, contrary to predictions, female effort did not change in response to the male being handicapped, or vice versa. Finally, the number of embryos that matured to hatching, an indicator of pair effort, was not influenced by the manipulation, suggesting that although the handicap was effective, clownfish do not face the predicted "cost to conflict" when one parent is handicapped. Together, these results test the generality of theoretical predictions and uncover novel questions about whether and how negotiations operate in systems where interests are aligned.

opencc-by-4.0Feb 2023View details →

Androgen and prolactin manipulation do not induce changes in gene expression in the telencephalon in parental male bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) during parental care

Transcriptome of the prosencephalon of 11-KT, prolactin and placebo implanted fish.

opencc-zeroMar 2023View details →

Influence of microhabitat, fecundity, and parental care on the evolution of sexual size dimorphism in Caribbean Eleutherodactylus frogs

Rensch's rule suggests that sexual size dimorphism (SSD) increases with species size when males are the larger sex, whereas it decreases when females are the larger sex. However, the process responsible for this pattern remains obscure. SSD can result from sexual selection, such as intra-sexual competition for access to mates, or from natural selection, due to resource partitioning or fecundity selection. We studied SSD in Caribbean Eleutherodactylus frogs using phylogenetic comparative methods to investigate the influence of microhabitat, fecundity, and parental care. Our results show that in Caribbean Eleutherodactylus, females tend to be larger and, contrary to Rensch's rule, dimorphism increases with species size. SSD was not related to microhabitat use. However, SSD was positively correlated with fecundity, mediated by a greater increase in female size. SSD was also influenced by parental care, suggesting that male care promotes larger male size and reduces the female bias in SSD. As suggested for other anurans, female-biased SSD in Caribbean Eleutherodactylus results from fecundity selection, although the magnitude is countered by increased male size in species with paternal care. Our results highlight the importance of considering various selective forces that may act in concert to influence the evolution of sexual size dimorphism.

opencc-zeroMay 2023View details →

Parental care results in a greater mutation load, for which it is also a phenotypic antidote

Benevolent social behaviours, such as parental care, are predicted to relax selection against deleterious mutations, enabling them to persist. We tested this prediction experimentally using burying beetles, Nicrophorus vespilloides, which make an edible nest for their larvae, whom they nourish and defend. For 20 generations, we allowed replicate experimental burying beetle populations to evolve either with post-hatching care ('Full Care' populations) or without it ('No Care' populations). Lineages were seeded from these experimental populations and then inbred to expose differences in their mutation load. Outbred lineages served as controls. Half the lineages received post-hatching care, half did not. We found that inbred lineages derived from the Full Care populations had lower breeding success and went extinct more quickly than lineages derived from the No Care populations – but only when offspring received no post-hatching care. We infer that Full Care lineages carried more recessive deleterious mutations. When parents provided care, the developmental environment was sufficiently benign that broods had higher survival, whether the population had a high mutation load or not. We suggest that the increased mutation load caused by parental care increases a population's dependence upon care. This could explain why care is seldom lost once it has evolved.

Well-Child Care Clinical Practice Redesign: A Parent Coach-Led Model of Care

ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT03797898. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 7.

Collaborative Perinatal Mental Health and Parenting Support in Primary Care

ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT02724774. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 3.

Effect of Primary Care Education on Parents' Health-Related Perceptions and Attitudes

ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT07381088. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 0.

controlledIPD-YESFeb 2026View details →

Effectiveness of a Blended Care Parenting Intervention for Parents With PTSD (KopOpOuders-PTSD)

ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT05237999. IPD Sharing: YES. Countries: 1. Publications: 13.

Parent Training in Pediatric Care: A Self Directed Tablet-Based Approach

ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT02723916. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 4.

Impact of Increased Parent Presence in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit on Parent & Infant Outcomes

ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT02901665. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 4.

Training Parents by Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Managing Childhood Asthma Care

ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT02405962. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.