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193 results for “parsimony”
FIGURE 4 in The nomenclatural status of the nomina of amphibians and reptiles created by Garsault (1764), with a parsimonious solution to an old nomenclatural problem regarding the genus Bufo (Amphibia, Anura), comments on the taxonomy of this genus, and comments on some nomina created by Laurenti (1768)
FIGURE 4. Reproduction of part of the general tree of amphibians in Frost et al. (2006: 129; 2009b: 144) including their BUFONIDAE. The specific nomina are those used by these authors, whereas the generic nomina in the column on the right are those supported here, either for genera or subgenera (see text for details). Bidirectional arrows point to reported cases of successful hybridization resulting in adult specimens: (1) between Bufo bufo and Bufo viridis (Hemmer & Böhme 1974; Duda 2008); (2) between Bufo terrestris and Bufo valliceps (Blair 1941; Moore 1955) and between Bufo fowleri and Bufo valliceps (Blair in Moore 1955); (3) between Bufo bufo and Bufo woodhousii (Blair 1972: 420). The grey rectangle includes all the species that must be maintained in the genus Bufo according to these data if the crossability criterion of Dubois (1988a-b, 2004c) is implemented. See text for explanations.
FIGURE 5 in The nomenclatural status of the nomina of amphibians and reptiles created by Garsault (1764), with a parsimonious solution to an old nomenclatural problem regarding the genus Bufo (Amphibia, Anura), comments on the taxonomy of this genus, and comments on some nomina created by Laurenti (1768)
FIGURE 5. Reproduction of part of the tree of vertebrates in Pramuk et al. (2008: 76) including their BUFONIDAE. The specific nomina are those used by these authors, whereas the generic nomina in the column on the right are those supported here, either for genera or subgenera (see text for details). Bidirectional arrows point to reported cases of successful hybridization resulting in adult specimens: (1) between Bufo fowleri and Bufo valliceps (Blair in Moore 1955); (2) between Bufo terrestris and Bufo valliceps (Blair 1941; Moore 1955); (3) between Bufo bufo and Bufo woodhousii (Blair 1972: 420). The larger grey rectangle includes all the species that must be maintained in the genus Bufo according to these data if the crossability criterion of Dubois (1988a-b, 2004c) is implemented. The darker grey rectangle includes species that could be excluded from this genus if the only reported case between Bufo bufo and Bufo woodhousii proved to be in error. See text for explanations.
FIGURE 3 in The nomenclatural status of the nomina of amphibians and reptiles created by Garsault (1764), with a parsimonious solution to an old nomenclatural problem regarding the genus Bufo (Amphibia, Anura), comments on the taxonomy of this genus, and comments on some nomina created by Laurenti (1768)
FIGURE 3. Reproductions of extracts from the works of Garsault (1764, 1767): plates 673–675 (1764); text page 414 (1767). See text for explanations.
FIGURE 2 in The nomenclatural status of the nomina of amphibians and reptiles created by Garsault (1764), with a parsimonious solution to an old nomenclatural problem regarding the genus Bufo (Amphibia, Anura), comments on the taxonomy of this genus, and comments on some nomina created by Laurenti (1768)
FIGURE 2. Reproductions of extracts from the work of Garsault (1764): plates 669–672. See text for explanations.
FIGURE 1 in The nomenclatural status of the nomina of amphibians and reptiles created by Garsault (1764), with a parsimonious solution to an old nomenclatural problem regarding the genus Bufo (Amphibia, Anura), comments on the taxonomy of this genus, and comments on some nomina created by Laurenti (1768)
FIGURE 1. Reproductions of extracts from the work of Garsault (1764): title page, plates 666–668. See text for explanations.
FIGURE 7. Most-parsimonious tree from Analysis A in A new leptochelioid family, Heterotanoididae (Crustacea: Peracarida: Tanaidacea), and a new species of Heterotanoides from New Zealand
FIGURE 7. Most-parsimonious tree from Analysis A, Traditional Search, un-weighted scores, showing Bremer support values.
FIGURE 7. Haplotype parsimony networks for ITS1 in A comparative study of populations of Ectopleura crocea and Ectopleura ralphi (Hydrozoa, Tubulariidae) from the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean
FIGURE 7. Haplotype parsimony networks for ITS1+5.8S (A) and COI (B) for the different populations of Ectopleura crocea and Ectopleura ralphi of the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean. Black circles for the Argentine haplotypes, white ones for Brazilian localities; the sizes of the circles are proportional to the number of localities sharing the haplotype; small black circles represent hypothetical or unsampled haplotypes. Lines connecting circles represent one substitution step. Note that A BO/MP samples differ from JU/PA/BO only by an indel of three base pairs (AAT/– – –). Locality codes are represented inside the circles as MA: Macaé, JU: Juréia, PA: Paraná, BO: Bombas, MP: Mar del Plata.
FIGURE 5. Maximum Parsimony majority rule consensus tree from 33 in Revision of the genus Caenota Mosely (Trichoptera: Calocidae), with descriptions of 2 new species and the larva of C. nemorosa Neboiss
FIGURE 5. Maximum Parsimony majority rule consensus tree from 33 morphological characters of 7 species of Caenota and 1 species of Tamasia. Values on the branches are bootstrap values calculated from 1000 bootstrap replications.
FIGURE 5. Circular maximum parsimony phylogenetic tree with all sequenced recognised Thai Aleiodes species with a in A turbo-taxonomic study of Thai Aleiodes (Aleiodes) and Aleiodes (Arcaleiodes) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Rogadinae) based largely on COI barcoded specimens, with rapid descriptions of 179 new species
FIGURE 5. Circular maximum parsimony phylogenetic tree with all sequenced recognised Thai Aleiodes species with a number of named, primarily Palaearctic taxa included. Species groups that are characterizable morphologically and discussed are indicated in different colours. The tree is rooted using Heterogamus species.
FIGURE. Bayesian tree based on nuclear (ITS) sequence data showing phylogenetic position of Hedysarum sunhangii sp. nov. in Subsect. Crinifera. Bayesian posterior probability (PP) / maximum parsimony (MP) are given on each branch, respectively; maximum likelihood (ML) is below branches. in Hedysarum sunhangii (Fabaceae, Hedysareae), a new species from Pamir-Alay (Babatag Ridge - Uzbekistan)
FIGURE. Bayesian tree based on nuclear (ITS) sequence data showing phylogenetic position of Hedysarum sunhangii sp. nov. in Subsect. Crinifera. Bayesian posterior probability (PP) / maximum parsimony (MP) are given on each branch, respectively; maximum likelihood (ML) is below branches.
FIGURE. Bayesian tree based on combined plastid (matK, trnL-trnF) sequence data showing phylogenetic position of Hedysarum sunhangii sp. nov. in Subsect. Crinifera. Bayesian posterior probability (PP) / maximum parsimony (MP) are given on each branch, respectively; maximum likelihood (ML) is below branches in Hedysarum sunhangii (Fabaceae, Hedysareae), a new species from Pamir-Alay (Babatag Ridge - Uzbekistan)
FIGURE. Bayesian tree based on combined plastid (matK, trnL-trnF) sequence data showing phylogenetic position of Hedysarum sunhangii sp. nov. in Subsect. Crinifera. Bayesian posterior probability (PP) / maximum parsimony (MP) are given on each branch, respectively; maximum likelihood (ML) is below branches
Figure 10 in Global phylogeny of Hadrosauridae (Dinosauria: Ornithopoda) using parsimony and Bayesian methods
Figure 10. Time-calibrated phylogram based on the strict reduced consensus tree derived from maximum parsimony analysis of hadrosaurid relationships. The geochronological ages are taken from Gradstein, Ogg & Smith (2004).
Figure 8 in Global phylogeny of Hadrosauridae (Dinosauria: Ornithopoda) using parsimony and Bayesian methods
Figure 8. Bayesian consensus tree of the analysis with variable rates of character change showing the phylogenetic relationships of 53 iguanodontians. At each node, the decimal number above a branch indicates a posterior probability, whereas the decimal number below represents a P value of topology-dependant permutation tail probability (T-PTP) analysis.
Figure 7 in Global phylogeny of Hadrosauridae (Dinosauria: Ornithopoda) using parsimony and Bayesian methods
Figure 7. Bayesian consensus tree of the analysis with equal rates of character change showing the phylogenetic relationships of 53 iguanodontians. At each node, the decimal number above a branch indicates a posterior probability, and the decimal number below represents a P value of topology-dependant permutation tail probability (T-PTP) analysis.
Figure 4 in Global phylogeny of Hadrosauridae (Dinosauria: Ornithopoda) using parsimony and Bayesian methods
Figure 4. Bayesian information criterion (BIC) plots resulting from the clustering model analysis implemented in Mclust (within the R statistical package). A, BIC plot of two clustering models for a one-dimensional data set (i.e. a character quantified with a linear measurement). B, BIC plot for various clustering models of NMMDS derived from a geodesic distance analysis (GDA) dissimilarity matrix. Indentifiers of clustering models indicate the type of distribution (spherical, diagonal, or ellipsoidal), volume (equal or variable), shape (equal or variable), and orientation (not applicable, coordinate axes, equal, or variable) of the clusters: EEE = ellipsoidal, equal volume, shape and orientation; EEI = diagonal, equal volume, variable shape; EEV = ellipsoidal, equal volume and shape, variable orientation; EII, spherical, equal volume and shape; EVI = diagonal, equal volume, variable shape; VEI = diagonal, variable volume, equal shape; VEV = ellipsoidal, variable volume, equal shape; VII, spherical, variable volume, equal shape; VVI = diagonal, variable volume and shape; VVV = ellipsoidal, variable volume and shape (Fraley & Raftery, 2003).
Figure 5 in Global phylogeny of Hadrosauridae (Dinosauria: Ornithopoda) using parsimony and Bayesian methods
Figure 5. Strict consensus tree of the 160 most parsimonious trees resulting from the parsimony analysis of 53 iguanodontian taxa. At each node, the pair of numbers separated by a slash above a branch represents, from left to right, a decay index and a bootstrap proportion. Bootstrap proportions lower than 50 are indicted by a hyphen. The decimal number in italics that appears below a branch represents the P value of topology-dependant permutation tail probability (T-PTP) analysis.
Figure 6 in Global phylogeny of Hadrosauridae (Dinosauria: Ornithopoda) using parsimony and Bayesian methods
Figure 6. Strict reduced consensus tree of the 160 most parsimonious trees resulting from the parsimony analysis of 53 iguanodontian taxa. Posterior to the analysis, Claosaurus agilis, Barsboldia sicinskii, and Nipponosaurus sachalinensis were pruned from the data after implementation of REDCON 3.0 (Wilkinson, 2001b). At each node, the pair of numbers separated by a slash above or below a branch represents, from left to right, a decay index and a bootstrap proportion. Bootstrap proportions lower than 50 are indicted by a hyphen. The decimal number in italics that appears below a branch represents the P value of topology-dependant permutation tail probability (T-PTP) analysis.
Figure 1 in Global phylogeny of Hadrosauridae (Dinosauria: Ornithopoda) using parsimony and Bayesian methods
Figure 1. Dentaries of two specimens of Edmontosaurus in lateral view, showing evidence of postdepositional dorsoventral compression in the form of bending lines (arrows). A, left dentary of Edmontosaurus regalis, CMN 2289. B, right dentary of CMN 2289. C, right dentary of Edmontosaurus annectens, cast of AMNH 5730 (= 'Anatotitan copei').
Figure 2 in Global phylogeny of Hadrosauridae (Dinosauria: Ornithopoda) using parsimony and Bayesian methods
Figure 2. Signs of postdepositional dorsoventral compression (rectangle and arrow) in a specimen of Edmontosaurus annectens, cast of AMNH 5730 (type of 'Anatotitan copei'), lateral view. A, dorsal region of the left quadrate. B, left postorbital.
Figure 3 in Global phylogeny of Hadrosauridae (Dinosauria: Ornithopoda) using parsimony and Bayesian methods
Figure 3. Right prefrontal of Prosaurolophus maximus (MOR 454-6-24-6-2), part of the holotype of Prosaurolophus blackfeetensis, showing a concave surface (arrows) dorsomedial to the orbital margin, in (A) dorsal and (B) lateral views.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
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